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Article ; Online: Child Soccer Players' Perceptions of Strength and Conditioning Training: A Multimethod Approach Using Write, Draw, Show and Tell.

Martins, Ricardo / Eyre, Emma / Crotti, Matteo / Morris, Rhys / Pattison, Will / Duncan, Michael

2024 , Page(s) 1–11

Abstract: Purpose: The use of strength and conditioning training in childhood is a hot topic surrounded by myths and misconceptions. Despite scientific evidence supporting the safety and benefits of this training for children, the lack of representation of their ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: The use of strength and conditioning training in childhood is a hot topic surrounded by myths and misconceptions. Despite scientific evidence supporting the safety and benefits of this training for children, the lack of representation of their voices poses a challenge in designing training programs that meet their specific needs and requirements. Methods: Children's views, experiences, and perceptions of strength and conditioning training were explored by Write, Draw, Show and Tell techniques. Sixteen grassroots soccer players aged 11-12 years took part in one of 3 focus groups exploring the topic. Data were analyzed following an inductive approach enabling themes to be explored and later deductive analyses using the Youth Physical Activity Promotion model to create pen profile diagrams. Results: Strength and conditioning were frequently associated with muscle growth, coordination, endurance, and rest. Enabling factors included autonomy, resilience, physical development, and training opportunities. Reinforcing factors included social support, social interference, coaches' communication, role models, and the ways of implementation. Conclusions: Participants favor integrating strength and conditioning into their soccer training rather than conducting it as a separate session, which is reflected in their enjoyment. Nonetheless, children remain apprehensive about the potential effects of this type of training on their growth.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1042382-5
ISSN	1543-2920 ; 0899-8493
ISSN (online)	1543-2920
ISSN	0899-8493
DOI	10.1123/pes.2023-0102
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Article ; Online: Extrinsic Risk Factors for Primary Noncontact Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injury in Adolescents Aged between 14 and 18 years: A Systematic Review.

Crotti, Matteo / Heering, Theresa / Lander, Natalie / Fox, Aaron / Barnett, Lisa M / Duncan, Michael J

Sports medicine (Auckland, N.Z.)

2024 Volume 54, Issue 4, Page(s) 875–894

Abstract: Background: Adolescents present a high incidence of ACL injury compared with other age groups. Examining the risk factors that predispose adolescents to primary noncontact ACL injury is a key strategy to decrease the number of injuries in this ... ...

Abstract	Background: Adolescents present a high incidence of ACL injury compared with other age groups. Examining the risk factors that predispose adolescents to primary noncontact ACL injury is a key strategy to decrease the number of injuries in this population. Objective: The aim of this systematic review was to summarise the existing literature investigating extrinsic risk factors that have been linked with primary noncontact ACL injury risk (identified either using ACL injury occurrence or using screening tests measuring biomechanical mechanisms for noncontact ACL injury) in adolescents including research investigating: (1) the association between extrinsic risk factors and primary noncontact ACL injury risk; and (2) whether primary noncontact ACL injury risk was different in populations or groups exposed to different extrinsic risk factors in adolescents. Methods: The same search strategy was used in MEDLINE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL, PubMed and Embase. Articles were included if: written in English; published in peer-reviewed journals; investigating and discussing primary noncontact ACL injury risk associated with extrinsic risk factors; they were original research articles with an observational design; and participants presented a mean age ranging between 14 and 18 years. The Quality Assessment Tool for Observational Cohort and Cross-Sectional Studies (QATOCCS) was used to assess the quality and risk of bias of the articles included in this systematic review. Results: The systematic review included 16 eligible articles published up to August 2022 about extrinsic risk factors for primary noncontact ACL injury including: sport (8 studies); sport exposure amount (5); sport level (3); sport season (1); environment (2); equipment (1). Differences in biomechanical risk factors predisposing to ACL injury were reported by sport in female adolescents playing basketball and soccer; however, no good evidence of differences in primary noncontact ACL injury rate by sport was reported in both male and female adolescents. There was contrasting evidence about associations between sport exposure and biomechanical and neuromuscular risk factors predisposing to ACL injury or primary noncontact ACL injury rate in both male and female adolescent players from different sports. There was weak evidence of differences in biomechanical risk factors predisposing to ACL injury by environmental condition in both male and female adolescents playing soccer and season phase in male adolescents playing basketball. Lastly, few good-quality articles suggested that higher sport level might be associated with increased primary noncontact ACL injury rate in female adolescents playing basketball and floorball and that bracing might not prevent primary noncontact ACL injuries in both male and female adolescent players from different sports. Discussion: The findings emphasise the need for further research to clarify the evidence about extrinsic risk factors and primary noncontact ACL injury in adolescents to develop ACL injury prevention guidelines that would help practitioners and researchers identify adolescents at risk and design future interventions. Future epidemiological studies should collect data about extrinsic factors as well as data about primary noncontact injury separately from secondary injuries or contact injuries to better inform primary noncontact ACL injury prevention in adolescents. Registration: https://doi.org/10.17605/OSF.IO/VM82F (11/08/2021).
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries ; Adolescent ; Risk Factors ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Athletic Injuries/epidemiology ; Incidence
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-18
Publishing country	New Zealand
Document type	Systematic Review ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	605911-9
ISSN	1179-2035 ; 0112-1642
ISSN (online)	1179-2035
ISSN	0112-1642
DOI	10.1007/s40279-023-01975-1
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Article ; Online: The bidirectional longitudinal association between academic performance and cardiovascular disease risk factors in adolescents.

Adelantado-Renau, Mireia / Duncan, Michael / Crotti, Matteo / Monzonís-Carda, Irene / Moliner-Urdiales, Diego / Beltran-Valls, Maria Reyes

American journal of human biology : the official journal of the Human Biology Council

2024 , Page(s) e24069

Abstract: Introduction: The limited prior research examining the association between academic performance and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in youth did not explore the reciprocal association between these constructs, and analyzed CVD risk factors ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: The limited prior research examining the association between academic performance and cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors in youth did not explore the reciprocal association between these constructs, and analyzed CVD risk factors individually. Thus, the aim of the present study was to explore the bidirectional longitudinal association between clustered CVD risk score and academic performance in adolescents over a 24-month interval. Methods: A total of 237 adolescents (45.6% girls), aged 13.9 ± 0.3 years old at baseline, from DADOS (Deporte, ADOlescencia y Salud) study were included in this study. A clustered CVD risk score was created by calculating the mean age- and gender-standardized z-scores of waist circumference, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, triglycerides, homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance, and cardiorespiratory fitness (inversed). Academic performance was assessed through the final academic grades and the test of educational abilities. Results: Our results showed that the clustered CVD risk score at baseline was not associated with academic performance 24 months later (all p > .05). Nevertheless, except for physical education, academic grades at baseline were inversely associated with clustered CVD risk score at follow-up in adolescents (β ranged from -0.140 to -0.102; all p < .05). No associations were found between academic abilities at baseline and clustered CVD risk score at follow-up (all p > .05). Conclusion: Academic grades could help predict CVD risk 24 months later during adolescence. Education professionals should foster adolescents' academic performance not only to improve academic results but also to maximize future cardiovascular health benefits.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1025339-7
ISSN	1520-6300 ; 1042-0533
ISSN (online)	1520-6300
ISSN	1042-0533
DOI	10.1002/ajhb.24069
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Article ; Online: Associations of physical activity dose and movement quality with executive functions in socioeconomically disadvantaged children aged 5-6 years.

O'Callaghan, Laura / Foweather, Lawrence / Crotti, Matteo / Oppici, Luca / Pesce, Caterina / Boddy, Lynne / Fitton Davies, Katie / Rudd, James

Psychology of sport and exercise

2023 Volume 70, Page(s) 102546

Abstract: Background: Growing up in areas of high deprivation can negatively impact children's movement behaviours and cognitive development. Enhancing the quantity and quality of children's movement experiences is believed to enhance cognitive development. This ... ...

Abstract	Background: Growing up in areas of high deprivation can negatively impact children's movement behaviours and cognitive development. Enhancing the quantity and quality of children's movement experiences is believed to enhance cognitive development. This study investigated the association of three different modes of movement assessment, movement proficiency and divergent movement ability (collectively understood as motor competence) and PA dose with executive function in a low socio-economic demographic. Demographics, motor competence, and a combination of motor competence and physical activity were hypothesized to be significantly predictor of executive functions. Method: In this cross-sectional study, 360 children aged 5-6 years from deprived areas were assessed using three movement assessments: wrist-worn accelerometery for physical activity dose, Test of Gross Motor Development-3 for movement proficiency, and divergent movement assessment. Executive function, including inhibitory control, working memory, and cognitive flexibility, was measured using the NIH Toolbox on an iPad. Multiple linear regression models were designed to evaluate the independent and combined association of demographics, movement competence and physical activity variables with executive function. Results: The regression analysis, with demographic factors only, explained 12% of EF variance (r Discussion: These findings emphasise that motor competence and physical activity variables better predict executive functions when they are combined. When considered individually both motor competence variables were significant predictors of executive function whilst physical activity variables were not. Importantly, among the two movement competence facets, divergent movement assessment exhibited the strongest association with executive function. Future interventions should consider how to facilitate both movement and cognitive development in children. Future interventions should consider both the interplay of movement quality and quantity and the importance of environments that invite children's exploratory movement behavior.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Humans ; Executive Function ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Exercise/psychology ; Cognition ; Movement
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-17
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1878-5476
ISSN (online)	1878-5476
DOI	10.1016/j.psychsport.2023.102546
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Article ; Online: Physical activity promoting teaching practices and children's physical activity within physical education lessons underpinned by motor learning theory (SAMPLE-PE).

Crotti, Matteo / Rudd, James / Roberts, Simon / Fitton Davies, Katie / O'Callaghan, Laura / Utesch, Till / Foweather, Lawrence

PloS one

2022 Volume 17, Issue 8, Page(s) e0272339

Abstract: Purpose: Movement competence is a key outcome for primary physical education (PE) curricula. As movement development in children emerges through physical activity (PA), it is important to determine the extent of PA promotion within movement competence ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: Movement competence is a key outcome for primary physical education (PE) curricula. As movement development in children emerges through physical activity (PA), it is important to determine the extent of PA promotion within movement competence focused teaching pedagogies. Therefore, this study aimed to assess children's moderate-to-vigorous PA (MVPA) and related teaching practices in primary PE within Linear pedagogy and Nonlinear pedagogy and to compare this to current practice within PE delivery in primary schools. Methods: Participants (n = 162, 53% females, 5-6y) were recruited from 9 primary schools within the SAMPLE-PE cluster randomised controlled trial. Schools were randomly-allocated to one of three conditions: Linear pedagogy, Nonlinear pedagogy, or control. Nonlinear and Linear pedagogy intervention schools received a PE curriculum delivered by trained deliverers over 15 weeks, while control schools followed usual practice. Children's MVPA was measured during 3 PE lessons (44 PE lessons in total) using an ActiGraph GT9X accelerometer worn on their non-dominant wrist. Differences between conditions for children's MVPA were analysed using multilevel model analysis. Negative binomial models were used to analyse teaching practices data. Results: No differences were found between Linear pedagogy, Nonlinear pedagogy and the control group for children's MVPA levels during PE. Linear and Nonlinear interventions generally included higher percentages of MVPA promoting teaching practices (e.g., Motor Content) and lower MVPA reducing teaching practices (e.g., Management), compared to the control group. Teaching practices observed in Linear and Nonlinear interventions were in line with the respective pedagogical principles. Conclusions: Linear and Nonlinear pedagogical approaches in PE do not negatively impact MVPA compared to usual practice. Nevertheless, practitioners may need to refine these pedagogical approaches to improve MVPA alongside movement competence.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Curriculum ; Exercise ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Physical Education and Training ; Schools
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0272339
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Article ; Online: Development of raw acceleration cut-points for wrist and hip accelerometers to assess sedentary behaviour and physical activity in 5-7-year-old children.

Crotti, Matteo / Foweather, Lawrence / Rudd, James R / Hurter, Liezel / Schwarz, Sebastian / Boddy, Lynne M

Journal of sports sciences

2020 Volume 38, Issue 9, Page(s) 1036–1045

Abstract: This study validated sedentary behaviour (SB), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and vigorous physical activity (VPA) accelerometer cut-points in 5-7-year-old children. Participants (n = 49, 55% girls) wore an ActiGraph GT9X accelerometer, ... ...

Abstract	This study validated sedentary behaviour (SB), moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and vigorous physical activity (VPA) accelerometer cut-points in 5-7-year-old children. Participants (n = 49, 55% girls) wore an ActiGraph GT9X accelerometer, recording data at 100 Hz downloaded in 1 s epochs, on both wrists and the right hip during a standardised protocol and recess. Cut-points were generated using ROC analysis with direct observation as a criterion. Subsequently, cut-points were optimised using Confidence intervals equivalency analysis and then cross-validated in a cross-validation group. SB cut-points were 36 mg (Sensitivity (Sn) = 79.8%, Specificity (Sp) = 56.8%) for non-dominant wrist, 39 mg (Sn = 75.4%, Sp = 70.2%) for dominant wrist and 20 mg (Sn = 78%, Sp = 50.1%) for hip. MVPA cut-points were 189 mg (Sn = 82.6%, Sp = 78%) for non-dominant wrist, 181 mg (Sn = 79.1%, Sp = 76%) for dominant wrist and 95 mg (Sn = 79.3%, Sp = 75.6%) for hip. VPA cut-points were 536 mg (Sn = 75.1%, Sp = 68.7%) for non-dominant wrist, 534 mg (Sn = 67.6%, Sp = 95.6%) for dominant wrist and 325 mg (Sn = 78.2%, Sp = 96.1%) for hip. All placements demonstrated adequate levels of accuracy for SB and PA assessment.
MeSH term(s)	Accelerometry/methods ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Exercise ; Female ; Fitness Trackers ; Hip ; Humans ; Male ; ROC Curve ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sedentary Behavior ; Wrist
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-03-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Validation Study
ZDB-ID	995528-8
ISSN	1466-447X ; 0264-0414
ISSN (online)	1466-447X
ISSN	0264-0414
DOI	10.1080/02640414.2020.1740469
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Article ; Online: Validity and reliability of submaximal fitness tests based on perceptual variables.

Crotti, Matteo / Bosio, Andrea / Invernizzi, Pietro L

The Journal of sports medicine and physical fitness

2017 Volume 58, Issue 5, Page(s) 555–562

Abstract: Background: Few studies examined the validity of fitness tests based on perception scales. The field-based fitness tests batteries are composed by maximal tests and currently, a battery of submaximal tests does not exist.: Methods: Seventeen ... ...

Abstract	Background: Few studies examined the validity of fitness tests based on perception scales. The field-based fitness tests batteries are composed by maximal tests and currently, a battery of submaximal tests does not exist. Methods: Seventeen physically active male participants (age 40.5±10.7 years) performed the Multistage Fitness Test, the Crunch Test, the Push-Up Test and a Trunk Flexion Test with a submaximal protocol based on perceptual variables that were defined as non-validated submaximal. The mentioned tests were repeated three times to assess their reliability. The participants also performed four validated maximal tests comprising a velocity dependent ramp test on the treadmill, the Crunch Test, the Push-Up Test, and Sit-and-Reach Test. The submaximal tests were correlated to the maximal ones to assess their criterion validity. Results: All the submaximal tests showed an ICC superior to 0.8 apart from the submaximal Crunch Test. The correlation between Maximal Treadmill Test and submaximal Multistage Fitness Test was 0.77. The correlation between Sit-and-Reach Test and submaximal Trunk Flexion Test was 0.71. Correlations equal to 0.66 and 0.60 were found between the maximal and submaximal Crunch Test and Push-Up Test respectively. Conclusions: The use of submaximal tests based on a fixed value of perception can represent a suitable tool to assess cardiorespiratory fitness and flexibility because of their correlation with the corresponding maximal evaluation tests and because of their reliability. On the contrary, muscular endurance capacity seems not to be assessable in the same manner.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Cardiorespiratory Fitness/physiology ; Exercise Test ; Exercise Tolerance/physiology ; Humans ; Male ; Oxygen Consumption ; Perception ; Physical Fitness/physiology ; Reference Values ; Reproducibility of Results
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-03-30
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Journal Article ; Validation Studies
ZDB-ID	410823-1
ISSN	1827-1928 ; 0022-4707
ISSN (online)	1827-1928
ISSN	0022-4707
DOI	10.23736/S0022-4707.17.07199-7
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Article: Multi-Teaching Styles Approach and Active Reflection: Effectiveness in Improving Fitness Level, Motor Competence, Enjoyment, Amount of Physical Activity, and Effects on the Perception of Physical Education Lessons in Primary School Children

Invernizzi, Pietro Luigi / Alberti, Giampietro / Bosio, Andrea / Cavaggioni, Luca / Crotti, Matteo / Scurati, Raffaele

Sustainability. 2019 Jan. 15, v. 11, no. 2

2019

Abstract: Physical education (PE) researchers sustain that the teaching styles adopted by PE teachers play a key role in defining children’s positive experiences during lessons and have a relevant impact on their psychophysical health. However, a limited number of ...

Abstract	Physical education (PE) researchers sustain that the teaching styles adopted by PE teachers play a key role in defining children’s positive experiences during lessons and have a relevant impact on their psychophysical health. However, a limited number of studies has examined the effect of teaching styles on these aspects. The aim of this study was to investigate the effectiveness of an integrated approach mainly based on integration of multi-teaching styles and active reflection (MTA) on the fitness level, motor competence, enjoyment, self-perception, amount of physical activity (PA), and children’s perception of PE, in Italian primary school children. Participants were 121 children from three elementary schools. Children were randomly assigned into two groups: (a) an intervention group (IG) that received PE lessons based on MTA provided by specifically trained PE students, and (b) a control group (CG) that received standard PE lessons (S-PE) from primary school classroom teachers. Both groups engaged in two PE lessons per week lasting 1 h each for 12 weeks. The findings revealed an increase in the children’s fitness level, motor competence, enjoyment and amount of PA in the IG compared to those in the CG. Furthermore, the children of the IG spent more time being engaged on a task, reflecting on it, and wasted less time during PE compared to the children of the CG. Finally, the children of the IG reported higher levels of satisfaction with PE lessons and teaching styles compared to children of the CG. Integration of different teaching styles lead by specifically trained educators can be suggested as a valuable strategy to provide learning experiences of children of primary school to have positive effects on their physical literacy development promoting healthy lifestyles.
Keywords	children ; elementary schools ; elementary students ; learning ; lifestyle ; literacy ; physical activity ; self-perception ; teachers
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-0115
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2518383-7
ISSN	2071-1050
ISSN	2071-1050
DOI	10.3390/su11020405
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Effect of Linear and Nonlinear Pedagogy Physical Education Interventions on Children's Physical Activity: A Cluster Randomized Controlled Trial (SAMPLE-PE).

Crotti, Matteo / Rudd, James R / Roberts, Simon / Boddy, Lynne M / Fitton Davies, Katie / O'Callaghan, Laura / Utesch, Till / Foweather, Lawrence

Children (Basel, Switzerland)

2021 Volume 8, Issue 1

Abstract: Background: School-based interventions are a key opportunity to improve children's physical activity (PA); however, there is lack of evidence about how pedagogical approaches to motor learning in physical education (PE) might affect PA in children. ... ...

Abstract	Background: School-based interventions are a key opportunity to improve children's physical activity (PA); however, there is lack of evidence about how pedagogical approaches to motor learning in physical education (PE) might affect PA in children. Therefore, this study aimed to assess how different pedagogical approaches in PE might affect children's PA. Methods: Participants ( Results: LP and NP interventions did not significantly affect children's PA levels compared to the control group. Conclusion: PE interventions based on LP and NP alone might not be effective in improving habitual PA in children.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-15
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2732685-8
ISSN	2227-9067
ISSN	2227-9067
DOI	10.3390/children8010049
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Article ; Online: Reference values for wrist-worn accelerometer physical activity metrics in England children and adolescents

Fairclough, Stuart J. / Rowlands, Alex V. / del Pozo Cruz, Borja / Crotti, Matteo / Foweather, Lawrence / Graves, Lee E. F. / Hurter, Liezel / Jones, Owen / MacDonald, Mhairi / McCann, Deborah A. / Miller, Caitlin / Noonan, Robert J. / Owen, Michael B. / Rudd, James R. / Taylor, Sarah L. / Tyler, Richard / Boddy, Lynne M.

Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act. 2023 Dec., v. 20, no. 1 p.35-35

2023

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Over the last decade use of raw acceleration metrics to assess physical activity has increased. Metrics such as Euclidean Norm Minus One (ENMO), and Mean Amplitude Deviation (MAD) can be used to generate metrics which describe physical ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Over the last decade use of raw acceleration metrics to assess physical activity has increased. Metrics such as Euclidean Norm Minus One (ENMO), and Mean Amplitude Deviation (MAD) can be used to generate metrics which describe physical activity volume (average acceleration), intensity distribution (intensity gradient), and intensity of the most active periods (MX metrics) of the day. Presently, relatively little comparative data for these metrics exists in youth. To address this need, this study presents age- and sex-specific reference percentile values in England youth and compares physical activity volume and intensity profiles by age and sex. METHODS: Wrist-worn accelerometer data from 10 studies involving youth aged 5 to 15 y were pooled. Weekday and weekend waking hours were first calculated for youth in school Years (Y) 1&2, Y4&5, Y6&7, and Y8&9 to determine waking hours durations by age-groups and day types. A valid waking hours day was defined as accelerometer wear for ≥ 600 min·d⁻¹ and participants with ≥ 3 valid weekdays and ≥ 1 valid weekend day were included. Mean ENMO- and MAD-generated average acceleration, intensity gradient, and MX metrics were calculated and summarised as weighted week averages. Sex-specific smoothed percentile curves were generated for each metric using Generalized Additive Models for Location Scale and Shape. Linear mixed models examined age and sex differences. RESULTS: The analytical sample included 1250 participants. Physical activity peaked between ages 6.5–10.5 y, depending on metric. For all metrics the highest activity levels occurred in less active participants (3ʳᵈ-50ᵗʰ percentile) and girls, 0.5 to 1.5 y earlier than more active peers, and boys, respectively. Irrespective of metric, boys were more active than girls (p < .001) and physical activity was lowest in the Y8&9 group, particularly when compared to the Y1&2 group (p < .001). CONCLUSIONS: Percentile reference values for average acceleration, intensity gradient, and MX metrics have utility in describing age- and sex-specific values for physical activity volume and intensity in youth. There is a need to generate nationally-representative wrist-acceleration population-referenced norms for these metrics to further facilitate health-related physical activity research and promotion.
Keywords	accelerometers ; physical activity ; youth ; England
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-12
Size	p. 35.
Publishing place	BioMed Central
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2134691-4
ISSN	1479-5868
ISSN	1479-5868
DOI	10.1186/s12966-023-01435-z
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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