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Article ; Online: Leaf traits linked to structure and palatability drive plant-insect interactions within three forested ecosystems.

Azevedo-Schmidt, Lauren / Currano, Ellen D

2024 Volume 111, Issue 1, Page(s) e16263

Abstract: Premise: Plant traits and insect herbivory have been highly studied within the modern record but only to a limited extent within the paleontological. Preservation influences what can be measured within the fossil record, but modern methods are also not ... ...

Abstract	Premise: Plant traits and insect herbivory have been highly studied within the modern record but only to a limited extent within the paleontological. Preservation influences what can be measured within the fossil record, but modern methods are also not compatible with paleobotanical methods. To remedy this knowledge gap, a comparable framework was created here using modern and paleobotanical methods, allowing for future comparisons within the fossil record. Methods: Insect feeding damage on selected tree species at Harvard Forest, the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, and La Selva were characterized using the damage type system prevalent within paleobotanical studies and compared with leaf traits. Linear models and random forest analyses tested the influence of leaf traits on total, specialized, gall, and mine frequency and diversity. Results: Structural traits like leaf dry mass per area and palatability traits, including lignin and phosphorus concentrations, are important variables affecting gall and mine damage. The significance and strength of trait-herbivory relationships varied across forest types, which is likely driven by differences in local insect populations. Conclusions: This work addresses the persistent gap between modern and paleoecological studies focusing on the influence of leaf traits on insect herbivory. This is important as modern climate change alters our understanding of plant-insect interactions, providing a need for contextualizing these relationships within evolutionary time. The fossil record provides information on terrestrial response to past climatic events and, thus, should be implemented when considering how to preserve biodiversity under current and future global change.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Ecosystem ; Insecta/physiology ; Herbivory ; Biodiversity ; Plant Leaves/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2935-x
ISSN	1537-2197 ; 0002-9122
ISSN (online)	1537-2197
ISSN	0002-9122
DOI	10.1002/ajb2.16263
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Article ; Online: Leaf traits linked to structure and palatability drive plant–insect interactions within three forested ecosystems

Azevedo‐Schmidt, Lauren / Currano, Ellen D.

American Journal of Botany. 2024 Jan., v. 111, no. 1 p.e16263-

2024

Abstract: PREMISE: Plant traits and insect herbivory have been highly studied within the modern record but only to a limited extent within the paleontological. Preservation influences what can be measured within the fossil record, but modern methods are also not ... ...

Abstract	PREMISE: Plant traits and insect herbivory have been highly studied within the modern record but only to a limited extent within the paleontological. Preservation influences what can be measured within the fossil record, but modern methods are also not compatible with paleobotanical methods. To remedy this knowledge gap, a comparable framework was created here using modern and paleobotanical methods, allowing for future comparisons within the fossil record. METHODS: Insect feeding damage on selected tree species at Harvard Forest, the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, and La Selva were characterized using the damage type system prevalent within paleobotanical studies and compared with leaf traits. Linear models and random forest analyses tested the influence of leaf traits on total, specialized, gall, and mine frequency and diversity. RESULTS: Structural traits like leaf dry mass per area and palatability traits, including lignin and phosphorus concentrations, are important variables affecting gall and mine damage. The significance and strength of trait‐herbivory relationships varied across forest types, which is likely driven by differences in local insect populations. CONCLUSIONS: This work addresses the persistent gap between modern and paleoecological studies focusing on the influence of leaf traits on insect herbivory. This is important as modern climate change alters our understanding of plant–insect interactions, providing a need for contextualizing these relationships within evolutionary time. The fossil record provides information on terrestrial response to past climatic events and, thus, should be implemented when considering how to preserve biodiversity under current and future global change.
Keywords	biodiversity ; climate change ; forests ; fossils ; herbivores ; insects ; leaves ; lignin ; palatability ; paleobotany ; paleoecology ; phosphorus ; specific leaf weight ; trees
Language	English
Dates of publication	2024-01
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2935-x
ISSN	1537-2197 ; 0002-9122
ISSN (online)	1537-2197
ISSN	0002-9122
DOI	10.1002/ajb2.16263
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: The impactful origin of neotropical rainforests.

Jacobs, Bonnie F / Currano, Ellen D

Science (New York, N.Y.)

2021 Volume 372, Issue 6537, Page(s) 28–29

MeSH term(s)	Phylogeography ; Rainforest ; Tropical Climate
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Comment
ZDB-ID	128410-1
ISSN	1095-9203 ; 0036-8075
ISSN (online)	1095-9203
ISSN	0036-8075
DOI	10.1126/science.abh2086
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Article ; Online: Landscape-level variability and insect herbivore outbreak captured within modern forests provides a framework for interpreting the fossil record.

Azevedo-Schmidt, Lauren / Swain, Anshuman / Shoemaker, Lauren G / Currano, Ellen D

Scientific reports

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 9701

Abstract: Temporal patterns of plant-insect interactions are readily observed within fossil datasets but spatial variability is harder to disentangle without comparable modern methods due to limitations in preservation. This is problematic as spatial variability ... ...

Abstract	Temporal patterns of plant-insect interactions are readily observed within fossil datasets but spatial variability is harder to disentangle without comparable modern methods due to limitations in preservation. This is problematic as spatial variability influences community structure and interactions. To address this we replicated paleobotanical methods within three modern forests, creating an analogous dataset that rigorously tested inter- and intra-forest plant-insect variability. Random mixed effects models, non-metric multidimensional scaling (NMDS) ordinations, and bipartite network- and node-level metrics were used. Total damage frequency and diversity did not differ across forests but differences in functional feeding groups (FFGs) were observed across forests, correlating with plant diversity, evenness, and latitude. Overall, we found higher generalized herbivory within the temperate forests than the wet-tropical, a finding also supported by co-occurrence and network analyses at multiple spatial scales. Intra-forest analyses captured consistent damage type communities, supporting paleobotanical efforts. Bipartite networks captured the feeding outbreak of Lymantria dispar caterpillars; an exciting result as insect outbreaks have long been unidentifiable within fossil datasets. These results support paleobotanical assumptions about fossil insect herbivore communities, provide a comparative framework between paleobotanical and modern communities, and suggest a new analytical framework for targeting modern and fossil outbreaks of insect feeding.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Herbivory ; Fossils ; Forests ; Insecta ; Moths ; Plants ; Trees ; Biodiversity
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-36763-4
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Article ; Online: Insect herbivory within modern forests is greater than fossil localities.

Azevedo-Schmidt, Lauren / Meineke, Emily K / Currano, Ellen D

Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America

2022 Volume 119, Issue 42, Page(s) e2202852119

Abstract: Fossilized leaves provide the longest running record of hyperdiverse plant-insect herbivore associations. Reconstructions of these relationships over deep time indicate strong links between environmental conditions, herbivore diversity, and feeding ... ...

Abstract	Fossilized leaves provide the longest running record of hyperdiverse plant-insect herbivore associations. Reconstructions of these relationships over deep time indicate strong links between environmental conditions, herbivore diversity, and feeding damage on leaves. However, herbivory has not been compared between the past and the modern era, which is characterized by intense anthropogenic environmental change. Here, we present estimates for damage frequencies and diversities on fossil leaves from the Late Cretaceous (66.8 Ma) through the Pleistocene (2.06 Ma) and compare these estimates with Recent (post-1955) leaves collected via paleobotanical methods from modern ecosystems: Harvard Forest, United States; the Smithsonian Environmental Research Center, United States; and La Selva, Costa Rica. Total damage frequency, measured as the percentage of leaves with any herbivore damage, within modern ecosystems is greater than any fossil locality within this record. This pattern is driven by increased frequencies across nearly all functional feeding groups within the Recent. Diversities of total, specialized, and mining damage types are elevated within the Recent compared with fossil floras. Our results demonstrate that plants in the modern era are experiencing unprecedented levels of insect damage, despite widespread insect declines. Human influence, such as the rate of global climate warming, influencing insect feeding and timing of life cycle processes along with urbanization and the introduction of invasive plant and insect species may drive elevated herbivory. This research suggests that the strength of human influence on plant-insect interactions is not controlled by climate change alone but rather, the way in which humans interact with terrestrial landscape.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Ecosystem ; Forests ; Fossils ; Herbivory ; Humans ; Insecta ; Plant Leaves ; Plants
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-10
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	209104-5
ISSN	1091-6490 ; 0027-8424
ISSN (online)	1091-6490
ISSN	0027-8424
DOI	10.1073/pnas.2202852119
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG)
ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)

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Article: CuticleTrace: A toolkit for capturing cell outlines from leaf cuticle with implications for paleoecology and paleoclimatology.

Lloyd, Benjamin A / Barclay, Richard S / Dunn, Regan E / Currano, Ellen D / Mohamaad, Ayuni I / Skersies, Kymbre / Punyasena, Surangi W

Applications in plant sciences

2024 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) e11566

Abstract: Premise: Leaf epidermal cell morphology is closely tied to the evolutionary history of plants and their growth environments and is therefore of interest to many plant biologists. However, cell measurement can be time consuming and restrictive with ... ...

Abstract	Premise: Leaf epidermal cell morphology is closely tied to the evolutionary history of plants and their growth environments and is therefore of interest to many plant biologists. However, cell measurement can be time consuming and restrictive with current methods. CuticleTrace is a suite of Fiji and R-based functions that streamlines and automates the segmentation and measurement of epidermal pavement cells across a wide range of cell morphologies and image qualities. Methods and results: We evaluated CuticleTrace-generated measurements against those from alternate automated methods and expert and undergraduate hand tracings across a taxonomically diverse 50-image data set of variable image qualities. We observed ~93% statistical agreement between CuticleTrace and expert hand-traced measurements, outperforming alternate methods. Conclusions: CuticleTrace is a broadly applicable, modular, and customizable tool that integrates data visualization and cell shape measurement with image segmentation, lowering the barrier to high-throughput studies of epidermal morphology by vastly decreasing the labor investment required to generate high-quality cell shape data sets.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-02
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2699923-7
ISSN	2168-0450
ISSN	2168-0450
DOI	10.1002/aps3.11566
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Article: Bug-bitten leaves from the early Miocene of Ethiopia elucidate the impacts of plant nutrient concentrations and climate on insect herbivore communities

Currano, Ellen D. / Jacobs, Bonnie F.

Global and planetary change. 2021 Dec., v. 207

2021

Abstract: High-resolution paleoecological studies elucidate the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the diversity and distribution of insect herbivory in deep time. Previous analyses of fossil leaf assemblages from intervals of significant environmental ... ...

Abstract	High-resolution paleoecological studies elucidate the effects of biotic and abiotic factors on the diversity and distribution of insect herbivory in deep time. Previous analyses of fossil leaf assemblages from intervals of significant environmental change have shown that insect damage frequency and diversity are strongly influenced by temperature and carbon dioxide levels. Similar studies that span intervals of environmental quiescence are a necessary complement and can help disentangle the relative influences of biological versus abiotic factors. The 21.73 ± 0.03 million year old (early Miocene) Mush Valley lagerstätten, Ethiopia, provides one such example. Insect damage censuses were conducted at six stratigraphic levels that span ~50,000 years and whose plant ecology has been studied in detail. A total of 2200 leaves (47 morphotypes) were examined and 35 damage types (DTs) observed. We documented variations in insect damage frequency, diversity, and composition among plant host taxa and across stratigraphic levels and tested for correlations with abiotic and biotic factors. Interspecific variations in damage frequency and diversity among host plants at Mush with >20 leaves in the damage census could not be explained solely by leaf mass per area, presence/absence of trichomes, symbiosis with nitrogen-fixing bacteria, or host plant abundance. The strongest predictor of insect herbivore damage on the bulk floras (all leaves) was the prevalence of legumes, whose symbiotic relationships with nitrogen-fixing bacteria likely made them more nutrient-rich. This pattern was also observed across the climatically-variable Paleocene-Eocene boundary in the Bighorn Basin, USA, suggesting that the soil microbiome, plant nutrient composition, and climate work synergistically in regulating insect herbivore distribution, population sizes, and feeding.
Keywords	Miocene epoch ; Paleogene period ; basins ; carbon dioxide ; climate ; fossils ; host plants ; leaves ; morphs ; nitrogen fixation ; nutrient content ; paleoecology ; phytophagous insects ; plant ecology ; soil microorganisms ; specific leaf weight ; symbiosis ; temperature ; trichomes ; Ethiopia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-12
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2016967-X
ISSN	0921-8181
ISSN	0921-8181
DOI	10.1016/j.gloplacha.2021.103655
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Sampling bias and the robustness of ecological metrics for plant-damage-type association networks.

Swain, Anshuman / Azevedo-Schmidt, Lauren E / Maccracken, S Augusta / Currano, Ellen D / Dunne, Jennifer A / Labandeira, Conrad C / Fagan, William F

Ecology

2023 Volume 104, Issue 3, Page(s) e3922

Abstract: Plants and their insect herbivores have been a dominant component of the terrestrial ecological landscape for the past 410 million years and feature intricate evolutionary patterns and co-dependencies. A complex systems perspective allows for both ... ...

Abstract	Plants and their insect herbivores have been a dominant component of the terrestrial ecological landscape for the past 410 million years and feature intricate evolutionary patterns and co-dependencies. A complex systems perspective allows for both detailed resolution of these evolutionary relationships as well as comparison and synthesis across systems. Using proxy data of insect herbivore damage (denoted by the damage type or DT) preserved on fossil leaves, functional bipartite network representations provide insights into how plant-insect associations depend on geological time, paleogeographical space, and environmental variables such as temperature and precipitation. However, the metrics measured from such networks are prone to sampling bias. Such sensitivity is of special concern for plant-DT association networks in paleontological settings where sampling effort is often severely limited. Here, we explore the sensitivity of functional bipartite network metrics to sampling intensity and identify sampling thresholds above which metrics appear robust to sampling effort. Across a broad range of sampling efforts, we find network metrics to be less affected by sampling bias and/or sample size than richness metrics, which are routinely used in studies of fossil plant-DT interactions. These results provide reassurance that cross-comparisons of plant-DT networks offer insights into network structure and function and support their widespread use in paleoecology. Moreover, these findings suggest novel opportunities for using plant-DT networks in neontological terrestrial ecology to understand functional aspects of insect herbivory across geological time, environmental perturbations, and geographic space.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Selection Bias ; Benchmarking ; Insecta ; Plants ; Plant Leaves ; Herbivory
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ZDB-ID	2010140-5
ISSN	1939-9170 ; 0012-9658
ISSN (online)	1939-9170
ISSN	0012-9658
DOI	10.1002/ecy.3922
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Article: Origin and Early Evolution of Hydrocharitaceae and the Ancestral Role of

Ulrich, Silvia / Vieira, Manuel / Coiro, Mario / Bouchal, Johannes M / Geier, Christian / Jacobs, Bonnie F / Currano, Ellen D / Lenz, Olaf K / Wilde, Volker / Zetter, Reinhard / Grímsson, Friðgeir

Plants (Basel, Switzerland)

2024 Volume 13, Issue 7

Abstract: The combined morphological features ... ...

Abstract	The combined morphological features of
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-31
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2704341-1
ISSN	2223-7747
ISSN	2223-7747
DOI	10.3390/plants13071008
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Article: Scars on fossil leaves: An exploration of ecological patterns in plant–insect herbivore associations during the Age of Angiosperms

Currano, Ellen D. / Azevedo-Schmidt, Lauren E. / Maccracken, S. Augusta / Swain, Anshuman

Palaeogeography, palaeoclimatology, palaeoecology. 2021 Nov. 15, v. 582

2021

Abstract: Ancient plant–insect herbivore associations can be studied directly through observation of feeding damage scars on well-preserved leaf adpression fossils. Early work on insect herbivory was largely qualitative and descriptive. The establishment of the ... ...

Abstract	Ancient plant–insect herbivore associations can be studied directly through observation of feeding damage scars on well-preserved leaf adpression fossils. Early work on insect herbivory was largely qualitative and descriptive. The establishment of the insect damage census protocol by Wilf and Labandeira in 1999 modernized the study of ancient insect herbivory, formalized the functional feeding group–damage type (DT) system, and allowed rigorous quantitative analyses. In this review, we first discuss how to recognize insect herbivore damage and conduct insect damage censuses, as well as the importance of collecting these data.We then present a compilation of all published insect damage census data from angiosperm-dominated ecosystems that included at least 300 fossil dicot leaves. These 66 datasets range from Late Cretaceous to Pleistocene in age and include the majority of continents. Damage richness, damage frequency, relative abundance distributions of functional feeding groups, and ecological network metrics were computed for each site. We investigated spatio-temporal variations and tested potential drivers using various statistical analyses. Reassuringly, herbivory metrics do not appear to be influenced by publication date or depositional setting. There is no linear correlation between herbivory and geologic age, and the few significant differences that occur among time bins document the importance of the K-Pg extinction event on insect herbivory. When sites are partitioned into latitudinal bins, the mid southern hemisphere (60°S to 23°27′S) stands out as having frequent and diverse damage. High latitudes tend to have low damage richness and frequency, although not all differences are significant. Mean annual temperature influences herbivory more than any potential abiotic or biotic driver explored in our analyses and has significant positive relationships with total, specialized, and galling DT richness at 300 leaves, as well as specialized damage frequency. We close our paper by discussing best practices and promising avenues for future insect herbivory research.
Keywords	Late Cretaceous epoch ; Magnoliopsida ; Pleistocene epoch ; census data ; data collection ; extinction ; fossils ; leaves ; palaeogeography ; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology ; phytophagous insects ; temperature
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-1115
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	417718-6
ISSN	0031-0182
ISSN	0031-0182
DOI	10.1016/j.palaeo.2021.110636
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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