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Book ; Online: A Simple Single Slot Finality Protocol For Ethereum

D'Amato, Francesco / Zanolini, Luca

2023

Abstract: The implemented consensus protocol of Ethereum, Gasper, has an hybrid design: it combines a protocol that allows dynamic participation among validators, called LMD-GHOST, and a finality gadget, called Casper. This design has been motivated and formalized ...

Abstract	The implemented consensus protocol of Ethereum, Gasper, has an hybrid design: it combines a protocol that allows dynamic participation among validators, called LMD-GHOST, and a finality gadget, called Casper. This design has been motivated and formalized by Neu, Tas, and Tse (S&P 2021) through the introduction of the ebb-and-flow class of protocols, which are protocols with two confirmation rules that output two ledgers, one that provides liveness under dynamic participation (and synchrony), LMD-GHOST, and one that provides safety even under network partitions, Casper. Currently, Gasper takes between 64 and 95 slots to finalize blocks. Because of that, a significant portion of the chain is susceptible to reorgs. The possibility to capture MEV (Maximum Extractable Value) through such reorgs can then disincentivize honestly following the protocol, breaking the desired correspondence of honest and rational behavior. Moreover, the relatively long time to finality forces users to choose between economic security and faster transaction confirmation. This motivates the study of the so-called single slot finality protocols: consensus protocols that finalize a block in each slot and, more importantly, that finalize the block proposed at a given slot within such slot. In this work we propose a simple, non-blackbox protocol that combines a synchronous dynamically available protocol with a finality gadget, resulting in a secure ebb-and-flow protocol that can finalize one block per slot, paving the way to single slot finality within Ethereum. Importantly, the protocol we present can finalize the block proposed in a slot, within such slot. Comment: arXiv admin note: substantial text overlap with arXiv:2302.11326
Keywords	Computer Science - Distributed ; Parallel ; and Cluster Computing
Publishing date	2023-02-24
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Online: Recent Latest Message Driven GHOST

D'Amato, Francesco / Zanolini, Luca

Balancing Dynamic Availability With Asynchrony Resilience

2023

Abstract: Dynamic participation has recently become a crucial requirement for devising permissionless consensus protocols. It enhances robustness against events involving portions of participants going offline, thus preserving the safety and liveness of such ... ...

Abstract	Dynamic participation has recently become a crucial requirement for devising permissionless consensus protocols. It enhances robustness against events involving portions of participants going offline, thus preserving the safety and liveness of such dynamically available protocols. This concept, formalized by Pass and Shi (ASIACRYPT 2017) through the sleepy model, has been implicitly adopted to model various blockchain protocols, such as Ethereum's consensus protocol, Gasper. Neu, Tas, and Tse (S&P 2021) demonstrated that LMD-GHOST, Gasper's dynamic availability component, is not secure even in a full-participation context, i.e., with all validators online. Subsequent mitigations were developed to address its shortcomings. However, the resulting protocol still fails to achieve dynamic availability, motivating further research into more secure, dynamically available protocols. In this work, we introduce RLMD-GHOST, a synchronous, dynamically available protocol that maintains safety during bounded periods of asynchrony. This protocol is particularly appealing for practical systems where strict synchrony assumptions may not always hold, contrary to general assumptions in standard synchronous protocols. Additionally, we present the generalized sleepy model, within which our results are proven. Building upon the original sleepy model proposed by Pass and Shi, this model extends it with more generalized and stronger constraints on the corruption and sleepiness power of the adversary. This approach allows us to explore a wide range of dynamic participation regimes, spanning from complete dynamic participation to no dynamic participation, i.e., with every participant online. Consequently, this model provides a foundation for analyzing dynamically available protocols.
Keywords	Computer Science - Distributed ; Parallel ; and Cluster Computing
Subject code	621
Publishing date	2023-02-22
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
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Book ; Online: Streamlining Sleepy Consensus

D'Amato, Francesco / Zanolini, Luca

Total-Order Broadcast with Single-Vote Decisions in the Sleepy Model

2023

Abstract: Over the past years, distributed consensus research has shifted its focus towards addressing challenges in large-scale, permissionless systems, such as blockchains. This shift is characterized by the need to accommodate dynamic participation, contrasting ...

Abstract	Over the past years, distributed consensus research has shifted its focus towards addressing challenges in large-scale, permissionless systems, such as blockchains. This shift is characterized by the need to accommodate dynamic participation, contrasting the traditional approach of a static set of continuously online participants. Works like Bitcoin and the Sleepy Model have set the stage for this developing framework. Notable contributions from Momose and Ren (CCS 2022) and subsequent works have introduced Total-Order Broadcast protocols leveraging Graded Agreement primitives and supporting dynamic participation, though often requiring multiple rounds of voting per decision -- a potential bottleneck for real-world large-scale systems. Addressing this, our paper presents a novel Total-Order Broadcast protocol in the Sleepy Model resilient to up to 1/2 adversarial participants, requiring just a single round of voting per decision. This work paves the way to more practical Total-Order Broadcast protocols to be implemented in real-world systems where a large number of participants are involved simultaneously and their participation level might fluctuate over time.
Keywords	Computer Science - Distributed ; Parallel ; and Cluster Computing
Publishing date	2023-10-17
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
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Book ; Conference proceedings: The problem of genetic stability in plant cell and tissue cultures

D'Amato, F.

FAO Technical Conference on Crop Genetic Resources ; Rome, 12 - 16 March 1973 ; item 9 of the provisional agenda

1974

Institution	Technical Conference on Crop Genetic Resources
Size	1 Mikrofiche
Publisher	FAO
Publishing place	Rome
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Book ; Conference proceedings
Note	Mikroreprod. e. Ms. von 1973. 2 S. ; Zsfassung
HBZ-ID	HT003702761
Database	Catalogue ZB MED Nutrition, Environment, Agriculture

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Article ; Online: Correction: A novel oncogenic BTK isoform is overexpressed in colon cancers and required for RAS-mediated transformation.

Grassilli, E / Pisano, F / Cialdella, A / Bonomo, S / Missaglia, C / Cerrito, M G / Masiero, L / Ianzano, L / Giordano, F / Cicirelli, V / Narloch, R / D'Amato, F / Noli, B / Ferri, G L / Leone, B E / Stanta, G / Bonin, S / Helin, K / Giovannoni, R /

Lavitrano, M

Oncogene

2024

Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-18
Publishing country	England
Document type	Published Erratum
ZDB-ID	639046-8
ISSN	1476-5594 ; 0950-9232
ISSN (online)	1476-5594
ISSN	0950-9232
DOI	10.1038/s41388-024-03037-w
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Book ; Online: Goldfish

D'Amato, Francesco / Neu, Joachim / Tas, Ertem Nusret / Tse, David

No More Attacks on Ethereum?!

2022

Abstract: The LMD GHOST consensus protocol is a critical component of proof-of-stake Ethereum. In its current form, this protocol is brittle, as evidenced by recent attacks and patching attempts. We propose Goldfish, a new protocol that satisfies key properties ... ...

Abstract	The LMD GHOST consensus protocol is a critical component of proof-of-stake Ethereum. In its current form, this protocol is brittle, as evidenced by recent attacks and patching attempts. We propose Goldfish, a new protocol that satisfies key properties required of a drop-in replacement for LMD GHOST: Goldfish is secure in the sleepy model, assuming a majority of the validators follows the protocol. Goldfish is reorg resilient so that honestly produced blocks are guaranteed inclusion in the ledger, and it supports fast confirmation with expected confirmation latency independent of the desired security level. Subsampling validators can improve the communication efficiency of Goldfish, and Goldfish is composable with finality/accountability gadgets. Crucially, Goldfish is structurally similar to LMD GHOST, providing a credible path to adoption in Ethereum. Attacks on LMD GHOST exploit lack of coordination among honest validators, typically provided by a locking mechanism in classical BFT protocols. However, locking requires votes from a quorum of all participants and is not compatible with fluctuating participation. Goldfish is powered by a novel coordination mechanism to synchronize the honest validators' actions. Experiments with our prototype implementation of Goldfish suggest practicality. Comment: Financial Cryptography and Data Security 2024
Keywords	Computer Science - Cryptography and Security ; Computer Science - Distributed ; Parallel ; and Cluster Computing
Subject code	303
Publishing date	2022-09-07
Publishing country	us
Document type	Book ; Online
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Article ; Online: Brief report: Newborn adoption in a confined group of Japanese macaques.

Fuccillo, R / Scucchi, S / Troisi, A / D'Amato, F R

American journal of primatology

2020 Volume 5, Issue 3, Page(s) 257–260

Abstract: In a group of Japanese macaques, a multiparous high-ranking female gave birth to an infant and, two days later, adopted a neonate abandoned right after birth by a primiparous low-ranking female. Both infants were reared successfully. Whereas the "selfish" ...

Abstract	In a group of Japanese macaques, a multiparous high-ranking female gave birth to an infant and, two days later, adopted a neonate abandoned right after birth by a primiparous low-ranking female. Both infants were reared successfully. Whereas the "selfish" explanation does not accord with the evidence from the present case, the "altruistic" explanation cannot be discarded definitively. However, the context and the consequences of the adoption suggest reproductive error on the part of the adoptive mother as the most likely explanation.
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1495834-X
ISSN	1098-2345 ; 0275-2565
ISSN (online)	1098-2345
ISSN	0275-2565
DOI	10.1002/ajp.1350050310
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Article: Cytological consequences of decapitation in onion roots.

D'AMATO, F

Experientia

2007 Volume 4, Issue 10, Page(s) 388

MeSH term(s)	Accidents ; Craniocerebral Trauma ; Decapitation ; Humans ; Neck Injuries ; Onions ; Plant Roots
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-11-28
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1972-0
ISSN	0014-4754
ISSN	0014-4754
DOI	10.1007/bf02145196
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Article: Growth regulator levels in embryo and suspensor of Phaseolus coccineus at two stages of development.

Alpi, A / Tognoni, F / D'Amato, F

Planta

2014 Volume 127, Issue 2, Page(s) 153–162

Abstract: Gibberellins and auxins were extracted from embryos and suspensors of Phaseolus coccineus L. at two stages of development: A) heart-shaped embryo and B) cotyledonary embryo with suspensor in the initial stage of degeneration. The time interval between ... ...

Abstract	Gibberellins and auxins were extracted from embryos and suspensors of Phaseolus coccineus L. at two stages of development: A) heart-shaped embryo and B) cotyledonary embryo with suspensor in the initial stage of degeneration. The time interval between the two stages was 5-6 days.In both embryos and suspensors, gibberellin (GA)-like activity was found in three fractions: F-1 (ethyl acetate fraction at pH 8.0), F-2 (free GAs) and F-3 (bound GAs). At stage A, the total GA activity in the suspensor was about 30 times greater than in the embryo and the bound GAs contributed by about 90% to the total GA content. A dramatic decrease in level of bound GA-like substances was found in suspensors at stage B, when the level of total GAs in the embryo had increased to 10 times that at stage A. This might suggest a transport of GAs from the suspensor to the embryo. In both embryo and suspensor, qualitative changes in GAs with shift in activity of the fractions tested occurred at the two developmental stages.The methanolic extracts of stage A suspensors showed two inhibitors, one much more active than the other, and two large peaks of growth promoting activity at Rf 0.4-0.7; in stage A embryos, the general activity of the extracts was lower and the promoting effect was spread over Rf 0.3-0.9.The present results seem to support the view that the suspensor plays a role in embryogenesis by acting as a site of synthesis of growth regulators needed by the embryo.
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-01-16
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208909-9
ISSN	1432-2048 ; 0032-0935 ; 1866-2749
ISSN (online)	1432-2048
ISSN	0032-0935 ; 1866-2749
DOI	10.1007/BF00388376
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Article ; Online: The Role of Different Healing Abutment Sizes in Tissue Volume Preservation of Molar Sockets After Immediate Tooth Extraction and Implant Placement: A Multicenter Clinical Study.

Amato, Francesco / Amato, Giulia / Campriani, Stefano / Contessi, Marcello / D'Amato, Francesco / Fiorentini, Anna Giuseppina / Polara, Giorgio / Spedicato, Giorgio Alfredo

The International journal of oral & maxillofacial implants

2022 Volume 37, Issue 5, Page(s) 891–904

Abstract: Purpose: To evaluate the role of different healing abutment designs in compensating for the buccolingual volumetric tissue change that occurs following flapless single-tooth immediate extraction placement in the molar area.: Materials and methods: ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: To evaluate the role of different healing abutment designs in compensating for the buccolingual volumetric tissue change that occurs following flapless single-tooth immediate extraction placement in the molar area. Materials and methods: Patients in need of extraction and replacement of a first or second molar in the mandible or maxilla were consecutively recruited. Immediately after extraction and implant placement, an abutment was connected. Five different types of abutments were randomly selected to be used for each case. The study population was divided into five categories according to abutment design: 5-mm diameter healing abutment (group 1); 6-mm diameter healing abutment (group 2); 7.5-mm diameter healing abutment (group 3); provisional restoration (group 4); and customized healing abutment (group 5). The buccopalatal dimension (BPD) was measured on the study casts at 1, 3, and 5 mm apical to the free gingival margin, and horizontal volumetric changes were compared between baseline and 2, 4, and 6 months. Results: A total of 267 implants were inserted in 246 patients. The breakdown of placed implants for each group was as follows: 67 implants in group 1; 64 in group 2; 71 in group 3; 33 in group 4; and 32 in group 5. Changes in the mean horizontal ridge dimension were as follows. After 6 months in group 1, BPD diminished at 1-, 3-, and 5-mm distance from the free gingival margin, respectively, by 4.21 ± 0.158, 3.38 ± 0. 178 and 2.35 ± 0.178 mm. In group 2, BPD diminished at 1-, 3-, and 5-mm distance from the free gingival margin, respectively, by 3.16 ± 0.198, 2.56 ± 0.198, and 1.62 ± 0.198 mm. In group 3, BPD diminished at 1-, 3-, and 5-mm distance from the free gingival margin, respectively, by 2.53 ± 0.138, 2.16 ± 0.144, and 1.56 ± 0.144 mm. In group 4, BPD diminished at 1-, 3-, and 5-mm distance from the free gingival margin, respectively, by 1.11 ± 0.179, 1.23 ± 0.179, and 1.12 ± 0.179 mm. In group 5, BPD diminished at 1-, 3-, and 5-mm distance from the free gingival margin, respectively, by 0.25 ± 0.225, 0.30 ± 0.225, and 0.19 ± 0.225 mm. Mixed-effect regression and post hoc means comparisons were used to model the impact of the restoration technique, height of measurement, and time on BPD using a significance reference level of .05. Statistical analysis showed that the type of abutment, the height of measurement, and the time significantly influenced the BPD and that there were complex interaction effects between these variables. Conclusion: The observed volumetric soft tissue changes in the 6-month short-term follow-up appeared to vary based on the use of different healing abutment sizes that were connected to implants placed immediately after tooth extraction in the molar area. In particular, the use of a customized healing abutment resulted in preservation of the original horizontal dimension of the molar soft tissue.
MeSH term(s)	Dental Implants ; Dental Implants, Single-Tooth ; Humans ; Immediate Dental Implant Loading ; Molar/surgery ; Tooth Extraction/adverse effects ; Tooth Socket/surgery
Chemical Substances	Dental Implants
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Multicenter Study
ZDB-ID	632880-5
ISSN	1942-4434 ; 0882-2786
ISSN (online)	1942-4434
ISSN	0882-2786
DOI	10.11607/jomi.9607
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