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Article ; Online: Walking on your sensitive sole.

D'Août, Kristiaan

2019 Volume 571, Issue 7764, Page(s) 176–177

MeSH term(s)	Foot ; Gait ; Walking
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-07-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	News ; Comment
ZDB-ID	120714-3
ISSN	1476-4687 ; 0028-0836
ISSN (online)	1476-4687
ISSN	0028-0836
DOI	10.1038/d41586-019-01953-6
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Article: Editorial: The human foot: function in progress.

Bates, Karl T / Venkadesan, Madhusudhan / Vereecke, Evie E / Charles, James P / D'Août, Kristiaan

Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology

2023 Volume 11, Page(s) 1245069

Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-17
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	2719493-0
ISSN	2296-4185
ISSN	2296-4185
DOI	10.3389/fbioe.2023.1245069
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Article ; Online: From quadrupedal to bipedal walking 'on the fly': the mechanics of dynamical mode transition in primates.

Aerts, Peter / Goyens, Jana / Berillon, Gilles / D'Août, Kristiaan / Druelle, François

The Journal of experimental biology

2023 Volume 226, Issue 2

Abstract: We investigated how baboons transition from quadrupedal to bipedal walking without any significant interruption in their forward movement (i.e. transition 'on the fly'). Building on basic mechanical principles (momentum only changes when external forces/ ... ...

Abstract	We investigated how baboons transition from quadrupedal to bipedal walking without any significant interruption in their forward movement (i.e. transition 'on the fly'). Building on basic mechanical principles (momentum only changes when external forces/moments act on the body), insights into possible strategies for such a dynamical mode transition are provided and applied first to the recorded planar kinematics of an example walking sequence (including several continuous quadrupedal, transition and subsequent bipedal steps). Body dynamics are calculated from the kinematics. The strategy used in this worked example boils down to: crouch the hind parts and sprint them underneath the rising body centre of mass. Forward accelerations are not in play. Key characteristics of this transition strategy were extracted: progression speed, hip height, step duration (frequency), foot positioning at touchdown with respect to the hip and the body centre of mass (BCoM), and congruity between the moments of the ground reaction force about the BCoM and the rate of change of the total angular moment. Statistical analyses across the full sample (15 transitions of 10 individuals) confirm this strategy is always used and is shared across individuals. Finally, the costs (in J kg-1 m-1) linked to on the fly transitions were estimated. The costs are approximately double those of both the preceding quadrupedal and subsequent bipedal walking. Given the short duration of the transition as such (<1 s), it is argued that the energetic costs to change walking posture on the fly are negligible when considered in the context of the locomotor repertoire.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Walking ; Primates ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Mechanical Phenomena ; Posture ; Locomotion ; Gait
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-19
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	218085-6
ISSN	1477-9145 ; 0022-0949
ISSN (online)	1477-9145
ISSN	0022-0949
DOI	10.1242/jeb.244792
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Zs.A 2629: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Daily activity in minimal footwear increases foot strength.

Curtis, Rory / Willems, Catherine / Paoletti, Paolo / D'Août, Kristiaan

Scientific reports

2021 Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) 18648

Abstract: The human foot is uniquely adapted to bipedal locomotion and has a deformable arch of variable stiffness. Intrinsic foot muscles regulate arch deformation, making them important for foot function. In this study we explore the hypothesis that normal daily ...

Abstract	The human foot is uniquely adapted to bipedal locomotion and has a deformable arch of variable stiffness. Intrinsic foot muscles regulate arch deformation, making them important for foot function. In this study we explore the hypothesis that normal daily activity in minimal footwear, which provides little or no support, increases foot muscle strength. Western adults wore minimal footwear for a six-month period (the "intervention" group). Foot strength, i.e., maximum isometric plantarflexion strength at the metatarsophalangeal joints, and foot biometrics were measured before and after the intervention. An additional group was investigated to add further insight on the long-term effects of footwear, consisting of Western adults with an average 2.5 years of experience in minimal footwear (the "experienced" group). This study shows that foot strength increases by, on average, 57.4% (p < 0.001) after six months of daily activity in minimal footwear. The experienced group had similar foot strength as the post intervention group, suggesting that six months of regular minimal footwear use is sufficient to gain full strength, which may aid healthy balance and gait.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Female ; Foot/physiology ; Gait/physiology ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Male ; Muscle Strength/physiology ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; Running/physiology ; Shoes/adverse effects
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-021-98070-0
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Article ; Online: Foot anatomy, walking energetics, and the evolution of human bipedalism.

Charles, James P / Grant, Barbara / D'Août, Kristiaan / Bates, Karl T

Journal of human evolution

2021 Volume 156, Page(s) 103014

Abstract: Interspecies differences in locomotor efficiency have been extensively researched, but within-species variation in the metabolic cost of walking and its underlying causes have received much less attention. This is somewhat surprising given the importance ...

Abstract	Interspecies differences in locomotor efficiency have been extensively researched, but within-species variation in the metabolic cost of walking and its underlying causes have received much less attention. This is somewhat surprising given the importance of walking energetics to natural selection, and the fact that the mechanical efficiency of striding bipedalism in modern humans is thought to be related in some part to the unique morphology of the human foot. Previous studies of human running have linked specific anatomical traits in the foot to variations in locomotor energetics to provide insight into form-function relationships in human evolution. However, such studies are relatively rare, particularly for walking. In this study, relationships between a range of functional musculoskeletal traits in the human lower limb and the energetics of walking over compliant and noncompliant substrates are examined, with particular focus on the lower limb and foot. Twenty-nine young, healthy individuals walked across three surfaces-a noncompliant laboratory floor, and compliant 6 cm and 13 cm thick foams-at self-selected speeds while oxygen consumption was measured, from which the metabolic cost of transport was calculated. Lower limb lengths, calcaneus lengths, foot shape indices, and maximum isometric plantarflexion torques were also measured and subsequently tested for relationships with metabolic cost over these surfaces using linear regression. It was found that metabolic cost varied considerably between individuals within and across substrate types, but this variation was not statistically related to or explained by variations in musculoskeletal parameters considered to be adaptively important to efficient bipedal locomotion. This therefore provides no supportive evidence that variations in these gross anatomical parameters confer significant advantages to the efficiency of walking, and therefore suggest caution in the use of similar metrics to infer differences in walking energetics in closely related fossil species.
MeSH term(s)	Biological Evolution ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Energy Metabolism ; Foot/anatomy & histology ; Gait ; Humans ; Locomotion ; Running ; Walking
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	120141-4
ISSN	1095-8606 ; 0047-2484
ISSN (online)	1095-8606
ISSN	0047-2484
DOI	10.1016/j.jhevol.2021.103014
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Article ; Online: Minimal shoes improve stability and mobility in persons with a history of falls.

Cudejko, Tomasz / Gardiner, James / Akpan, Asangaedem / D'Août, Kristiaan

Scientific reports

2020 Volume 10, Issue 1, Page(s) 21755

Abstract: Postural and walking instabilities contribute to falls in older adults. Given that shoes affect human locomotor stability and that visual, cognitive and somatosensory systems deteriorate during aging, we aimed to: (1) compare the effects of footwear type ...

Abstract	Postural and walking instabilities contribute to falls in older adults. Given that shoes affect human locomotor stability and that visual, cognitive and somatosensory systems deteriorate during aging, we aimed to: (1) compare the effects of footwear type on stability and mobility in persons with a history of falls, and (2) determine whether the effect of footwear type on stability is altered by the absence of visual input or by an additional cognitive load. Thirty participants performed standing and walking trials in three footwear conditions, i.e. conventional shoes, minimal shoes, and barefoot. The outcomes were: (1) postural stability (movement of the center of pressure during eyes open/closed), (2) walking stability (Margin of Stability during normal/dual-task walking), (3) mobility (the Timed Up and Go test and the Star Excursion Balance test), and (4) perceptions of the shoes (Monitor Orthopaedic Shoes questionnaire). Participants were more stable during standing and walking in minimal shoes than in conventional shoes, independent of visual or walking condition. Minimal shoes were more beneficial for mobility than conventional shoes and barefoot. This study supports the need for longitudinal studies investigating whether minimal footwear is more beneficial for fall prevention in older people than conventional footwear.
MeSH term(s)	Accidental Falls/prevention & control ; Aged ; Aging/physiology ; Aging/psychology ; Biomechanical Phenomena ; Cognition ; Equipment Design ; Female ; Humans ; Locomotion/physiology ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Postural Balance/physiology ; Sensation ; Shoes/adverse effects ; Visual Acuity ; Walking/physiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-020-78862-6
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Article ; Online: Subject-specific muscle properties from diffusion tensor imaging significantly improve the accuracy of musculoskeletal models.

Charles, James P / Grant, Barbara / D'Août, Kristiaan / Bates, Karl T

Journal of anatomy

2020 Volume 237, Issue 5, Page(s) 941–959

Abstract: Musculoskeletal modelling is an important platform on which to study the biomechanics of morphological structures in vertebrates and is widely used in clinical, zoological and palaeontological fields. The popularity of this approach stems from the ... ...

Abstract	Musculoskeletal modelling is an important platform on which to study the biomechanics of morphological structures in vertebrates and is widely used in clinical, zoological and palaeontological fields. The popularity of this approach stems from the potential to non-invasively quantify biologically important but difficult-to-measure functional parameters. However, while it is known that model predictions are highly sensitive to input values, it is standard practice to build models by combining musculoskeletal data from different sources resulting in 'generic' models for a given species. At present, there are little quantitative data on how merging disparate anatomical data in models impacts the accuracy of these functional predictions. This issue is addressed herein by quantifying the accuracy of both subject-specific human limb models containing individualised muscle force-generating properties and models built using generic properties from both elderly and young individuals, relative to experimental muscle torques obtained from an isokinetic dynamometer. The results show that subject-specific models predict isokinetic muscle torques to a greater degree of accuracy than generic models at the ankle (root-mean-squared error - 7.9% vs. 49.3% in elderly anatomy-based models), knee (13.2% vs. 57.3%) and hip (21.9% vs. 32.8%). These results have important implications for the choice of musculoskeletal properties in future modelling studies, and the relatively high level of accuracy achieved in the subject-specific models suggests that such models can potentially address questions about inter-subject variations of muscle functions. However, despite relatively high levels of overall accuracy, models built using averaged generic muscle architecture data from young, healthy individuals may lack the resolution and accuracy required to study such differences between individuals, at least in certain circumstances. The results do not wholly discourage the continued use of averaged generic data in musculoskeletal modelling studies but do emphasise the need for to maximise the accuracy of input values if studying intra-species form-function relationships in the musculoskeletal system.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged, 80 and over ; Diffusion Tensor Imaging ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Muscle, Skeletal/diagnostic imaging ; Muscle, Skeletal/physiology ; Patient-Specific Modeling ; Torque
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Clinical Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2955-5
ISSN	1469-7580 ; 0021-8782
ISSN (online)	1469-7580
ISSN	0021-8782
DOI	10.1111/joa.13261
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Article ; Online: Why does the metabolic cost of walking increase on compliant substrates?

Grant, Barbara / Charles, James / Geraghty, Brendan / Gardiner, James / D'Août, Kristiaan / Falkingham, Peter L / Bates, Karl T

Journal of the Royal Society, Interface

2022 Volume 19, Issue 196, Page(s) 20220483

Abstract: Walking on compliant substrates requires more energy than walking on hard substrates but the biomechanical factors that contribute to this increase are debated. Previous studies suggest various causative mechanical factors, including disruption to ... ...

Abstract	Walking on compliant substrates requires more energy than walking on hard substrates but the biomechanical factors that contribute to this increase are debated. Previous studies suggest various causative mechanical factors, including disruption to pendular energy recovery, increased muscle work, decreased muscle efficiency and increased gait variability. We test each of these hypotheses simultaneously by collecting a large kinematic and kinetic dataset of human walking on foams of differing thickness. This allowed us to systematically characterize changes in gait with substrate compliance, and, by combining data with mechanical substrate testing, drive the very first subject-specific computer simulations of human locomotion on compliant substrates to estimate the internal kinetic demands on the musculoskeletal system. Negative changes to pendular energy exchange or ankle mechanics are not supported by our analyses. Instead we find that the mechanistic causes of increased energetic costs on compliant substrates are more complex than captured by any single previous hypothesis. We present a model in which elevated activity and mechanical work by muscles crossing the hip and knee are required to support the changes in joint (greater excursion and maximum flexion) and spatio-temporal kinematics (longer stride lengths, stride times and stance times, and duty factors) on compliant substrates.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Walking ; Gait ; Kinetics ; Locomotion ; Ankle Joint
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2156283-0
ISSN	1742-5662 ; 1742-5689
ISSN (online)	1742-5662
ISSN	1742-5689
DOI	10.1098/rsif.2022.0483
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Article ; Online: The anterior cruciate ligament in murine post-traumatic osteoarthritis: markers and mechanics.

Ramos-Mucci, Lorenzo / Elsheikh, Ahmed / Keenan, Craig / Eliasy, Ashkan / D'Aout, Kristiaan / Bou-Gharios, George / Comerford, Eithne / Poulet, Blandine

Arthritis research & therapy

2022 Volume 24, Issue 1, Page(s) 128

Abstract: Background: Knee joint injuries, common in athletes, have a high risk of developing post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Ligaments, matrix-rich connective tissues, play important mechanical functions stabilising the knee joint, and yet their role post- ... ...

Abstract	Background: Knee joint injuries, common in athletes, have a high risk of developing post-traumatic osteoarthritis (PTOA). Ligaments, matrix-rich connective tissues, play important mechanical functions stabilising the knee joint, and yet their role post-trauma is not understood. Recent studies have shown that ligament extracellular matrix structure is compromised in the early stages of spontaneous osteoarthritis (OA) and PTOA, but it remains unclear how ligament matrix pathology affects ligament mechanical function. In this study, we aim to investigate both structural and mechanical changes in the anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) in a mouse model of knee trauma. Methods: Knee joints were analysed following non-invasive mechanical loading in male C57BL/6 J mice (10-week-old). Knee joints were analysed for joint space mineralisation to evaluate OA progression, and the ACLs were assessed with histology and mechanical testing. Results: Joints with PTOA had a 33-46% increase in joint space mineralisation, indicating OA progression. Post-trauma ACLs exhibited extracellular matrix modifications, including COL2 and proteoglycan deposition. Additional changes included cells expressing chondrogenic markers (SOX9 and RUNX2) expanding from the ACL tibial enthesis to the mid-substance. Viscoelastic and mechanical changes in the ACLs from post-trauma knee joints included a 20-21% decrease in tangent modulus at 2 MPa of stress, a decrease in strain rate sensitivity at higher strain rates and an increase in relaxation during stress-relaxation, but no changes to hysteresis and ultimate load to failure were observed. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that ACL pathology and viscoelastic function are compromised in the post-trauma knee joint and reveal an important role of viscoelastic mechanical properties for ligament and potentially knee joint health.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament/pathology ; Anterior Cruciate Ligament Injuries/complications ; Biomarkers ; Humans ; Knee Injuries/pathology ; Knee Joint/pathology ; Male ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Osteoarthritis/etiology ; Osteoarthritis/pathology
Chemical Substances	Biomarkers
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-30
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2107602-9
ISSN	1478-6362 ; 1478-6354
ISSN (online)	1478-6362
ISSN	1478-6354
DOI	10.1186/s13075-022-02798-7
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Zs.A 5490: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Minimal footwear improves stability and physical function in middle-aged and older people compared to conventional shoes.

Cudejko, Tomasz / Gardiner, James / Akpan, Asangaedem / D'Août, Kristiaan

Clinical biomechanics (Bristol, Avon)

2019 Volume 71, Page(s) 139–145

Abstract: Background: Effects of minimal shoes on stability and physical function in older people are under-researched. No studies have systematically explored effects of a range of minimal footwear features on these factors in older people.: Methods: A within- ...

Abstract	Background: Effects of minimal shoes on stability and physical function in older people are under-researched. No studies have systematically explored effects of a range of minimal footwear features on these factors in older people. Methods: A within-participant repeated-measures design was used. Participants were subjected to thirteen footwear conditions: (i) barefoot, (ii) a conventional shoe, (iii) a control minimal shoe, (iv-xiii) minimal shoes differing from the control minimal shoe by one design feature. The outcomes were: (i) postural stability expressed with movement of the center of pressure (CoP) during standing (ii) dynamic stability expressed with the CoP movement during walking, (iv) physical function assessed with the Timed Up and Go test (TUG), and (iv) perceptions of footwear assessed with the Monitor Orthopaedic Shoes questionnaire. Linear Mixed Models were applied for statistical analyses. Findings: Twenty-two people participated in the study. Compared to the conventional shoe, participants: (i) were more stable during standing and walking in the majority of minimal shoes, and (ii) completed the TUG test faster when wearing the minimal shoe with wider sole. Compared to the control minimal shoe, participants: (i) completed the TUG test faster when wearing the minimal shoe with wider sole; and (ii) perceived features such as a split toe and a higher ankle collar as less fashionable and wearable. Interpretation: Wearing minimal shoes might be more beneficial for stability and physical function in older adults than wearing conventional shoes. The results will be highly valuable for the design of minimal footwear for older adults.
MeSH term(s)	Accidental Falls/prevention & control ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Aging ; Ankle Joint ; Female ; Gait ; Humans ; Linear Models ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Movement ; Postural Balance ; Reproducibility of Results ; Shoes ; Standing Position ; Walking
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-11-11
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	632747-3
ISSN	1879-1271 ; 0268-0033
ISSN (online)	1879-1271
ISSN	0268-0033
DOI	10.1016/j.clinbiomech.2019.11.005
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