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Article ; Online: Shoot Phenology as a Driver or Modulator of Stem Diameter Growth and Wood Properties, with Special Reference to Pinus radiata

Rowland D. Burdon

Forests, Vol 14, Iss 570, p

2023 Volume 570

Abstract: Seasonal phenology is expressed in the annual rhythms of growth and quiescence, which may range from being sharply defined to weakly quantitative. These rhythms, both vegetative and reproductive, are a key aspect of a plant’s survival strategy. They ... ...

Abstract	Seasonal phenology is expressed in the annual rhythms of growth and quiescence, which may range from being sharply defined to weakly quantitative. These rhythms, both vegetative and reproductive, are a key aspect of a plant’s survival strategy. They enable the plant to both survive seasonal stresses and take advantage of favourable conditions, while making pollination efficient through synchronised flowering. Maturation in woody perennials causes some ontogenetic modulation of seasonal phenology. Shoot phenology is driven by various environmental cues, notably temperatures and daylength, with shoot extremities often being prime receptors. The phenology of shoot extremities is in turn seen as a strong driver of cambial activity, which itself is an aspect of shoot phenology and the basis of stem diameter growth. The aspects of cambial activity reflecting hoot–tip phenology primarily involve the timing of xylem formation and the anatomical and physical properties of xylem cells. The actual amount of diameter growth, however, is governed much more by other factors, notably the growth potential of the species, the space for the tree to grow in, and how favourable local conditions are for growth. Somehow, all tree species allocate resources to shoot extension and diameter growth to represent viable adaptive strategies, although there is no identified role of phenology per se in such allocation. Among species, Pinus radiata is extremely important commercially, largely through a high growth potential that reflects distinctive phenology. Much research on the species provides a basis for linking its phenology and shoot–tip architecture to seasonal timing of diameter growth and fine details of within-ring variation in xylem cell properties. This provides a baseline for comparison with many other tree species, conifers and hardwoods. Selected examples are considered to illustrate the range of adaptive strategies. Regulation of diameter growth and internal variation in wood properties reflects the response to competitive ...
Keywords	adaptive strategies ; environmental cues ; density profiles ; growth rings ; phenology ; photoperiod ; Plant ecology ; QK900-989
Subject code	580
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Putative biotic drivers of plant phenology

Rowland D. Burdon / Michael J. Bartlett

Ecology and Evolution, Vol 12, Iss 6, Pp n/a-n/a (2022)

With special reference to pathogens and deciduousness

2022

Abstract: Abstract Plant phenology is not only manifested in the seasonal timing of vegetative and reproductive processes but also has ontogenetic aspects. The adaptive basis of seasonal phenology has been considered mainly in terms of climatic drivers. However, ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Plant phenology is not only manifested in the seasonal timing of vegetative and reproductive processes but also has ontogenetic aspects. The adaptive basis of seasonal phenology has been considered mainly in terms of climatic drivers. However, some biotic factors as likely evolutionary influences on plants’ phenology appear to have been under‐researched. Several specific cases of putative biotic factors driving plant phenology are outlined, involving both herbivores and pathogens. These illustrate the diversity of likely interactions rather than any systematic coverage or review. Emphasis is on woody perennials, in which phenology is often most multifaceted and complicated by the ontogenetic aspect. The complete seasonal leaf fall that characterizes deciduous plants may be a very important defense against some pathogens. Whether biotic influences drive acquisition or long‐term persistence of deciduousness is considered. In one case, of leaf rusts in poplars, countervailing influences of the rusts and climate suggest persistence. Often, however, biotic and environmental influences likely reinforce each other. The timing and duration of shoot flushing may in at least some cases contribute to defenses against herbivores, largely through brief periods of “predator satiation” when plant tissues have highest food value. Wide re‐examination of plant phenology, accommodating the roles of biotic factors and their interplays with environments as additional adaptive drivers, is advocated toward developing and applying hypotheses that are observationally or experimentally testable.
Keywords	biotic interactions ; deciduous ; evolution ; herbivory ; pathogens ; plant phenology ; Ecology ; QH540-549.5
Subject code	580
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Wiley
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Adverse Genetic Correlations and Impacts of Silviculture Involving Wood Properties: Analysis of Issues for Radiata Pine

D. Burdon, Rowland / R. Moore, John

Forests. 2018 June 01, v. 9, no. 6

2018

Abstract: Plantation forestry is now an imperative to meet wood requirements efficiently on the finite land available for wood production. Three main determinants of profitability are productivity, price per unit of wood harvested, and harvest age (the sooner the ... ...

Abstract	Plantation forestry is now an imperative to meet wood requirements efficiently on the finite land available for wood production. Three main determinants of profitability are productivity, price per unit of wood harvested, and harvest age (the sooner the better). The first two are largely self-evident, while reducing harvest age lowers the effective cost of growing wood. Among these determinants, however, are strong interplays which include trade-offs. Key trade-offs involve adverse genetic correlations between various wood properties and growth-rate variables, and adverse effects on the wood quality of silvicultural interventions that raise site productivity and/or reduce harvest age. Moreover, the adverse effects of silviculture on wood properties tend to be accompanied by heightened expressions of genetic variation in wood properties. The trade-offs involve both increasing the percentage of corewood (‘juvenile wood’) and some more direct effects on wood quality. The pervasiveness of the trade-offs, and the heightened genetic expression, accentuate the call for genetic selection to defend wood quality. Such selection, however, will entail some costs in the appropriate emphasis on breeding for productivity. In this paper we review these issues, identify gaps in research information and offer guidance for tree breeders and silviculturists. While radiata pine is the special case, the applicability to some other species is briefly discussed.
Keywords	adverse effects ; breeding ; cost effectiveness ; genetic correlation ; genetic variation ; natural selection ; Pinus radiata ; plantation forestry ; prices ; profitability ; silviculture ; trees ; wood ; wood properties ; wood quality
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-0601
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2527081-3
ISSN	1999-4907
ISSN	1999-4907
DOI	10.3390/f9060308
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Adverse Genetic Correlations and Impacts of Silviculture Involving Wood Properties

Rowland D. Burdon / John R. Moore

Forests, Vol 9, Iss 6, p

Analysis of Issues for Radiata Pine

2018 Volume 308

Abstract	Plantation forestry is now an imperative to meet wood requirements efficiently on the finite land available for wood production. Three main determinants of profitability are productivity, price per unit of wood harvested, and harvest age (the sooner the better). The first two are largely self-evident, while reducing harvest age lowers the effective cost of growing wood. Among these determinants, however, are strong interplays which include trade-offs. Key trade-offs involve adverse genetic correlations between various wood properties and growth-rate variables, and adverse effects on the wood quality of silvicultural interventions that raise site productivity and/or reduce harvest age. Moreover, the adverse effects of silviculture on wood properties tend to be accompanied by heightened expressions of genetic variation in wood properties. The trade-offs involve both increasing the percentage of corewood (‘juvenile wood’) and some more direct effects on wood quality. The pervasiveness of the trade-offs, and the heightened genetic expression, accentuate the call for genetic selection to defend wood quality. Such selection, however, will entail some costs in the appropriate emphasis on breeding for productivity. In this paper we review these issues, identify gaps in research information and offer guidance for tree breeders and silviculturists. While radiata pine is the special case, the applicability to some other species is briefly discussed.
Keywords	corewood ; genetic parameters ; Pinus radiata ; plantations ; productivity ; profitability ; silviculture ; tree breeding ; wood properties ; wood quality ; Plant ecology ; QK900-989
Subject code	690
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Genotype by environment interactions in forest tree breeding: review of methodology and perspectives on research and application

Li, Yongjun / Mari Suontama / Rowland D. Burdon / Heidi S. Dungey

Tree genetics & genomes. 2017 June, v. 13, no. 3

2017

Abstract: Genotype by environment interaction (GÃE) refers to the comparative performances of genotypes differing among environments, representing differences in genotype rankings or differences in the level of expression of genetic differences among environments. ...

Abstract	Genotype by environment interaction (GÃE) refers to the comparative performances of genotypes differing among environments, representing differences in genotype rankings or differences in the level of expression of genetic differences among environments. GÃE can reduce heritability and overall genetic gain, unless breeding programmes are structured to address different categories of environments. Understanding the impact of GÃE, the role of environments in generating GÃE and the problems and opportunities is vital to efficient breeding programme design and deployment of genetic material. We review the current main analytical methods for identifying GÃE: factor analytic models, biplot analysis and reaction norm. We also review biological and statistical evidence of GÃE for growth, form and wood properties in forest species of global economic importance, including some pines, eucalypts, Douglas-fir, spruces and some poplars. Among these species, high levels of GÃE tend to be reported for growth traits, with low levels of GÃE for form traits and wood properties. Finally, we discuss possible ways of exploiting GÃE to maximise genetic gain in forest tree breeding. Characterising the role of environments in generating interactions is seen as the basic platform, allowing efficient testing of candidate genotypes. We discuss the importance of level-of-expression interaction, relative to rank-change interaction, as being greater than in many past reports, especially for deployment decisions. We examine the impacts of GÃE on tree breeding, some environmental factors that cause GÃE and the strategies for dealing with GÃE in tree breeding, and the future role of genomics.
Keywords	Eucalyptus ; Pinus ; Pseudotsuga menziesii ; analytical methods ; breeding programs ; environmental factors ; forest trees ; forests ; genetic improvement ; genetic variation ; genomics ; genotype ; genotype-environment interaction ; growth traits ; heritability ; models ; tree breeding ; wood properties
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-06
Size	p. 60.
Publishing place	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Document type	Article
Note	Review
ZDB-ID	2180926-4
ISSN	1614-2950 ; 1614-2942
ISSN (online)	1614-2950
ISSN	1614-2942
DOI	10.1007/s11295-017-1144-x
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: “And DPSIR begat DAPSI(W)R(M)!” - A unifying framework for marine environmental management

Elliott, M / A. Borja / D. Burdon / J.P. Atkins / R. Cormier / R.K. Turner / V.N. de Jonge

Marine pollution bulletin. 2017 May 15, v. 118, no. 1-2

2017

Abstract: The marine environment is a complex system formed by interactions between ecological structure and functioning, physico-chemical processes and socio-economic systems. An increase in competing marine uses and users requires a holistic approach to marine ... ...

Abstract	The marine environment is a complex system formed by interactions between ecological structure and functioning, physico-chemical processes and socio-economic systems. An increase in competing marine uses and users requires a holistic approach to marine management which considers the environmental, economic and societal impacts of all activities. If managed sustainably, the marine environment will deliver a range of ecosystem services which lead to benefits for society. In order to understand the complexity of the system, the DPSIR (Driver-Pressure-State-Impact-Response) approach has long been a valuable problem-structuring framework used to assess the causes, consequences and responses to change in a holistic way. Despite DPSIR being used for a long time, there is still confusion over the definition of its terms and so to be appropriate for current marine management, we contend that this confusion needs to be addressed. Our viewpoint advocates that DPSIR should be extended to DAPSI(W)R(M) (pronounced dap-see-worm) in which Drivers of basic human needs require Activities which lead to Pressures. The Pressures are the mechanisms of State change on the natural system which then leads to Impacts (on human Welfare). Those then require Responses (as Measures). Furthermore, because of the complexity of any managed sea area in terms of multiple Activities, there is the need for a linked-DAPSI(W)R(M) framework, and then the connectivity between marine ecosystems and ecosystems in the catchment and further at sea, requires an interlinked, nested-DAPSI(W)R(M) framework to reflect the continuum between adjacent ecosystems. Finally, the unifying framework for integrated marine management is completed by encompassing ecosystem structure and functioning, ecosystem services and societal benefits. Hence, DAPSI(W)R(M) links the socio-ecological system of the effects of changes to the natural system on the human uses and benefits of the marine system. However, to deliver these sustainably in the light of human activities requires a Risk Assessment and Risk Management framework; the ISO-compliant Bow-Tie method is used here as an example. Finally, to secure ecosystem health and economic benefits such as Blue Growth, successful, adaptive and sustainable marine management Responses (as Measures) are delivered using the 10-tenets, a set of facets covering all management disciplines and approaches.
Keywords	ecosystem services ; environmental health ; environmental management ; financial economics ; humans ; marine ecosystems ; marine environment ; risk assessment ; risk management process ; social welfare ; society ; socioeconomics ; watersheds
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-0515
Size	p. 27-40.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2001296-2
ISSN	1879-3363 ; 0025-326X
ISSN (online)	1879-3363
ISSN	0025-326X
DOI	10.1016/j.marpolbul.2017.03.049
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Coastal Zone Ecosystem Services: From science to values and decision making; a case study

Luisetti, T / R.K. Turner / T. Jickells / J. Andrews / M. Elliott / M. Schaafsma / N. Beaumont / S. Malcolm / D. Burdon / C. Adams / W. Watts

Science of the total environment. 2014 Sept. 15, v. 493

2014

Abstract: This research is concerned with the following environmental research questions: socio-ecological system complexity, especially when valuing ecosystem services; ecosystems stock and services flow sustainability and valuation; the incorporation of scale ... ...

Abstract	This research is concerned with the following environmental research questions: socio-ecological system complexity, especially when valuing ecosystem services; ecosystems stock and services flow sustainability and valuation; the incorporation of scale issues when valuing ecosystem services; and the integration of knowledge from diverse disciplines for governance and decision making. In this case study, we focused on ecosystem services that can be jointly supplied but independently valued in economic terms: healthy climate (via carbon sequestration and storage), food (via fisheries production in nursery grounds), and nature recreation (nature watching and enjoyment). We also explored the issue of ecosystem stock and services flow, and we provide recommendations on how to value stock and flows of ecosystem services via accounting and economic values respectively. We considered broadly comparable estuarine systems located on the English North Sea coast: the Blackwater estuary and the Humber estuary. In the past, these two estuaries have undergone major land-claim. Managed realignment is a policy through which previously claimed intertidal habitats are recreated allowing the enhancement of the ecosystem services provided by saltmarshes. In this context, we investigated ecosystem service values, through biophysical estimates and welfare value estimates. Using an optimistic (extended conservation of coastal ecosystems) and a pessimistic (loss of coastal ecosystems because of, for example, European policy reversal) scenario, we find that context dependency, and hence value transfer possibilities, vary among ecosystem services and benefits. As a result, careful consideration in the use and application of value transfer, both in biophysical estimates and welfare value estimates, is advocated to supply reliable information for policy making.
Keywords	carbon sequestration ; case studies ; climate ; coasts ; decision making ; economic valuation ; ecosystem services ; ecosystems ; estuaries ; fisheries ; governance ; habitats ; issues and policy ; littoral zone ; recreation ; salt marshes ; North Sea
Language	English
Dates of publication	2014-0915
Size	p. 682-693.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2014.05.099
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Interleukin-1β enhances cartilage-to-cartilage integration

IM Khan / LG Gonzalez / L Francis / RS Conlan / SJ Gilbert / SK Singhrao / D Burdon / P Hollander / VC Duance / CW Archer

European Cells and Materials (ECM), Vol 22, Pp 190-

2011 Volume 201

Abstract: The failure of cartilages to fuse, particularly in the case of articular cartilage under conditions of repair is due to morphological and structural constraints of the tissue. Factors that impede integration include, non-vascularisation, low cellularity, ...

Abstract	The failure of cartilages to fuse, particularly in the case of articular cartilage under conditions of repair is due to morphological and structural constraints of the tissue. Factors that impede integration include, non-vascularisation, low cellularity, and proteoglycan in the surrounding extracellular matrix acting as a natural barrier to cellular migration. We hypothesised that brief activation of a catabolic cascade by cytokines followed by culture under anabolic conditions would promote tissue fusion in a ring-disk model of cartilage integration. Our results show that transient exposure to 10 ng mL-1 interleukin-1β, followed by two weeks post-culture under anabolic conditions, enhanced cartilage-cartilage integration compared to untreated explants. Quantitative PCR analysis of catabolism-related genes ADAMTS4 and MMP13 showed both were transiently upregulated and these findings correlated with evidence of extracellular matrix remodelling. At the level of histology, we observed chondrocytes readily populated the interfacial matrix between fused explants in interleukin-1β treated explants, whereas in control explants this region was relatively acellular in comparison. Catabolic cytokine treated explants exhibited 29-fold greater adhesive strength (0.859 MPa versus 0.028 MPa, P <0.05) than untreated counterparts. Collectively, our results demonstrate that a single short catabolic pulse followed by an anabolic response is sufficient to generate mechanically robust, integrative cartilage repair.
Keywords	Cartilage ; integration ; repair ; interleukin-1β ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Science ; Q ; DOAJ:Biology ; DOAJ:Biology and Life Sciences ; Biochemistry ; QD415-436 ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999 ; DOAJ:Biochemistry ; DOAJ:Life Sciences
Subject code	616
Language	English
Publishing date	2011-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	European Cells & Materials Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Shoot Phenology as a Driver or Modulator of Stem Diameter Growth and Wood Properties, with Special Reference to Pinus radiata

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Article ; Online: Putative biotic drivers of plant phenology

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Article: Adverse Genetic Correlations and Impacts of Silviculture Involving Wood Properties: Analysis of Issues for Radiata Pine

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Article ; Online: Adverse Genetic Correlations and Impacts of Silviculture Involving Wood Properties

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Article: Genotype by environment interactions in forest tree breeding: review of methodology and perspectives on research and application

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Article: “And DPSIR begat DAPSI(W)R(M)!” - A unifying framework for marine environmental management

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Article: Coastal Zone Ecosystem Services: From science to values and decision making; a case study

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Article ; Online: Interleukin-1β enhances cartilage-to-cartilage integration

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