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Article ; Online: Method to characterize directional changes in Arctic sea ice drift and associated deformation due to synoptic atmospheric variations using Lagrangian dispersion statistics

J. V. Lukovich / C. A. Geiger / D. G. Barber

The Cryosphere, Vol 11, Pp 1707-

2017 Volume 1731

Abstract: A framework is developed to assess the directional changes in sea ice drift paths and associated deformation processes in response to atmospheric forcing. The framework is based on Lagrangian statistical analyses leveraging particle dispersion theory ... ...

Abstract	A framework is developed to assess the directional changes in sea ice drift paths and associated deformation processes in response to atmospheric forcing. The framework is based on Lagrangian statistical analyses leveraging particle dispersion theory which tells us whether ice drift is in a subdiffusive, diffusive, ballistic, or superdiffusive dynamical regime using single-particle (absolute) dispersion statistics. In terms of sea ice deformation, the framework uses two- and three-particle dispersion to characterize along- and across-shear transport as well as differential kinematic parameters. The approach is tested with GPS beacons deployed in triplets on sea ice in the southern Beaufort Sea at varying distances from the coastline in fall of 2009 with eight individual events characterized. One transition in particular follows the sea level pressure (SLP) high on 8 October in 2009 while the sea ice drift was in a superdiffusive dynamic regime. In this case, the dispersion scaling exponent (which is a slope between single-particle absolute dispersion of sea ice drift and elapsed time) changed from superdiffusive ( α ∼ 3) to ballistic ( α ∼ 2) as the SLP was rounding its maximum pressure value. Following this shift between regimes, there was a loss in synchronicity between sea ice drift and atmospheric motion patterns. While this is only one case study, the outcomes suggest similar studies be conducted on more buoy arrays to test momentum transfer linkages between storms and sea ice responses as a function of dispersion regime states using scaling exponents. The tools and framework developed in this study provide a unique characterization technique to evaluate these states with respect to sea ice processes in general. Application of these techniques can aid ice hazard assessments and weather forecasting in support of marine transportation and indigenous use of near-shore Arctic areas.
Keywords	Environmental sciences ; GE1-350 ; Geology ; QE1-996.5
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Copernicus Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Sea ice melt pond fraction estimation from dual-polarisation C-band SAR – Part 1

R. K. Scharien / J. Landy / D. G. Barber

The Cryosphere Discussions, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 805-

In situ observations

2014 Volume 844

Abstract: An understanding of the evolution of melt ponds on Arctic sea ice is important for climate model parameterizations, weather forecast models, and process studies involving mass, energy and biogeochemical exchanges across the ocean-sea ice–atmosphere ... ...

Abstract	An understanding of the evolution of melt ponds on Arctic sea ice is important for climate model parameterizations, weather forecast models, and process studies involving mass, energy and biogeochemical exchanges across the ocean-sea ice–atmosphere interface. A field campaign was conducted on landfast first-year sea ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago during the summer of 2012, to examine the potential for estimating melt pond fraction from C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR). In this study, in situ dual-polarisation radar scatterometer observations of pond covered ice are combined with surface physical measurements to analyse the effects of radar and surface parameters on backscatter. LiDAR measurements of ice surface roughness and ultrasonic wind-wave height profiles of melt ponds are used to quantify the sea ice surface rms-height. Variables contributing to the roughness of wind-generated melt pond surface waves within the fetch-limited pond environment are evaluated, and we show that pond roughness and backscatter cannot be explained by wind speed alone. The utility of the VV / HH polarisation ratio (PR) for retrieving melt pond properties including pond fraction, due to the dielectric contrast between free surface water and sea ice, is demonstrated and explained using Bragg scattering theory. Finally, the PR approach is discussed in the context of retrievals from satellite C-, L-, and P-band dual-polarisation SAR.
Keywords	Environmental sciences ; GE1-350 ; Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ; G ; DOAJ:Environmental Sciences ; DOAJ:Earth and Environmental Sciences ; Meteorology. Climatology ; QC851-999 ; Physics ; QC1-999 ; Science ; Q ; DOAJ:Meteorology and Climatology ; Geology ; QE1-996.5 ; Petrology ; QE420-499 ; Dynamic and structural geology ; QE500-639.5
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Copernicus Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: First-year sea ice melt pond fraction estimation from dual-polarisation C-band SAR – Part 1

R. K. Scharien / J. Landy / D. G. Barber

The Cryosphere, Vol 8, Iss 6, Pp 2147-

In situ observations

2014 Volume 2162

Abstract: Understanding the evolution of melt ponds on Arctic sea ice is important for climate model parameterisations, weather forecast models and process studies involving mass, energy and biogeochemical exchanges across the ocean–sea ice–atmosphere interface. A ...

Abstract	Understanding the evolution of melt ponds on Arctic sea ice is important for climate model parameterisations, weather forecast models and process studies involving mass, energy and biogeochemical exchanges across the ocean–sea ice–atmosphere interface. A field campaign was conducted in a region of level first-year sea ice (FYI) in the central Canadian Arctic Archipelago (CAA), during the summer of 2012, to examine the potential for estimating melt pond fraction ( f p ) from satellite synthetic aperture radar (SAR). In this study, 5.5 GHz (C-band) dual co- (HH + VV – horizontal transmit and horizontal receive + vertical transmit and vertical receive) and cross-polarisation (HV + HH – horizontal transmit and vertical receive + horizontal transmit and horizontal receive) radar scatterometer measurements of melt-pond-covered FYI are combined with ice and pond properties to analyse the effects of in situ physical and morphological changes on backscatter parameters. Surface roughness statistics of ice and ponds are characterised and compared to the validity domains of the Bragg and integral equation model (IEM) scattering models. Experimental and model results are used to outline the potential and limitations of the co-polarisation ratio (VV / HH) for retrieving melt pond information, including f p , at large incidence angles (≥35°). Despite high variability in cross-polarisation ratio (HV / HH) magnitudes, increases at small incidence angles (<30°) are attributed to the formation of ice lids on ponds. Implications of the results for pond information retrievals from satellite C-, L- and P-band SARs are discussed.
Keywords	Environmental sciences ; GE1-350 ; Geology ; QE1-996.5
Subject code	551 ; 290
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Copernicus Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Atmospherically forced sea-level variability in western Hudson Bay, Canada

I. A. Dmitrenko / D. L. Volkov / T. A. Stadnyk / A. Tefs / D. G. Babb / S. A. Kirillov / A. Crawford / K. Sydor / D. G. Barber

Ocean Science, Vol 17, Pp 1367-

2021 Volume 1384

Abstract: In recent years, significant trends toward earlier breakup and later freeze-up of sea ice in Hudson Bay have led to a considerable increase in shipping activity through the Port of Churchill, which is located in western Hudson Bay and is the only deep- ... ...

Abstract	In recent years, significant trends toward earlier breakup and later freeze-up of sea ice in Hudson Bay have led to a considerable increase in shipping activity through the Port of Churchill, which is located in western Hudson Bay and is the only deep-water ocean port in the province of Manitoba. Therefore, understanding sea-level variability at the port is an urgent issue crucial for safe navigation and coastal infrastructure. Using tidal gauge data from the port along with an atmospheric reanalysis and Churchill River discharge, we assess environmental factors impacting synoptic to seasonal variability of sea level at Churchill. An atmospheric vorticity index used to describe the wind forcing was found to correlate with sea level at Churchill. Statistical analyses show that, in contrast to earlier studies, local discharge from the Churchill River can only explain up to 5 % of the sea-level variability. The cyclonic wind forcing contributes from 22 % during the ice-covered winter–spring season to 30 % during the ice-free summer–fall season due to cyclone-induced storm surges generated along the coast. Multiple regression analysis revealed that wind forcing and local river discharge combined can explain up to 32 % of the sea-level variability at Churchill. Our analysis further revealed that the seasonal cycle of sea level at Churchill appears to be impacted by the seasonal cycle in atmospheric circulation rather than by the seasonal cycle in local discharge from the Churchill River, particularly post-construction of the Churchill River diversion in 1977. Sea level at Churchill shows positive anomalies for September–November compared to June–August. This seasonal difference was also revealed for the entire Hudson Bay coast using satellite-derived sea-level altimetry. This anomaly was associated with enhanced cyclonic atmospheric circulation during fall, reaching a maximum in November, which forced storm surges along the coast. Complete sea-ice cover during winter impedes momentum transfer from wind stress to the water column, reducing the impact of wind forcing on sea-level variability. Expanding our observations to the bay-wide scale, we confirmed the process of wind-driven sea-level variability with (i) tidal-gauge data from eastern Hudson Bay and (ii) satellite altimetry measurements. Ultimately, we find that cyclonic winds generate sea-level rise along the western and eastern coasts of Hudson Bay at the synoptic and seasonal timescales, suggesting an amplification of the bay-wide cyclonic geostrophic circulation in fall (October–November), when cyclonic vorticity is enhanced, and Hudson Bay is ice-free.
Keywords	Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ; G ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Copernicus Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Sea ice melt pond fraction estimation from dual-polarisation C-band SAR – Part 2

R. K. Scharien / K. Hochheim / J. Landy / D. G. Barber

The Cryosphere Discussions, Vol 8, Iss 1, Pp 845-

Scaling in situ to Radarsat-2

2014 Volume 885

Abstract: Observed changes in the Arctic have motivated efforts to understand and model its components as an integrated and adaptive system at increasingly finer scales. Sea ice melt pond fraction, an important summer sea ice component affecting surface albedo and ...

Abstract	Observed changes in the Arctic have motivated efforts to understand and model its components as an integrated and adaptive system at increasingly finer scales. Sea ice melt pond fraction, an important summer sea ice component affecting surface albedo and light transmittance across the ocean-sea ice–atmosphere interface, is inadequately parameterized in models due to a lack of large scale observations. In this paper, results from a multi-scale remote sensing program dedicated to the retrieval of pond fraction from satellite C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) are detailed. The study was conducted on first-year sea (FY) ice in the Canadian Arctic Archipelago during the summer melt period in June 2012. Approaches to retrieve the subscale FY ice pond fraction from mixed pixels in RADARSAT-2 imagery, using in situ, surface scattering theory, and image data are assessed. Each algorithm exploits the dominant effect of high dielectric free-water ponds on the VV/HH polarisation ratio (PR) at moderate to high incidence angles (about 40° and above). Algorithms are applied to four images corresponding to discrete stages of the seasonal pond evolutionary cycle, and model performance is assessed using coincident pond fraction measurements from partitioned aerial photos. A RMSE of 0.07, across a pond fraction range of 0.10 to 0.70, is achieved during intermediate and late seasonal stages. Weak model performance is attributed to wet snow (pond formation) and synoptically driven pond freezing events (all stages), though PR has utility for identification of these events when considered in time series context. Results demonstrate the potential of wide-swath, dual-polarisation, SAR for large-scale observations of pond fraction with temporal frequency suitable for process-scale studies and improvements to model parameterizations.
Keywords	Environmental sciences ; GE1-350 ; Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ; G ; DOAJ:Environmental Sciences ; DOAJ:Earth and Environmental Sciences ; Meteorology. Climatology ; QC851-999 ; Physics ; QC1-999 ; Science ; Q ; DOAJ:Meteorology and Climatology ; Geology ; QE1-996.5 ; Petrology ; QE420-499 ; Dynamic and structural geology ; QE500-639.5
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Copernicus Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: First-year sea ice melt pond fraction estimation from dual-polarisation C-band SAR – Part 2

R. K. Scharien / K. Hochheim / J. Landy / D. G. Barber

The Cryosphere, Vol 8, Iss 6, Pp 2163-

Scaling in situ to Radarsat-2

2014 Volume 2176

Abstract: Sea ice melt pond fraction ( f p ), linked with lower sea ice surface albedo and increased light transmittance to the ocean, is inadequately parameterised in sea ice models due to a lack of observations. In this paper, results from a multi-scale remote- ... ...

Abstract	Sea ice melt pond fraction ( f p ), linked with lower sea ice surface albedo and increased light transmittance to the ocean, is inadequately parameterised in sea ice models due to a lack of observations. In this paper, results from a multi-scale remote-sensing program dedicated to the retrieval of level first-year sea ice (FYI) f p from dual co- and cross-polarisation C-band synthetic aperture radar (SAR) backscatter are detailed. Models which utilise the dominant effect of free-water melt ponds on the VV / HH (vertical transmit and vertical receive / horizontal transmit and horizontal receive) polarisation ratio at high incidence angles are tested for their ability to provide estimates of the subscale f p . Retrieved f p from noise-corrected Radarsat-2 quad-polarisation scenes are in good agreement with observations from coincident aerial survey data, with root mean square errors (RMSEs) of 0.05–0.07 obtained during intermediate and late stages of ponding. Weak model performance is attributed to the presence of wet snow and slush during initial ponding, and a synoptically driven freezing event causing ice lids to form on ponds. The HV / HH (horizontal transmit and vertical receive / horizontal transmit and horizontal receive) ratio explains a greater portion of variability in f p , compared to VV / HH, when ice lids are present. Generally low HV channel intensity suggests limited applications using dual cross-polarisation data, except with systems that have exceptionally low noise floors. Results demonstrate the overall potential of dual-polarisation SAR for standalone or complementary observations of f p for process-scale studies and improvements to model parameterisations.
Keywords	Environmental sciences ; GE1-350 ; Geology ; QE1-996.5
Subject code	290
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Copernicus Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Sea-ice and water dynamics and moonlight impact the acoustic backscatter diurnal signal over the eastern Beaufort Sea continental slope

I. A. Dmitrenko / V. Petrusevich / G. Darnis / S. A. Kirillov / A. S. Komarov / J. K. Ehn / A. Forest / L. Fortier / S. Rysgaard / D. G. Barber

Ocean Science, Vol 16, Pp 1261-

2020 Volume 1283

Abstract: A 2-year-long time series of currents and acoustic backscatter from an acoustic Doppler current profiler, moored over the eastern Beaufort Sea continental slope from October 2003 to September 2005, were used to assess the dynamics and variability of the ... ...

Abstract	A 2-year-long time series of currents and acoustic backscatter from an acoustic Doppler current profiler, moored over the eastern Beaufort Sea continental slope from October 2003 to September 2005, were used to assess the dynamics and variability of the sound-scattering layer. It has been shown that acoustic backscatter is dominated by a synchronized diel vertical migration (DVM) of zooplankton. Our results show that DVM timings (i) were synchronous with sunlight and (ii) were modified by moonlight and sea ice, which attenuates light transmission to the water column. Moreover, DVM is modified or completely disrupted during highly energetic current events. Thicker ice observed during winter–spring 2005 lowered the backscatter values but favored extending DVM toward the midnight sun. In contrast to many previous studies, DVM occurred through the intermediate water layer during the ice-free season of the midnight sun in 2004. In 2005, the midnight-sun DVM was likely impacted by a high acoustic scattering generated by suspended particles. During full moon at low cloud cover, the nighttime moonlight illuminance led to zooplankton avoidance of the subsurface layer, disrupting DVM. Moreover, DVM was disrupted by upwelling, downwelling, and eddy passing. We suggest that these deviations are consistent with DVM adjusting to avoid enhanced water dynamics. For upwelling and downwelling, zooplankton likely respond to the along-slope water dynamics dominated by surface- and depth-intensified flow, respectively. This drives zooplankton to adjust DVM by aggregating in the low or upper intermediate water layer for upwelling and downwelling, respectively. The baroclinic eddy reversed DVM below the eddy core.
Keywords	Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ; G ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	551 ; 550
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Copernicus Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Impact of tidal dynamics on diel vertical migration of zooplankton in Hudson Bay

V. Y. Petrusevich / I. A. Dmitrenko / A. Niemi / S. A. Kirillov / C. M. Kamula / Z. Z. A. Kuzyk / D. G. Barber / J. K. Ehn

Ocean Science, Vol 16, Pp 337-

2020 Volume 353

Abstract: Hudson Bay is a large seasonally ice-covered Canadian inland sea connected to the Arctic Ocean and North Atlantic through Foxe Basin and Hudson Strait. This study investigates zooplankton distribution, dynamics, and factors controlling them during open- ... ...

Abstract	Hudson Bay is a large seasonally ice-covered Canadian inland sea connected to the Arctic Ocean and North Atlantic through Foxe Basin and Hudson Strait. This study investigates zooplankton distribution, dynamics, and factors controlling them during open-water and ice cover periods (from September 2016 to October 2017) in Hudson Bay. A mooring equipped with two acoustic Doppler current profilers (ADCPs) and a sediment trap was deployed in September 2016 in Hudson Bay ∼190 km northeast from the port of Churchill. The backscatter intensity and vertical velocity time series showed a pattern typical for zooplankton diel vertical migration (DVM). The sediment trap collected five zooplankton taxa including two calanoid copepods ( Calanus glacialis and Pseudocalanus spp.), a pelagic sea snail ( Limacina helicina ), a gelatinous arrow worm ( Parasagitta elegans ), and an amphipod ( Themisto libellula ). From the acquired acoustic data we observed the interaction of DVM with multiple factors including lunar light, tides, and water and sea ice dynamics. Solar illuminance was the major factor determining migration pattern, but unlike at some other polar and subpolar regions, moonlight had little effect on DVM, while tidal dynamics are important. The presented data constitute the first-ever observed DVM in Hudson Bay during winter and its interaction with the tidal dynamics.
Keywords	Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ; G ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Copernicus Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Immediate and residual effects of heat stress and restricted intake on milk protein and casein composition and energy metabolism

Cowley, F.C / A.V. Houlihan / D.G. Barber / D.P. Poppi

American Dairy Science Association Journal of dairy science. 2015 Apr., v. 98, no. 4

2015

Abstract: The effects of heat stress on dairy production can be separated into 2 distinct causes: those effects that are mediated by the reduced voluntary feed intake associated with heat stress, and the direct physiological and metabolic effects of heat stress. ... ...

Abstract	The effects of heat stress on dairy production can be separated into 2 distinct causes: those effects that are mediated by the reduced voluntary feed intake associated with heat stress, and the direct physiological and metabolic effects of heat stress. To distinguish between these, and identify their effect on milk protein and casein concentration, mid-lactation Holstein-Friesian cows (n=24) were housed in temperature-controlled chambers and either subjected to heat stress [HS; temperature-humidity index (THI) ~78] or kept in a THI<70 environment and pair-fed with heat-stressed cows (TN-R) for 7 d. A control group of cows was kept in a THI<70 environment with ad libitum feeding (TN-AL). A subsequent recovery period (7 d), with THI<70 and ad libitum feeding followed. Intake accounted for only part of the effects of heat stress. Heat stress reduced the milk protein concentration, casein number, and casein concentration and increased the urea concentration in milk beyond the effects of restriction of intake. Under HS, the proportion in total casein of αS1-casein increased and the proportion of αS2-casein decreased. Because no effect of HS on milk fat or lactose concentration was found, these effects appeared to be the result of specific downregulation of mammary protein synthesis, and not a general reduction in mammary activity. No residual effects were found of HS or TN-R on milk production or composition after THI<70 and ad libitum intake were restored. Heat-stressed cows had elevated blood concentrations of urea and Ca, compared with TN-R and TN-AL. Cows in TN-R had higher serum nonesterified fatty acid concentrations than cows in HS. It was proposed that HS and TN-R cows may mobilize different tissues as endogenous sources of energy.
Keywords	ad libitum feeding ; alphaS1-casein ; alphaS2-casein ; blood serum ; calcium ; cows ; dairy protein ; endogenous sources ; energy ; energy metabolism ; fatty acid composition ; free fatty acids ; heat stress ; Holstein ; lactose ; milk ; milk consumption ; milk fat ; milk production ; protein synthesis ; residual effects ; tissues ; urea ; voluntary intake
Language	English
Dates of publication	2015-04
Size	p. 2356-2368.
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	242499-x
ISSN	1525-3198 ; 0022-0302
ISSN (online)	1525-3198
ISSN	0022-0302
DOI	10.3168/jds.2014-8442
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: On the characteristics of sea ice divergence/convergence in the Southern Beaufort Sea

J. V. Lukovich / D. G. Babb / R. J. Galley / R. L. Raddatz / D. G. Barber

The Cryosphere Discussions, Vol 8, Iss 4, Pp 4281-

2014 Volume 4325

Abstract: An understanding of spatial gradients in sea ice motion, or deformation, is essential to understanding of ocean-sea-ice-atmosphere interactions and realistic representations of sea ice in models used for the purposes of prediction. This is particularly ... ...

Abstract	An understanding of spatial gradients in sea ice motion, or deformation, is essential to understanding of ocean-sea-ice-atmosphere interactions and realistic representations of sea ice in models used for the purposes of prediction. This is particularly true for the southern Beaufort Sea, where significant offshore hydrocarbon resource development increases the risk of oil and other contaminants dispersing into the marginal ice zone. In this study, sea ice deformation is examined through evaluation of ice beacon triplets from September to November 2009 in the southern Beaufort Sea (SBS), defined according to distance from the coastline on deployment. Results from this analysis illustrate that ice beacon triplets in the SBS demonstrate spatiotemporal differences in their evolution at the periphery and interior of the ice pack. The time rate of change in triplet area highlights two intervals of enhanced divergence and convergence in fall, 2009. Investigation of sea ice and atmospheric conditions during these intervals shows that until mid-September, all triplets respond to northerly flow, while during the second interval of enhanced divergence/convergence in October only one triplet responds to persistent northeasterly flow due to its proximity to the ice edge, in contrast to triplets located at the interior of the pack. Differences in sea ice deformation and dispersion near the pack ice edge and interior are further demonstrated in the behavior of triplets B and C in late October/early November. The results from this analysis highlight differences in dispersion and deformation characteristics based on triplet proximity to the southernmost ice edge and coastline, with implications for modeling studies pertaining to sea ice dynamics and dispersion.
Keywords	Environmental sciences ; GE1-350 ; Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ; G ; Meteorology. Climatology ; QC851-999 ; Physics ; QC1-999 ; Science ; Q
Subject code	290
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Copernicus GmbH
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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