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Article ; Online: Tropical bat ectoparasitism in continuous versus fragmented forests

Alexis M. Heckley / Daniel J. Becker

Ecology and Evolution, Vol 13, Iss 2, Pp n/a-n/a (2023)

A gap analysis and preliminary meta‐analysis

2023

Abstract: Abstract Tropical regions are experiencing rapid rates of forest fragmentation, which can have several effects on wildlife, including altered parasite dynamics. Bats are a useful host group to consider the effects of fragmentation, because they are ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Tropical regions are experiencing rapid rates of forest fragmentation, which can have several effects on wildlife, including altered parasite dynamics. Bats are a useful host group to consider the effects of fragmentation, because they are abundant in the tropics, serve important ecological roles, and harbor many parasites. Nevertheless, research on the effects of fragmentation on bat ectoparasites is still limited. To help guide ongoing and future research efforts, this study had two objectives: (1) conduct a gap analysis to characterize the state of currently available research on fragmentation effects on bat ectoparasites and (2) conduct a preliminary meta‐analysis to identify current trends. We systematically highlighted several research gaps: Studies comparing the effects of fragmented versus continuous forests on ectoparasites are limited and have primarily been conducted in the Neotropics, with a focus on bats in the superfamily Noctilionidea (especially frugivorous phyllostomids). Our preliminary meta‐analysis suggested that ectoparasite prevalence (but not the mean or variance in intensity) was higher in fragments than in continuous forests. Moreover, prevalence increased with increasing roost duration, and mean intensity was higher for bats with higher wing aspect ratios. Intensity variance was affected by an interaction between forest type and wing aspect ratio, such that variance increased for bats with high‐wing aspect ratios in continuous forests but decreased in fragments. These results suggest that fragmentation can shape aspects of bat ectoparasitism and could have implications for the ecology, health, and conservation of bats in fragmented landscapes. However, existing research gaps could bias our current understanding of habitat change and bat health, and future research should thus investigate these effects in the Paleotropics and with other bat families.
Keywords	Chiroptera ; deforestation ; ectoparasitism ; land conversion ; sampling bias ; vector‐borne disease ; Ecology ; QH540-549.5
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Wiley
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Patterns of Exposure and Infection with Microparasites in Iberian Wild Carnivores

Javier Millán / Daniel J. Becker

Animals, Vol 11, Iss 2708, p

A Review and Meta-Analysis

2021 Volume 2708

Abstract: We use a suite of meta-analytic and comparative methods to derive fundamental insights into how sampling effort, pathogen richness, infection prevalence, and seroprevalence vary across Carnivora taxa and Iberian geography. The red fox was the most ... ...

Abstract	We use a suite of meta-analytic and comparative methods to derive fundamental insights into how sampling effort, pathogen richness, infection prevalence, and seroprevalence vary across Carnivora taxa and Iberian geography. The red fox was the most studied species, the wolf and Iberian lynx were disproportionally studied, and the Arctoidea were understudied. Sampling effort was higher in Mediterranean areas, but central Spain showed the higher pathogen richness. Excluding studies analyzing fecal samples, 53 different pathogens have been detected in Iberian carnivores, including 16 viruses, 27 bacteria, and 10 protozoa but no fungi. Sampling effort and pathogen diversity were generally more similar among closely related carnivore species. Seropositivity to viruses was lower and higher in the Mustelinae and the Canidae, respectively, and seropositivity to protozoa was higher in both taxa. Canine distemper virus exposure was greatest in canids and mustelids. Carnivore protoparvovirus-1 exposure was greatest in the Atlantic regions, and the Felidae and the Musteloidea had lower infection prevalence. A subclade of the Mustelidae had a greater prevalence of Leishmania infection. We observed no relationships between host phylogenetic distance and pathogen sharing among species. Lastly, we identify important research pitfalls and future directions to improve the study of infectious disease in Iberian wild carnivore communities.
Keywords	Carnivora ; conservation ; Europe ; Mediterranean ; One Health ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Nestling growth rate and food consumption increases under experimentally prolonged daylength in a New World sparrow

Allison J. Byrd / Colleen S. Mullins / Daniel J. Becker / Adam M. Fudickar

Journal of Avian Biology, Vol 2023, Iss 11-12, Pp n/a-n/a (2023)

2023

Abstract: When evaluating avian reproduction, life history theory examines the trade‐offs between parental effort, the number and size of offspring, and the rate of nestling development. The growth rates and body sizes of developing birds vary geographically and ... ...

Abstract	When evaluating avian reproduction, life history theory examines the trade‐offs between parental effort, the number and size of offspring, and the rate of nestling development. The growth rates and body sizes of developing birds vary geographically and can diverge with both latitude and migratory strategy. In terms of offspring size, growth rate can deviate in nestlings of the same or similar species due to the correlated influences of weather events, predation pressure, food availability, number of nestmates and parental provisioning. Furthermore, a longer photoperiod for species nesting at higher latitudes increases the duration over which a nestling can be fed each day, and increased nestling provisioning has been positively correlated with growth rate. Whether the amount of time a bird is fed during development drives this variation in growth rate and morphology is unknown. By removing supplemental environmental stressors (e.g. weather, predation) and standardizing feeding rate and environment, we explored the influence of daily duration of nestling provisioning on dark‐eyed junco Junco hyemalis nestlings. We hand‐reared 65 chicks of a sedentary junco subspecies J. h. carolinensis under both their natural photoperiod and the longer photoperiod of a closely related migratory subspecies J. h. hyemalis and compared growth rate, mass, morphology and the amount of food consumed. Average growth rate, fasted mass, wing length and total daily food consumption were all greater in birds hand‐reared under the longer, more northern photoperiod treatment. These findings suggest that increased daily photoperiod at higher latitudes may allow for greater total food provisioning and thus may play a role in the ability of parents in compressed breeding seasons to produce high quality offspring. This points to a trade‐off between provisioning effort and nestling growth rate in lower latitude (shorter photoperiod) populations and points to an important role of developmental plasticity on growth rate and morphology.
Keywords	breeding latitude ; feeding rate ; growth rate ; morphology ; photoperiod ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; General. Including nature conservation ; geographical distribution ; QH1-199.5
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Wiley
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Demography, education, and research trends in the interdisciplinary field of disease ecology

Ellen E. Brandell / Daniel J. Becker / Laura Sampson / Kristian M. Forbes

Ecology and Evolution, Vol 11, Iss 24, Pp 17581-

2021 Volume 17592

Abstract: Abstract Micro‐ and macroparasites are a leading cause of mortality for humans, animals, and plants, and there is great need to understand their origins, transmission dynamics, and impacts. Disease ecology formed as an interdisciplinary field in the ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Micro‐ and macroparasites are a leading cause of mortality for humans, animals, and plants, and there is great need to understand their origins, transmission dynamics, and impacts. Disease ecology formed as an interdisciplinary field in the 1970s to fill this need and has recently rapidly grown in size and influence. Because interdisciplinary fields integrate diverse scientific expertise and training experiences, understanding their composition and research priorities is often difficult. Here, for the first time, we quantify the composition and educational experiences of a subset of disease ecology practitioners and identify topical trends in published research. We combined a large survey of self‐declared disease ecologists with a literature synthesis involving machine‐learning topic detection of over 18,500 disease ecology research articles. The number of graduate degrees earned by disease ecology practitioners has grown dramatically since the early 2000s. Similar to other science fields, we show that practitioners in disease ecology have diversified in the last decade in terms of gender identity and institution, with weaker diversification in race and ethnicity. Topic detection analysis revealed how the frequency of publications on certain topics has declined (e.g., HIV, serology), increased (e.g., the dilution effect, infectious disease in bats), remained relatively common (e.g., malaria ecology, influenza, vaccine research and development), or have consistently remained relatively infrequent (e.g., theoretical models, field experiments). Other topics, such as climate change, superspreading, emerging infectious diseases, and network analyses, have recently come to prominence. This study helps identify the major themes of disease ecology and demonstrates how publication frequency corresponds to emergent health and environmental threats. More broadly, our approach provides a framework to examine the composition and publication trends of other major research fields that cross traditional disciplinary ...
Keywords	host–pathogen interaction ; infectious disease ecology ; machine learning ; questionnaire ; research trends ; Ecology ; QH540-549.5
Subject code	006
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Wiley
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Environmental Persistence of Influenza H5N1 Is Driven by Temperature and Salinity

Gerardo Martin / Daniel J. Becker / Raina K. Plowright

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Vol

Insights From a Bayesian Meta-Analysis

2018 Volume 6

Abstract: Environmental persistence of zoonotic pathogens is a key trait that influences the probability of zoonotic spillover. Pathogen survival outside of the host determines the window available for contact with the new recipient host species and the dose of ... ...

Abstract	Environmental persistence of zoonotic pathogens is a key trait that influences the probability of zoonotic spillover. Pathogen survival outside of the host determines the window available for contact with the new recipient host species and the dose of pathogen available to that host. The longer a pathogen survives in the environment, the more disconnected the reservoir and recipient hosts can be in space and time, and the more likely that an infective dose will be available to recipient hosts. Therefore, environmental persistence is a key parameter for mechanistic models needed to predict pathogen spillover. Avian influenza can be transmitted from wildlife to poultry and people in part due to its ability to persist in the environment. Considerable work has been done to quantify trends in avian influenza persistence across environmental conditions, often published in separate studies with separate datasets. In this paper, we quantify the trends and variability of avian influenza viral persistence across environmental conditions by collating disjoint experimental data on viral particle persistence in water across many studies and a range of environmental conditions. The collated data represent 120 estimates from three different studies of the decay rates of highly pathogenic avian influenza H5N1 (90 estimates from Asia and 30 from Europe) in response to temperature, pH, and salinity. We analyzed these data with a Bayesian model to control for biases with random effects and used experimental replicates and R2 estimates of the publication's regression procedures as statistical weights. We found temperature significantly decreases persistence of H5N1 virus in water, and this effect is stronger than that of salinity alone. Salinity interacts with temperature and probably drives the most contrasting persistence scenarios between cold-saline and warm-saline water bodies, where highest and lowest persistence times could occur respectively. Our work provides needed parameters for models that examine the risk of spillover ...
Keywords	influenza ; H5N1 ; environmental persistence ; zoonotic pathogens ; temperature ; salinity ; Evolution ; QH359-425 ; Ecology ; QH540-549.5
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: COVID-19 and threats to bats

M. Brock Fenton / Samira Mubareka / Susan M. Tsang / Nancy B. Simmons / Daniel J. Becker

FACETS, Vol 5, Pp 349-

2020 Volume 352

Abstract: Bats are very diverse, including over 1400 species (Simmons and Cirranello 2020), meaning that one in every five living mammal species is a bat. These remarkable animals include species living on every continent except Antarctica. Many of them perform ... ...

Abstract	Bats are very diverse, including over 1400 species (Simmons and Cirranello 2020), meaning that one in every five living mammal species is a bat. These remarkable animals include species living on every continent except Antarctica. Many of them perform essential ecosystem services including consuming large quantities of insects, dispersing seeds, and pollinating flowers of numerous tropical and subtropical plants including many of economic importance (e.g., durian in southeast Asia, agaves used to make tequila in North America; Kunz et al. 2011). Lamentably, the International Union for the Conservation of Nature Red List (2020) identifies 77 species of bats as Endangered. Most bats are small mammals with low rates of reproduction (typically one or two young per year) and exceptionally long lifespans, with some individuals living over 40 years in the wild (Munshi-South and Wilkinson 2010).
Keywords	covid-19 ; bats ; Education ; L ; Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Canadian Science Publishing
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Correction

Raina K Plowright / Daniel J Becker / Daniel E Crowley / Alex D Washburne / Tao Huang / P O Nameer / Emily S Gurley / Barbara A Han

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 17, Iss 2, p e

Prioritizing surveillance of Nipah virus in India.

2023 Volume 0011126

Abstract: This corrects the article DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007393.]. ...

Abstract	[This corrects the article DOI:10.1371/journal.pntd.0007393.].
Keywords	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ; RC955-962 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Network embedding unveils the hidden interactions in the mammalian virome

Timothée Poisot / Marie-Andrée Ouellet / Nardus Mollentze / Maxwell J. Farrell / Daniel J. Becker / Liam Brierley / Gregory F. Albery / Rory J. Gibb / Stephanie N. Seifert / Colin J. Carlson

Patterns, Vol 4, Iss 6, Pp 100738- (2023)

2023

Abstract: Summary: Predicting host-virus interactions is fundamentally a network science problem. We develop a method for bipartite network prediction that combines a recommender system (linear filtering) with an imputation algorithm based on low-rank graph ... ...

Abstract	Summary: Predicting host-virus interactions is fundamentally a network science problem. We develop a method for bipartite network prediction that combines a recommender system (linear filtering) with an imputation algorithm based on low-rank graph embedding. We test this method by applying it to a global database of mammal-virus interactions and thus show that it makes biologically plausible predictions that are robust to data biases. We find that the mammalian virome is under-characterized anywhere in the world. We suggest that future virus discovery efforts could prioritize the Amazon Basin (for its unique coevolutionary assemblages) and sub-Saharan Africa (for its poorly characterized zoonotic reservoirs). Graph embedding of the imputed network improves predictions of human infection from viral genome features, providing a shortlist of priorities for laboratory studies and surveillance. Overall, our study indicates that the global structure of the mammal-virus network contains a large amount of information that is recoverable, and this provides new insights into fundamental biology and disease emergence. The bigger picture: Documenting all interactions between viruses and mammals is not feasible; viruses are too small, the world is too big, and viruses and mammals are too diverse. As a consequence, we think we only know about 1% or 2% of the interactions between mammals and viruses. This is a critical gap in our knowledge because it can lead us to missing reservoirs of possible zoonotic viruses. In this article, we develop a process to leverage the information we have about interactions between hosts and viruses to do three things: First, we predict missing interactions in this network and give them a score based on how likely the model guesses they are. Second, we map these predicted interactions in space to provide guidance about where to go and what to look for to collect data that would maximize our knowledge of host-virus interactions. Finally, based on the predicted interactions, we use information ...
Keywords	DSML 3: Development/pre-production: Data science output has been rolled out/validated across multiple domains/problems ; Computer software ; QA76.75-76.765
Subject code	006
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Habitat fragmentation is associated with dietary shifts and microbiota variability in common vampire bats

Melissa R. Ingala / Daniel J. Becker / Jacob Bak Holm / Karsten Kristiansen / Nancy B. Simmons

Ecology and Evolution, Vol 9, Iss 11, Pp 6508-

2019 Volume 6523

Abstract: Abstract Host ecological factors and external environmental factors are known to influence the structure of gut microbial communities, but few studies have examined the impacts of environmental changes on microbiotas in free‐ranging animals. Rapid land‐ ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Host ecological factors and external environmental factors are known to influence the structure of gut microbial communities, but few studies have examined the impacts of environmental changes on microbiotas in free‐ranging animals. Rapid land‐use change has the potential to shift gut microbial communities in wildlife through exposure to novel bacteria and/or by changing the availability or quality of local food resources. The consequences of such changes to host health and fitness remain unknown and may have important implications for pathogen spillover between humans and wildlife. To better understand the consequences of land‐use change on wildlife microbiotas, we analyzed long‐term dietary trends, gut microbiota composition, and innate immune function in common vampire bats (Desmodus rotundus) in two nearby sites in Belize that vary in landscape structure. We found that vampire bats living in a small forest fragment had more homogenous diets indicative of feeding on livestock and shifts in microbiota heterogeneity, but not overall composition, compared to those living in an intact forest reserve. We also found that irrespective of sampling site, vampire bats which consumed relatively more livestock showed shifts in some core bacteria compared with vampire bats which consumed relatively less livestock. The relative abundance of some core microbiota members was associated with innate immune function, suggesting that future research should consider the role of the host microbiota in immune defense and its relationship to zoonotic infection dynamics. We suggest that subsequent homogenization of diet and habitat loss through livestock rearing in the Neotropics may lead to disruption to the microbiota that could have downstream impacts on host immunity and cross‐species pathogen transmission.
Keywords	Desmodus rotundus ; diet homogenization ; land‐use change ; livestock ; microbiota ; resource provisioning ; Ecology ; QH540-549.5
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Wiley
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Expanded diversity of novel hemoplasmas in rare and undersampled Neotropical bats

Dmitriy V. Volokhov / Lauren R. Lock / Kristin E. Dyer / Isabella K. DeAnglis / Benjamin R. Andrews / Molly C. Simonis / Sebastian Stockmaier / Gerald G. Carter / Cynthia J. Downs / M. Brock Fenton / Nancy B. Simmons / Daniel J. Becker

One Health, Vol 17, Iss , Pp 100633- (2023)

2023

Abstract: Hemotropic mycoplasmas are emerging as a model system for studying bacterial pathogens in bats, but taxonomic coverage of sampled host species remains biased. We leveraged a long-term field study in Belize to uncover novel hemoplasma diversity in bats by ...

Abstract	Hemotropic mycoplasmas are emerging as a model system for studying bacterial pathogens in bats, but taxonomic coverage of sampled host species remains biased. We leveraged a long-term field study in Belize to uncover novel hemoplasma diversity in bats by analyzing 80 samples from 19 species, most of which are infrequently encountered. PCR targeting the partial 16S rRNA gene found 41% of bats positive for hemoplasmas. Phylogenetic analyses found two novel host shifts of hemoplasmas, four entirely new hemoplasma genotypes, and the first hemoplasma detections in four bat species. One of these novel hemoplasmas (from Neoeptesicus furinalis) shared 97.6% identity in the partial 16S rRNA gene to a human hemoplasma (Candidatus Mycoplasma haemohominis). Additional analysis of the partial 23S rRNA gene allowed us to also designate two novel hemoplasma species, in Myotis elegans and Phyllostomus discolor, with the proposed names Candidatus Mycoplasma haematomyotis sp. nov. and Candidatus Mycoplasma haematophyllostomi sp. nov., respectively. Our analyses show that additional hemoplasma diversity in bats can be uncovered by targeting rare or undersampled host species.
Keywords	Hemotropic Mycoplasma ; Chiroptera ; Belize ; 16S rRNA gene ; 23S rRNA gene ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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