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Artikel ; Online: Adjusting for Berkson error in exposure in ordinary and conditional logistic regression and in Poisson regression

Tamer Oraby / Santanu Chakraborty / Siva Sivaganesan / Laurel Kincl / Lesley Richardson / Mary McBride / Jack Siemiatycki / Elisabeth Cardis / Daniel Krewski

BMC Medical Research Methodology, Vol 23, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2023 Band 10

Abstract: Abstract Background INTEROCC is a seven-country cohort study of occupational exposures and brain cancer risk, including occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF). In the absence of data on individual exposures, a Job Exposure Matrix (JEM) may ...

Abstract	Abstract Background INTEROCC is a seven-country cohort study of occupational exposures and brain cancer risk, including occupational exposure to electromagnetic fields (EMF). In the absence of data on individual exposures, a Job Exposure Matrix (JEM) may be used to construct likely exposure scenarios in occupational settings. This tool was constructed using statistical summaries of exposure to EMF for various occupational categories for a comparable group of workers. Methods In this study, we use the Canadian data from INTEROCC to determine the best EMF exposure surrogate/estimate from three appropriately chosen surrogates from the JEM, along with a fourth surrogate based on Berkson error adjustments obtained via numerical approximation of the likelihood function. In this article, we examine the case in which exposures are gamma-distributed for each occupation in the JEM, as an alternative to the log-normal exposure distribution considered in a previous study conducted by our research team. We also study using those surrogates and the Berkson error adjustment in Poisson regression and conditional logistic regression. Results Simulations show that the introduced methods of Berkson error adjustment for non-stratified analyses provide accurate estimates of the risk of developing tumors in case of gamma exposure model. Alternatively, and under some technical assumptions, the arithmetic mean is the best surrogate when a gamma-distribution is used as an exposure model. Simulations also show that none of the present methods could provide an accurate estimate of the risk in case of stratified analyses. Conclusion While our previous study found the geometric mean to be the best exposure surrogate, the present study suggests that the best surrogate is dependent on the exposure model; the arithmetic means in case of gamma-exposure model and the geometric means in case of log-normal exposure model. However, we could present a better method of Berkson error adjustment for each of the two exposure models. Our results provide ...
Schlagwörter	Berkson error ; Exposure surrogate ; Electromagnetic fields ; Brain cancer ; Conditional logistic regression ; Poisson regression ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Thema/Rubrik (Code)	310
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2023-10-01T00:00:00Z
Verlag	BMC
Dokumenttyp	Artikel ; Online
Datenquelle	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (Lebenswissenschaftliche Auswahl)

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Artikel ; Online: Risk of myocarditis and pericarditis in mRNA COVID-19-vaccinated and unvaccinated populations

Kumanan Wilson / Paul J Villeneuve / Nisrine Haddad / Daniel Krewski / Christopher A Gravel / James A G Crispo / Abdallah Alami / Nawal Farhat / Donald Mattison / Patrick J Farrell / Santiago Perez-Lloret

BMJ Open, Vol 13, Iss

a systematic review and meta-analysis

2023 Band 6

Abstract: Objective To summarise the available evidence on the risk of myocarditis and/or pericarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination, compared with the risk among unvaccinated individuals in the absence of COVID-19 infection.Design Systematic review and meta- ...

Abstract	Objective To summarise the available evidence on the risk of myocarditis and/or pericarditis following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination, compared with the risk among unvaccinated individuals in the absence of COVID-19 infection.Design Systematic review and meta-analysis.Data sources Electronic databases (Medline, Embase, Web of Science and WHO Global Literature on Coronavirus Disease), preprint repositories (medRxiv and bioRxiv), reference lists and grey literature were searched from 1 December 2020 until 31 October 2022.Study selection Epidemiological studies of individuals of any age who received at least one dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine, reported a risk of myo/pericarditis and compared the risk of myo/pericarditis to individuals who did not receive any dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine.Data extraction and synthesis Two reviewers independently conducted screening and data extraction. The rate of myo/pericarditis among vaccinated and unvaccinated groups was recorded, and the rate ratios were calculated. Additionally, the total number of individuals, case ascertainment criteria, percentage of males and history of SARS-CoV-2 infection were extracted for each study. Meta-analysis was done using a random-effects model.Results Seven studies met the inclusion criteria, of which six were included in the quantitative synthesis. Our meta-analysis indicates that within 30-day follow-up period, vaccinated individuals were twice as likely to develop myo/pericarditis in the absence of SARS-CoV-2 infection compared to unvaccinated individuals, with a rate ratio of 2.05 (95% CI 1.49–2.82).Conclusion Although the absolute number of observed myo/pericarditis cases remains quite low, a higher risk was detected in those who received mRNA COVID-19 vaccinations compared with unvaccinated individuals in the absence of SARS-CoV-2 infection. Given the effectiveness of mRNA COVID-19 vaccines in preventing severe illnesses, hospitalisations and deaths, future research should focus on accurately determining the rates of myo/pericarditis ...
Schlagwörter	Medicine ; R
Thema/Rubrik (Code)	610
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Verlag	BMJ Publishing Group
Dokumenttyp	Artikel ; Online
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Artikel ; Online: Myocarditis and Pericarditis Post-mRNA COVID-19 Vaccination

Abdallah Alami / Paul J. Villeneuve / Patrick J. Farrell / Donald Mattison / Nawal Farhat / Nisrine Haddad / Kumanan Wilson / Christopher A. Gravel / James A. G. Crispo / Santiago Perez-Lloret / Daniel Krewski

Journal of Clinical Medicine, Vol 12, Iss 4971, p

Insights from a Pharmacovigilance Perspective

2023 Band 4971

Abstract: Concerns remain regarding the rare cardiovascular adverse events, myocarditis and pericarditis (myo/pericarditis), particularly in younger individuals following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Our study aimed to comprehensively assess potential safety signals ...

Abstract	Concerns remain regarding the rare cardiovascular adverse events, myocarditis and pericarditis (myo/pericarditis), particularly in younger individuals following mRNA COVID-19 vaccination. Our study aimed to comprehensively assess potential safety signals related to these cardiac events following the primary and booster doses, with a specific focus on younger populations, including children as young as 6 months of age. Using the Vaccine Adverse Events Reporting System (VAERS), the United States national passive surveillance system, we conducted a retrospective pharmacovigilance study analyzing spontaneous reports of myo/pericarditis. We employed both frequentist and Bayesian methods and conducted subgroup analyses by age, sex, and vaccine dose. We observed a higher reporting rate of myo/pericarditis following the primary vaccine series, particularly in males and mainly after the second dose. However, booster doses demonstrated a lower number of reported cases, with no significant signals detected after the fourth or fifth doses. In children and young adults, we observed notable age and sex differences in the reporting of myo/pericarditis cases. Males in the 12–17 and 18–24-year-old age groups had the highest number of cases, with significant signals for both males and females after the second dose. We also identified an increased reporting for a spectrum of cardiovascular symptoms such as chest pain and dyspnea, which increased with age, and were reported more frequently than myo/pericarditis. The present study identified signals of myo/pericarditis and related cardiovascular symptoms after mRNA COVID-19 vaccination, especially among children and adolescents. These findings underline the importance for continued vaccine surveillance and the need for further studies to confirm these results and to determine their clinical implications in public health decision-making, especially for younger populations.
Schlagwörter	VAERS ; myocarditis ; pericarditis ; pharmacovigilance ; vaccine safety ; signal detection ; Medicine ; R
Thema/Rubrik (Code)	610
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2023-07-01T00:00:00Z
Verlag	MDPI AG
Dokumenttyp	Artikel ; Online
Datenquelle	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (Lebenswissenschaftliche Auswahl)

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Artikel ; Online: Assessing the State of Knowledge Regarding the Effectiveness of Interventions to Contain Pandemic Influenza Transmission

Patrick Saunders-Hastings / Jane Reisman / Daniel Krewski

PLoS ONE, Vol 11, Iss 12, p e

A Systematic Review and Narrative Synthesis.

2016 Band 0168262

Abstract: BACKGROUND:Influenza pandemics occur when a novel influenza strain, to which humans are immunologically naïve, emerges to cause infection and illness on a global scale. Differences in the viral properties of pandemic strains, relative to seasonal ones, ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND:Influenza pandemics occur when a novel influenza strain, to which humans are immunologically naïve, emerges to cause infection and illness on a global scale. Differences in the viral properties of pandemic strains, relative to seasonal ones, can alter the effectiveness of interventions typically implemented to control seasonal influenza burden. As a result, annual control activities may not be sufficient to contain an influenza pandemic. PURPOSE:This study seeks to inform pandemic policy and planning initiatives by reviewing the effectiveness of previous interventions to reduce pandemic influenza transmission and infection. Results will inform the planning and design of more focused in-depth systematic reviews for specific types of interventions, thus providing the most comprehensive and current understanding of the potential for alternative interventions to mitigate the burden of pandemic influenza. METHODS:A systematic review and narrative synthesis of existing systematic reviews and meta-analyses examining intervention effectiveness in containing pandemic influenza transmission was conducted using information collected from five databases (PubMed, Medline, Cochrane, Embase, and Cinahl/EBSCO). Two independent reviewers conducted study screening and quality assessment, extracting data related to intervention impact and effectiveness. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION:Most included reviews were of moderate to high quality. Although the degree of statistical heterogeneity precluded meta-analysis, the present systematic review examines the wide variety of interventions that can impact influenza transmission in different ways. While it appears that pandemic influenza vaccination provides significant protection against infection, there was insufficient evidence to conclude that antiviral prophylaxis, seasonal influenza cross-protection, or a range of non-pharmaceutical strategies would provide appreciable protection when implemented in isolation. It is likely that an optimal intervention strategy will employ a ...
Schlagwörter	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Thema/Rubrik (Code)	306
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2016-01-01T00:00:00Z
Verlag	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Dokumenttyp	Artikel ; Online
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Artikel ; Online: Reviewing the History of Pandemic Influenza

Patrick R. Saunders-Hastings / Daniel Krewski

Pathogens, Vol 5, Iss 4, p

Understanding Patterns of Emergence and Transmission

2016 Band 66

Abstract: For centuries, novel strains of influenza have emerged to produce human pandemics, causing widespread illness, death, and disruption. There have been four influenza pandemics in the past hundred years. During this time, globalization processes, alongside ...

Abstract	For centuries, novel strains of influenza have emerged to produce human pandemics, causing widespread illness, death, and disruption. There have been four influenza pandemics in the past hundred years. During this time, globalization processes, alongside advances in medicine and epidemiology, have altered the way these pandemics are experienced. Drawing on international case studies, this paper provides a review of the impact of past influenza pandemics, while examining the evolution of our understanding of, and response to, these viruses. This review argues that pandemic influenza is in part a consequence of human development, and highlights the importance of considering outbreaks within the context of shifting global landscapes. While progress in infectious disease prevention, control, and treatment has improved our ability to respond to such outbreaks, globalization processes relating to human behaviour, demographics, and mobility have increased the threat of pandemic emergence and accelerated global disease transmission. Preparedness planning must continue to evolve to keep pace with this heightened risk. Herein, we look to the past for insights on the pandemic experience, underlining both progress and persisting challenges. However, given the uncertain timing and severity of future pandemics, we emphasize the need for flexible policies capable of responding to change as such emergencies develop.
Schlagwörter	pandemic ; influenza ; globalization ; intervention ; Medicine ; R
Thema/Rubrik (Code)	910
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2016-12-01T00:00:00Z
Verlag	MDPI AG
Dokumenttyp	Artikel ; Online
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Artikel ; Online: Modelling community-control strategies to protect hospital resources during an influenza pandemic in Ottawa, Canada.

Patrick Saunders-Hastings / Bryson Quinn Hayes / Robert Smith / Daniel Krewski

PLoS ONE, Vol 12, Iss 6, p e

2017 Band 0179315

Abstract: A novel influenza virus has emerged to produce a global pandemic four times in the past one hundred years, resulting in millions of infections, hospitalizations and deaths. There is substantial uncertainty about when, where and how the next influenza ... ...

Abstract	A novel influenza virus has emerged to produce a global pandemic four times in the past one hundred years, resulting in millions of infections, hospitalizations and deaths. There is substantial uncertainty about when, where and how the next influenza pandemic will occur.We developed a novel mathematical model to chart the evolution of an influenza pandemic. We estimate the likely burden of future influenza pandemics through health and economic endpoints. An important component of this is the adequacy of existing hospital-resource capacity. Using a simulated population reflective of Ottawa, Canada, we model the potential impact of a future influenza pandemic under different combinations of pharmaceutical and non-pharmaceutical interventions.There was substantial variation in projected pandemic impact and outcomes across intervention scenarios. In a population of 1.2 million, the illness attack rate ranged from 8.4% (all interventions) to 54.5% (no interventions); peak acute care hospital capacity ranged from 0.2% (all interventions) to 13.8% (no interventions); peak ICU capacity ranged from 1.1% (all interventions) to 90.2% (no interventions); and mortality ranged from 11 (all interventions) to 363 deaths (no interventions). Associated estimates of economic burden ranged from CAD $115 million to over $2 billion when extended mass school closure was implemented.Children accounted for a disproportionate number of pandemic infections, particularly in household settings. Pharmaceutical interventions effectively reduced peak and total pandemic burden without affecting timing, while non-pharmaceutical measures delayed and attenuated pandemic wave progression. The timely implementation of a layered intervention bundle appeared likely to protect hospital resource adequacy in Ottawa. The adaptable nature of this model provides value in informing pandemic preparedness policy planning in situations of uncertainty, as scenarios can be updated in real time as more data become available. However-given the inherent ...
Schlagwörter	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Thema/Rubrik (Code)	360
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2017-01-01T00:00:00Z
Verlag	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Dokumenttyp	Artikel ; Online
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Artikel ; Online: Risk of Myocarditis and Pericarditis among Young Adults following mRNA COVID-19 Vaccinations

Abdallah Alami / Daniel Krewski / Donald Mattison / Kumanan Wilson / Christopher A. Gravel / Paul J. Villeneuve / Patrick J. Farrell / James A. G. Crispo / Santiago Perez-Lloret

Vaccines, Vol 10, Iss 722, p

2022 Band 722

Abstract: There have been reports of cases of myocarditis and pericarditis as rare complications following mRNA COVID-19 vaccinations among young adults. While most reported cases are mild, this potential vaccine safety signal should be closely monitored. Using ... ...

Abstract	There have been reports of cases of myocarditis and pericarditis as rare complications following mRNA COVID-19 vaccinations among young adults. While most reported cases are mild, this potential vaccine safety signal should be closely monitored. Using data from the CDC and the Vaccine Adverse Event Reporting System (VAERS), we calculated the combined reporting rate of myocarditis and pericarditis stratified by age group, sex, vaccine dose, and manufacturer, and compared these rates to the crude background incidence rates. Compared to the general population prior to the administration of the first COVID-19 vaccines in December 2020, we identified a higher-than-expected reporting rate of myocarditis and pericarditis following mRNA vaccination; the risk was higher after a second vaccine dose, higher in males than in females, and decreased with age. The highest risk was seen in males 12–17 years of age with approximately 6 cases per 100,000 second doses. Our findings suggest an increased risk of myocarditis and pericarditis in young males following a second dose of an mRNA COVID-19 vaccine. Since these findings are based on safety signals derived from passive surveillance data, confirmatory epidemiological studies should be undertaken.
Schlagwörter	vaccine adverse event reporting system (VAERS) ; COVID-19 ; myocarditis ; pericarditis ; passive surveillance ; vaccine safety ; Medicine ; R
Thema/Rubrik (Code)	610
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
Verlag	MDPI AG
Dokumenttyp	Artikel ; Online
Datenquelle	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (Lebenswissenschaftliche Auswahl)

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Artikel: Physical activity and non-movement behaviours: their independent and combined associations with metabolic syndrome

Rao, DeepaP / Heather Orpana / Daniel Krewski

international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity. 2016 Dec., v. 13, no. 1

2016

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a prevalent risk condition associated with a higher risk of chronic conditions, including diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Physical activity and non-movement behaviours (NMB), including sleep, screen time and ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Metabolic syndrome (MetS) is a prevalent risk condition associated with a higher risk of chronic conditions, including diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Physical activity and non-movement behaviours (NMB), including sleep, screen time and sedentary activity, have been associated with MetS. In light of the increasing prevalence of NMBs, and the moderate rates of physical activity guideline adherence in Canada, this analysis examines the independent and combined associations of NMB and physical activity with MetS. METHODS: Data on Canadians 18 years and older from the Canadian Health Measures Survey (n = 2901) were used to examine the moderating effect of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) guideline adherence (150 minutes or more of MVPA/week, based on accelerometer) on the association of NMBs (sleep based on self-report, screen time based on self-report, and sedentary time based on accelerometer) with MetS. Logistic regression analyses were conducted and sampling weights were applied to represent the Canadian adult population. RESULTS: A graded association between PA and MetS was observed, with those achieving less MVPA than guidelines having a higher odds of MetS (OR 2.9, 95 % CI: 1.9–4.5 for < 75 mins/week of MVPA, and OR 1.8, 95 % CI: 1.2–2.8 for 75–150 mins/week, as compared to those accumulating 150 mins/week or more). When examining the moderating effect of PA on the association between NMBs and MetS, we found that (1) for participants who met guidelines, no level of any NMB was significantly associated with MetS and (2) for those who did not achieve guidelines, there was an increased odds of MetS based on excess NMB time(OR 3.2, 95 % CI: 1.5–6.8 for 1.4–2.1 h/day and OR 4.4, 95 % CI: 2.5–7.9 for ≥2.1 h/day of screen time and 75–150 mins/week of MVPA, OR 1.7, 95 % CI: 1.1–2.5 for ≥8 h/day of sleep time and <75 mins/week of MVPA, and OR 2.2, 95 % CI: 1.3–3.8 for 9.2–10.3 h/day of sedentary time and <75 mins/week of MVPA). CONCLUSIONS: Adhering to physical activity guidelines may mitigate the associations of NMBs with MetS. Given the novel findings that associations between NMBs and MetS were not significant among Canadians meeting PA guidelines, these results suggest the beneficial role of physical activity to prevent chronic disease risk.
Schlagwörter	Canadians ; adults ; cardiovascular diseases ; chronic diseases ; diabetes ; guidelines ; metabolic syndrome ; physical activity ; regression analysis ; risk ; sleep ; surveys ; Canada
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsverlauf	2016-12
Umfang	p. 26.
Erscheinungsort	BioMed Central
Dokumenttyp	Artikel
ISSN	1479-5868
DOI	10.1186/s12966-016-0350-5
Datenquelle	NAL Katalog (AGRICOLA)

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Artikel ; Online: Short-Term Effects of Ozone and PM 2.5 on Mortality in 12 Canadian Cities

Nawal Farhat / Tim Ramsay / Michael Jerrett / Daniel Krewski

Journal of Environmental Protection , Vol 04, Iss 12, Pp 18-

2013 Band 32

Abstract: Numerous recent epidemiological studies have linked health effects with short-term exposure to air pollution levels commonly found in North America. The association between two key pollutants—ozone and fine particulate matter— and mortality in 12 ... ...

Abstract	Numerous recent epidemiological studies have linked health effects with short-term exposure to air pollution levels commonly found in North America. The association between two key pollutants—ozone and fine particulate matter— and mortality in 12 Canadian cities was explored in a time-series study. City-specific estimates were obtained using Poisson regression models, adjusting for the effects of seasonality and temperature. Estimates were then pooled across cities using the inverse variance method. For a 10 ppb increase in 1-hr daily maximum ozone levels, significant associations were in the range of 0.56% - 2.47% increase in mortality. For a 10 μg/m 3 increase in the 24-hr average PM 2.5 concentration of, significant associations varied between 0.91% and 3.17% increase in mortality. Generally, stronger associations were found among the elderly. Effects estimates were robust to adjustment for seasonality, but were sensitive to lag structures. There was no evidence for effect modification of the mortality-exposure association by city-level ecologic covariates.
Schlagwörter	Air Pollution ; Ozone ; Particulate Matter ; Mortality ; Canada ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350 ; Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ; G ; DOAJ:Environmental Sciences ; DOAJ:Earth and Environmental Sciences
Thema/Rubrik (Code)	333 ; 310
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2013-12-01T00:00:00Z
Verlag	Scientific Research Publishing
Dokumenttyp	Artikel ; Online
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Artikel ; Online: Association of treatments for acute appendicitis with pregnancy outcomes in the United States from 2000 to 2016

Jianzhou Yang / Shi Wu Wen / Daniel Krewski / Daniel J Corsi / Mark Walker / Donald Mattison / Ryan Moog / Doug McNair / Huiping Huang / Guihua Zhuang

PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 12, p e

Results from a multi-level analysis.

2021 Band 0260991

Abstract: Background Open appendectomy, laparoscopic appendectomy, and non-surgical treatment are three options to treat acute appendicitis during pregnancy. Previous studies on the association of different treatment methods for acute appendicitis with pregnancy ... ...

Abstract	Background Open appendectomy, laparoscopic appendectomy, and non-surgical treatment are three options to treat acute appendicitis during pregnancy. Previous studies on the association of different treatment methods for acute appendicitis with pregnancy outcomes have been limited by small sample sizes and residual confounding, especially with respect to hospital-level factors. This study aimed to investigate the association of treatment method for acute appendicitis with pregnancy outcomes using a multi-level analysis. Methods A retrospective cohort study was conducted based on a large electronic health records database in the United States during the period 2000 to 2016. All pregnancies diagnosed with acute appendicitis and treated in participating hospitals during the study period were included. We conducted multi-level hierarchical logistic regression to analyze both individual- and hospital-level factors for abortion, preterm labor, and cesarean section. Results A total of 10,271 acute appendicitis during pregnancy were identified during the study period. Of them, 5,872 (57.2%) were treated by laparoscopic appendectomy, 1,403 (13.7%) by open appendectomy, and 2,996 (29.2%) by non-surgical treatment. Compared with open appendectomy, both laparoscopic appendectomy (adjusted OR, 0.6, 95% CI, 0.4, 0.9) and non-surgical treatment (adjusted OR, 0.4; 95% CI, 0.3-0.7) showed a decreased risk of preterm labor. Other important individual-level determinants of adverse pregnancy outcomes included maternal age, gestational hypertension, and anemia during pregnancy, the hospital-level determinant included the number of beds. Conclusions Compared with open appendectomy, both laparoscopic appendectomy and non-surgical treatment may be associated with a lower risk of preterm labor, without increased risks of abortion and cesarean section.
Schlagwörter	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Thema/Rubrik (Code)	610
Sprache	Englisch
Erscheinungsdatum	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Verlag	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
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