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Article ; Online: Caribbean small ruminant importation requirements in an era of widespread anthelmintic resistance.

Darby, Brandy J

Veterinary parasitology, regional studies and reports

2020 Volume 23, Page(s) 100518

Abstract: Resistance of small ruminant gastrointestinal parasites to available classes of anthelmintic drugs is a widespread problem. As such, use of these drugs needs to be applied in a judicious manner in order to protect animal health. Herein, a case of drug- ... ...

Abstract	Resistance of small ruminant gastrointestinal parasites to available classes of anthelmintic drugs is a widespread problem. As such, use of these drugs needs to be applied in a judicious manner in order to protect animal health. Herein, a case of drug-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes imported to the Cayman Islands is outlined. In order to explore the potential for similar occurrences within the region, a survey was undertaken in March 2017 to assess the importation requirements for small ruminants to English-speaking Caribbean countries. The survey showed that universal administration of anthelmintics to small ruminants is a common pre-requisite for importation to the Caribbean region, though very few countries require any proof of drug efficacy. Such requirements are discordant with current recommendations for judicious anthelmintic use in domestic animal species and promote the continued development of anthelmintic resistance. While this survey focused on small ruminants, similar policies are often in place for the importation of a variety of animal species, including cattle, horses, and companion animals. Given that anthelmintic resistance is also recognized in parasite populations that impact these species, it may be time for the international community to revisit live animal importation requirements in the age of anthelmintic resistance. Some recommendations and considerations are put forward to help preserve animal health, animal welfare, and developing animal agricultural industries.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Anthelmintics/pharmacology ; Caribbean Region ; Cattle ; Drug Resistance ; Horses ; Intestinal Diseases, Parasitic/veterinary ; Nematoda/drug effects ; Ruminants/parasitology
Chemical Substances	Anthelmintics
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-14
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2405-9390
ISSN (online)	2405-9390
DOI	10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100518
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Monitoring and Characteristics of Mpox Contacts, Virginia, USA, May-November 2022.

Field, Eleanor N / McCarty, Elizabeth / Saady, Dawn / Darby, Brandy

Emerging infectious diseases

2024 Volume 30, Issue 3, Page(s) 453–459

Abstract: During 2022, a global outbreak of mpox resulted primarily from human-to-human contact. The Virginia Department of Health (Richmond, VA, USA) implemented a contact tracing and symptom monitoring system for residents exposed to monkeypox virus, assessed ... ...

Abstract	During 2022, a global outbreak of mpox resulted primarily from human-to-human contact. The Virginia Department of Health (Richmond, VA, USA) implemented a contact tracing and symptom monitoring system for residents exposed to monkeypox virus, assessed their risk for infection, and offered interventions as needed. Among 991 contacts identified during May 1-November 1, 2022, import records were complete for 943 (95.2%), but 99 (10.0%) were not available for follow-up during symptom monitoring. Mpox developed in 28 (2.8%) persons; none were healthcare workers exposed at work (n = 275). Exposure risk category and likelihood of developing mpox were strongly associated. A total of 333 persons received >1 dose of JYENNOS (Bavarian Nordic, https://www.bavarian-nordic.com) vaccine, most (n = 295) administered after virus exposure. Median time from exposure to vaccination was 8 days. Those data tools provided crucial real-time information for public health responses and can be used as a framework for other emerging diseases.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Mpox (monkeypox) ; Virginia/epidemiology ; Contact Tracing ; Disease Outbreaks ; Health Personnel
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1380686-5
ISSN	1080-6059 ; 1080-6040
ISSN (online)	1080-6059
ISSN	1080-6040
DOI	10.3201/eid3003.230609
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Zs.A 4778: Show issues

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Article: Caribbean small ruminant importation requirements in an era of widespread anthelmintic resistance

Darby, Brandy J

Veterinary Parasitology: Regional Studies and Reports. 2021 Jan., v. 23

2021

Abstract	Resistance of small ruminant gastrointestinal parasites to available classes of anthelmintic drugs is a widespread problem. As such, use of these drugs needs to be applied in a judicious manner in order to protect animal health. Herein, a case of drug-resistant gastrointestinal nematodes imported to the Cayman Islands is outlined. In order to explore the potential for similar occurrences within the region, a survey was undertaken in March 2017 to assess the importation requirements for small ruminants to English-speaking Caribbean countries. The survey showed that universal administration of anthelmintics to small ruminants is a common pre-requisite for importation to the Caribbean region, though very few countries require any proof of drug efficacy. Such requirements are discordant with current recommendations for judicious anthelmintic use in domestic animal species and promote the continued development of anthelmintic resistance. While this survey focused on small ruminants, similar policies are often in place for the importation of a variety of animal species, including cattle, horses, and companion animals. Given that anthelmintic resistance is also recognized in parasite populations that impact these species, it may be time for the international community to revisit live animal importation requirements in the age of anthelmintic resistance. Some recommendations and considerations are put forward to help preserve animal health, animal welfare, and developing animal agricultural industries.
Keywords	animal welfare ; anthelmintics ; cattle ; drug resistance ; gastrointestinal nematodes ; gastrointestinal system ; small ruminants ; surveys ; veterinary parasitology ; Caribbean
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-01
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ISSN	2405-9390
DOI	10.1016/j.vprsr.2020.100518
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections in Virginia, January 17, 2021 - June 30, 2021.

Darby, Brandy / Alexander, Victoria / Murphy, Julia

Vaccine

2023 Volume 41, Issue 7, Page(s) 1295–1298

Abstract: As COVID-19 vaccines moved from the controlled environment of clinical trials to use in real-world settings, it has been important to evaluate vaccine effectiveness. A retrospective cohort study was designed to identify cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection that ...

Abstract	As COVID-19 vaccines moved from the controlled environment of clinical trials to use in real-world settings, it has been important to evaluate vaccine effectiveness. A retrospective cohort study was designed to identify cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection that occurred between January 17-June 30, 2021 in fully vaccinated Virginia residents. Of the fully vaccinated population of Virginia at the end of the study period (N = 4,271,505), 2445 (0.057 %) were reported to have experienced a vaccine breakthrough infection. Of those, 183 (7.5 %) were reported to have been hospitalized for COVID-19 and 53 (2.2 %) died from COVID-19. There were significant differences in vaccine effectiveness over time between both mRNA vaccines and the Janssen vaccine. Increasing age, pre-existing medical conditions, and male sex were associated with severe outcomes (hospitalization or death). Persons at greater risk for severe outcomes should continue to take precautions to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection, even if fully vaccinated.
MeSH term(s)	Male ; Humans ; COVID-19 Vaccines ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Breakthrough Infections ; Retrospective Studies ; Virginia/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Vaccines
Chemical Substances	COVID-19 Vaccines ; Vaccines
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-20
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.041
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Zs.A 1930: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
Zs.MO 458: Show issues

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Article ; Online: SARS-CoV-2 vaccine breakthrough infections in Virginia, January 17, 2021 – June 30, 2021

Darby, Brandy / Alexander, Victoria / Murphy, Julia

Vaccine. 2023 Feb., v. 41, no. 7 p.1295-1298

2023

Abstract	As COVID-19 vaccines moved from the controlled environment of clinical trials to use in real-world settings, it has been important to evaluate vaccine effectiveness. A retrospective cohort study was designed to identify cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection that occurred between January 17-June 30, 2021 in fully vaccinated Virginia residents. Of the fully vaccinated population of Virginia at the end of the study period (N = 4,271,505), 2445 (0.057 %) were reported to have experienced a vaccine breakthrough infection. Of those, 183 (7.5 %) were reported to have been hospitalized for COVID-19 and 53 (2.2 %) died from COVID-19. There were significant differences in vaccine effectiveness over time between both mRNA vaccines and the Janssen vaccine. Increasing age, pre-existing medical conditions, and male sex were associated with severe outcomes (hospitalization or death). Persons at greater risk for severe outcomes should continue to take precautions to prevent SARS-CoV-2 infection, even if fully vaccinated.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; cohort studies ; death ; males ; risk ; vaccines ; Virginia ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Breakthrough infection ; Vaccine effectiveness ; COVID-19
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-02
Size	p. 1295-1298.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	605674-x
ISSN	1873-2518 ; 0264-410X
ISSN (online)	1873-2518
ISSN	0264-410X
DOI	10.1016/j.vaccine.2023.01.041
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Zs.A 1930: Show issues			Location: Je nach Verfügbarkeit (siehe Angabe bei Bestand) bis Jg. 1994: Bestellungen von Artikeln über das Online-Bestellformular Jg. 1995 - 2021: Lesesall (1.OG) ab Jg. 2022: Lesesaal (EG)
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Article ; Online: Prevalence of heartworm infection in the feral cat population of Grand Cayman.

Darby, Brandy / Dickinson, Charles / Gaskins, Lori / Hanna, Paul

JFMS open reports

2019 Volume 5, Issue 1, Page(s) 2055116919838083

Abstract: Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the presence and prevalence of heartworm infection in the feral cat population of Grand Cayman.: Methods: During the study period, feral cats were routinely trapped and euthanized for population ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: The aim of this study was to determine the presence and prevalence of heartworm infection in the feral cat population of Grand Cayman. Methods: During the study period, feral cats were routinely trapped and euthanized for population control by the municipal animal shelter. Cats older than 6 months of age were obtained for post-mortem examination shortly after euthanasia. The heart, lungs, pulmonary vasculature, thoracic and abdominal cavities were examined for the presence, location and number of mature heartworms. Sections of caudal lung were evaluated histologically and serologic tests were performed to screen for additional evidence of heartworm exposure. Results: Mature heartworms were identified in the pulmonary vasculature of 4/36 cats (11.1%). An additional nine cats showed histopathologic changes in the lungs consistent with heartworm exposure, and one cat had a positive antibody test. Conclusions and relevance: The results indicate a minimum heartworm prevalence of 11.1% within this population of feral cats, consistent with published necropsy reports from other endemic localities. Considering the histopathologic changes observed in this group, the true prevalence is likely higher and underscores the importance of heartworm prevention for the companion cat population of the island.
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-03-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2822177-1
ISSN	2055-1169 ; 2055-1169
ISSN (online)	2055-1169
ISSN	2055-1169
DOI	10.1177/2055116919838083
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Cryptosporidium parvum outbreak associated with Raccoons at a Wildlife Facility—Virginia, May–June 2019

Davis, Meredith K. / Riley, Jennifer / Darby, Brandy / Murphy, Julia / Turner, Lauren / Segarra, Marta D. / Roellig, Dawn M.

Zoonoses and public health. 2022 May, v. 69, no. 3

2022

Abstract: Cryptosporidium parvum is a parasitic zoonotic pathogen responsible for diarrheal illness in humans and animals worldwide. We report an investigation of a cryptosporidiosis outbreak in raccoons and wildlife rehabilitation workers at a Virginia facility. ... ...

Abstract	Cryptosporidium parvum is a parasitic zoonotic pathogen responsible for diarrheal illness in humans and animals worldwide. We report an investigation of a cryptosporidiosis outbreak in raccoons and wildlife rehabilitation workers at a Virginia facility. Fifteen (31%) of 49 facility personnel experienced symptoms meeting the case definition, including four laboratory‐confirmed cases. Seven juvenile raccoons were reported to have diarrhoea; six had laboratory‐confirmed cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium parvum of the same molecular subtype (IIaA16G3R2) was identified in two human cases and six raccoons. Raccoon illness preceded human illness by 11 days, suggesting possible zoonotic transmission from raccoons to humans. This appears to be the first report of a human cryptosporidiosis outbreak associated with exposure to raccoons infected with C. parvum. Raccoons might be an under‐recognized reservoir for human C. parvum infections. Further study is needed to explore the prevalence of cryptosporidial species in raccoons and their role as a wildlife reservoir.
Keywords	Cryptosporidium parvum ; Procyon lotor ; cryptosporidiosis ; diarrhea ; human resources ; humans ; juveniles ; pathogens ; public health ; wildlife ; wildlife rehabilitation ; zoonoses ; Virginia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-05
Size	p. 248-253.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2271118-1
ISSN	1863-2378 ; 1863-1959
ISSN (online)	1863-2378
ISSN	1863-1959
DOI	10.1111/zph.12924
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Prevalence of heartworm infection in the feral cat population of Grand Cayman

Darby, Brandy / Dickinson, Charles / Gaskins, Lori / Hanna, Paul

Journal of feline medicine and surgery open reports. 2019 Mar., v. 5, no. 1

2019

Abstract: The aim of this study was to determine the presence and prevalence of heartworm infection in the feral cat population of Grand Cayman. During the study period, feral cats were routinely trapped and euthanized for population control by the municipal ... ...

Abstract	The aim of this study was to determine the presence and prevalence of heartworm infection in the feral cat population of Grand Cayman. During the study period, feral cats were routinely trapped and euthanized for population control by the municipal animal shelter. Cats older than 6 months of age were obtained for post-mortem examination shortly after euthanasia. The heart, lungs, pulmonary vasculature, thoracic and abdominal cavities were examined for the presence, location and number of mature heartworms. Sections of caudal lung were evaluated histologically and serologic tests were performed to screen for additional evidence of heartworm exposure. Mature heartworms were identified in the pulmonary vasculature of 4/36 cats (11.1%). An additional nine cats showed histopathologic changes in the lungs consistent with heartworm exposure, and one cat had a positive antibody test. The results indicate a minimum heartworm prevalence of 11.1% within this population of feral cats, consistent with published necropsy reports from other endemic localities. Considering the histopathologic changes observed in this group, the true prevalence is likely higher and underscores the importance of heartworm prevention for the companion cat population of the island.
Keywords	antibodies ; cats ; euthanasia ; feral animals ; heart ; heartworms ; histopathology ; immunologic techniques ; lungs ; necropsy ; Cayman Islands
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-03
Publishing place	SAGE Publications
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2822177-1
ISSN	2055-1169 ; 2055-1169
ISSN (online)	2055-1169
ISSN	2055-1169
DOI	10.1177/2055116919838083
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Cryptosporidium parvum outbreak associated with Raccoons at a Wildlife Facility-Virginia, May-June 2019.

Davis, Meredith K / Riley, Jennifer / Darby, Brandy / Murphy, Julia / Turner, Lauren / Segarra, Marta D / Roellig, Dawn M

Zoonoses and public health

2022 Volume 69, Issue 3, Page(s) 248–253

Abstract	Cryptosporidium parvum is a parasitic zoonotic pathogen responsible for diarrheal illness in humans and animals worldwide. We report an investigation of a cryptosporidiosis outbreak in raccoons and wildlife rehabilitation workers at a Virginia facility. Fifteen (31%) of 49 facility personnel experienced symptoms meeting the case definition, including four laboratory-confirmed cases. Seven juvenile raccoons were reported to have diarrhoea; six had laboratory-confirmed cryptosporidiosis. Cryptosporidium parvum of the same molecular subtype (IIaA16G3R2) was identified in two human cases and six raccoons. Raccoon illness preceded human illness by 11 days, suggesting possible zoonotic transmission from raccoons to humans. This appears to be the first report of a human cryptosporidiosis outbreak associated with exposure to raccoons infected with C. parvum. Raccoons might be an under-recognized reservoir for human C. parvum infections. Further study is needed to explore the prevalence of cryptosporidial species in raccoons and their role as a wildlife reservoir.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Animals, Wild ; Cryptosporidiosis/epidemiology ; Cryptosporidiosis/parasitology ; Cryptosporidium ; Cryptosporidium parvum ; Raccoons/parasitology ; Virginia
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-14
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2271118-1
ISSN	1863-2378 ; 1863-1959
ISSN (online)	1863-2378
ISSN	1863-1959
DOI	10.1111/zph.12924
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Career stage differences in mental health symptom burden and help seeking among veterinarians during COVID-19.

Russon, Jody M / Bland, Krista / Ravi-Caldwell, Nivedita / Haak, Patricia P / Kryda, Katharyn T / Codecá, Luca / Darby, Brandy J / Bissett, Carolynn J / Murphy, Julia / Hungerford, Laura

Journal of the American Veterinary Medical Association

2023 Volume 261, Issue 6, Page(s) 898–906

Abstract: Objective: To explore veterinarians' mental health symptom burden during COVID-19 and identify differences in symptom burden, social support, help seeking, and incentives and barriers associated with receiving help across career stages.: Sample: ... ...

Abstract	Objective: To explore veterinarians' mental health symptom burden during COVID-19 and identify differences in symptom burden, social support, help seeking, and incentives and barriers associated with receiving help across career stages. Sample: Online survey responses from 266 veterinarians between June 4 and September 8, 2021. Procedures: Respondents were grouped by career stage (early [< 5 years of experience], middle [5 to 19 years of experience], or late [≥ 20 years of experience]), and results were compared across groups. Results: Of the 262 respondents who reported years of experience, 26 (9.9%) were early career, 130 (49.6%) were midcareer, and 106 (40.4%) were late career. The overall mean anxiety and depression symptom burden score was 3.85 ± 3.47 (0 to 2 = normal; 3 to 5 = mild; 6 to 8 = moderate; and 9 to 12 = severe), with 62 of 220 (28.1%) respondents reporting moderate to severe symptom burden. Most (164/206 [79.6%]) reported not accessing behavioral health providers, and of these, 53.6% (88/164) reported at least mild symptom burden. There were significant differences in both symptom burden and mental health help-seeking intentions across career stages, with early- and midcareer (vs late-career) veterinarians reporting higher symptom burden (P = .002) and midcareer (vs late-career) veterinarians reporting higher help-seeking intentions (P = .006). Barriers and incentives for seeking mental health care were identified. Clinical relevance: Findings revealed differences in symptom burden and intentions to seek mental health care across veterinary career stages. Incentives and barriers identified serve to explain these career stage differences.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Mental Health ; Veterinarians/psychology ; COVID-19/veterinary ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Anxiety
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	390811-2
ISSN	1943-569X ; 0003-1488
ISSN (online)	1943-569X
ISSN	0003-1488
DOI	10.2460/javma.22.12.0583
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