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Article ; Online: Can you repeat the question? Paradata as a lens to understand respondent experience answering cognitively demanding, sensitive questions.

Suzanne O Bell / David Bishai

PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 6, p e

2021 Volume 0252512

Abstract: Survey researchers hope that respondents will provide high-quality data, but evidence suggests that social desirability bias may be commonplace. Social desirability can lead to significant underreporting or overreporting of sensitive behaviors. With ... ...

Abstract	Survey researchers hope that respondents will provide high-quality data, but evidence suggests that social desirability bias may be commonplace. Social desirability can lead to significant underreporting or overreporting of sensitive behaviors. With better understanding of the cognitive processes that respondents use to prepare and deliver their responses, survey designers could hope to minimize social desirability bias or at least detect settings that lessen its impact. The primary objective of this study was to use survey paradata to understand the psychology of responding to certain types of survey questions. More specifically, we sought to determine how emotional triggering can alter response latencies to cognitively demanding and sensitive survey questions on induced abortion, which is underreported. We hypothesize that having had a prior abortion might lengthen response times to an indirect question about abortion among respondents who have experienced this sensitive reproductive outcome as they hesitate in deciding whether and how to respond to the question. Data come from a representative survey of 6,035 reproductive age women in Rajasthan, India. We used list experiment question active screen time paradata in conjunction with responses from direct questions on abortion to assess our hypothesis. Our final model was a multivariate linear regression with random effects at the level of the interviewer, including adjustments for respondent, community, and interviewer characteristics to estimate within-respondent effects. Results suggest that women who reported an abortion on the direct abortion questions took 5.11 (95% CI 0.21, 10.00) seconds longer to respond to the list experiment treatment list compared to the control list in comparison to women who did not report an abortion on the direct abortion questions. This study demonstrates the additional insights gained when focusing on response latencies to cognitively demanding questions involved in the measurement of sensitive behaviors.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	310
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: District-level religious composition and child health in India

Bailey Richards / Krishna Rao / David Bishai

Journal of Health, Population and Nutrition, Vol 41, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2022 Volume 16

Abstract: Abstract Background Community characteristics are a significant social determinant of child health. Little is known about the effects of social heterogeneity as a specific factor that might impact health. This paper aims to fill the void in research on ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Community characteristics are a significant social determinant of child health. Little is known about the effects of social heterogeneity as a specific factor that might impact health. This paper aims to fill the void in research on the health effects of India’s district-level religious heterogeneity. Methods Weighted state fixed effects multivariate logistic regression was applied to India’s Third District Level Household Survey (2007–2008). The dependent variables were death of a child under five and indicators of healthcare utilization. The key independent variables were the proportions in the district who were Hindu, Muslim, Christian, Buddhist, and Sikh. The analysis controlled for generic community diversity, household religion, and socioeconomic status. Separate, sub-group analysis focused on Muslims only, Christians only, and Buddhists only. Results Multivariate fixed effects models show that a 1% point increase in the proportion of Muslim, Christian, or Buddhist households in a community is associated with respective odds ratios of child death of 1.008, 1.009, and 1.012 of experiencing the death of a child. The impact of a household’s own religious affiliation is statistically insignificant in these models. Higher proportions of Muslims and Christians in a community lower the odds of BCG (a vaccine for childhood tuberculosis) receipt and child healthcare-seeking. Conclusions Households residing where there are higher levels of religious minorities in India experience worse child survival. These effects are not mediated by the household’s own religious affiliation. There is evidence that health system performance and quality is systematically worse in communities with higher proportions of religious minorities. Our study can help policymakers identify communities where children may be at higher risk based on community heterogeneity and the potential for insufficient collective action. Policymakers might consider flagging these communities for special attention, because social ...
Keywords	Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases ; RC620-627 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	290
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Socioeconomic disparities in healthcare utilization under universal health coverage

Shreena Malaviya / David Bishai / Meenu Mahak Soni / El Daw Suliman

International Journal for Equity in Health, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-

evidence from Dubai household health survey

2022 Volume 9

Abstract: Abstract Background In 2013, Dubai implemented the Insurance System of Advancing Health in Dubai (ISAHD) law which required mandatory health insurance for all residents of Dubai effective in 2016. This study compares the effect of the ISAHD on the ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background In 2013, Dubai implemented the Insurance System of Advancing Health in Dubai (ISAHD) law which required mandatory health insurance for all residents of Dubai effective in 2016. This study compares the effect of the ISAHD on the utilization and out-of-pocket (OOP) expenditures for low and high socio-economic status sub-groups. Methods The study used the 2014 and 2018 Dubai Household Health Survey (DHHS) a representative survey of Dubai stratified as: 1) Nationals; 2) Non-nationals in households; 3) Non-nationals in collective housing; and 4) Non-nationals in labor camps. The probability that each household would have expenditures was calculated, then multiplied by a weighted estimate of the average total OOP expenditure. Results Overall Dubai’s health spending rose from 12.8 billion AED (3.4 billion US $) in 2014 to 16.8 billion AED (4.6 billion US $) in 2017. Concurrently, the OOP share in total health spending in Dubai fell from 25% in 2014 to 13% in 2017. From 2014 to 2018, there were increases in the utilization of inpatient, outpatient and discretionary services for all groups except non-nationals living in camps. In 2018, nationals spent a total of 1064.65 AED, non-nationals in households spent 675.01 AED, collective households spent 82.35 AED, and labor camps spent 100.32 AED out-of-pocket per capita for healthcare expenditures. During and after the implementation of ISAHD, there was a substantial growth in the OOP expenditure per capita for nationals and non-nationals in households due to increased utilization. OOP spending did not rise for the lower-income non-National households. Conclusion Dubai has been successful in reducing the household share of OOP expenditures by shifting the financial burden to government and employers. Emiratis and expatriate households increased their health service utilization after ISAHD but blue-collar workers did not. Remaining non-financial barriers to care for Dubai’s blue-collar workers must be identified and addressed.
Keywords	System of health accounts ; UHC ; Healthcare utilization ; Socioeconomic equity ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Correction

Olufemi Babalola / Abdur Razzaque / David Bishai

PLoS ONE, Vol 14, Iss 5, p e

Temperature extremes and infant mortality in Bangladesh: Hotter months, lower mortality.

2019 Volume 0216570

Abstract: This corrects the article DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0189252.]. ...

Abstract	[This corrects the article DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0189252.].
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Not just money

David Bishai / Krishna D Rao / Shivani Kachwaha / Avril Kaplan

BMJ Global Health, Vol 5, Iss

what mothers value in conditional cash transfer programs in India

2020 Volume 10

Abstract: Introduction Conditional cash transfers (CCTs) have become an important policy tool for increasing demand for key maternal and child health services in low/middle-income countries. Yet, these programs have had variable success in increasing service use. ... ...

Abstract	Introduction Conditional cash transfers (CCTs) have become an important policy tool for increasing demand for key maternal and child health services in low/middle-income countries. Yet, these programs have had variable success in increasing service use. Understanding beneficiary preferences for design features of CCTs can increase program effectiveness.Methods We conducted a Discrete choice experiment in two districts of Uttar Pradesh, India in 2018 with 405 mothers with young children (<3 years). Respondents were asked to choose between hypothetical CCT programme profiles described in terms of five attribute levels (cash, antenatal care visits, growth-monitoring and immunisation visits, visit duration and health benefit received) and responses were analysed using mixed logit regression.Results Mothers most valued the cash transfer amount, followed by the health benefit received from services. Mothers did not have a strong preference for conditionalities related to the number of health centre visits or for time spent seeking care; however, service delivery points were in close proximity to households. Mothers were willing to accept lower cash rewards for better perceived health benefits—they were willing to accept 2854 Indian rupees ($41) less for a programme that produced good health, which is about half the amount currently offered by India’s Maternal Benefits Program. Mothers who had low utilisation of health services, and those from poor households, valued the cash transfer and the health benefit significantly more than others.Conclusion Both cash transfers and the perceived health benefit from services are highly valued, particularly by infrequent service users. In CCTs, this highlights the importance of communicating value of services to beneficiaries by informing about health benefits of services and providing quality care. Conditionalities requiring frequent health centre visits or time taken for seeking care may not have large negative effects on CCT participation in contexts of good service coverage.
Keywords	Medicine (General) ; R5-920 ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMJ Publishing Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The Role of Public Health Expenditures in COVID-19 control

Arnab Acharya / Carrie Wolfson / Sasmira Matta / Carolina Cardona / Sneha Lamba / David Bishai

SSM: Population Health, Vol 15, Iss , Pp 100861- (2021)

Evidence from Local Governments in England

2021

Abstract: For over 150 years the local health departments of England have been critical in controlling 19th and 20th century infectious epidemics. However, recent administrative changes have hollowed out their flexibility to serve communities. We use ... ...

Abstract	For over 150 years the local health departments of England have been critical in controlling 19th and 20th century infectious epidemics. However, recent administrative changes have hollowed out their flexibility to serve communities. We use administrative data on past budgetary allocations per capita to public health departments at upper tier local areas (UTLAs) of England to examine whether public health funding levels were correlated with more rapid control of the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic between March and July of 2020. The dependent variable was the number of days between a UTLA's 10th case of COVID-19 and the day when new cases per 100,000 peaked and began to decline. Our models controlled for regional socio-economic factors. We found no correlation between local public health expenditure and the speed of control of COVID-19. However, overall public expenditure allocated to improve local areas helped reduce time to reach peak. Contrary to expectation, more dense areas such as London experienced shorter duration. Higher income areas had more rapid success in accelerating the time of the first peak in the first wave of their local COVID-19 incidence. We contribute to understanding the impact of how public expenditure and socio-economic factors affect an epidemic.
Keywords	COVID 19 incidences in local areas in england ; Days to reach peak infection incidence ; Determinants of duration to reach peak ; Governance and socio-economic factors ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	941
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Temperature extremes and infant mortality in Bangladesh

Olufemi Babalola / Abdur Razzaque / David Bishai

PLoS ONE, Vol 13, Iss 1, p e

Hotter months, lower mortality.

2018 Volume 0189252

Abstract: BACKGROUND:Our study aims to obtain estimates of the size effects of temperature extremes on infant mortality in Bangladesh using monthly time series data. METHODS:Data on temperature, child and infant mortality were obtained for Matlab district of rural ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND:Our study aims to obtain estimates of the size effects of temperature extremes on infant mortality in Bangladesh using monthly time series data. METHODS:Data on temperature, child and infant mortality were obtained for Matlab district of rural Bangladesh for January 1982 to December 2008 encompassing 49,426 infant deaths. To investigate the relationship between mortality and temperature, we adopted a regression with Autoregressive Integrated Moving Average (ARIMA) errors model of seasonally adjusted temperature and mortality data. The relationship between monthly mean and maximum temperature on infant mortality was tested at 0 and 1 month lags respectively. Furthermore, our analysis was stratified to determine if the results differed by gender (boys versus girls) and by age (neonates (≤ 30 days) versus post neonates (>30days and <153days)). Dickey Fuller tests were performed to test for stationarity, and since the time series were non-stationary, we conducted the regression analysis based on the first differences of mortality and temperature. RESULTS:Hotter months were associated with lower infant mortality in Bangladesh. Each degree Celsius increase in mean monthly temperature reduced monthly mortality by 3.672 (SE 1.544, p<0.05) points. A one degree increase in mean monthly temperature one month prior reduced mortality by 0.767 (SE 0.439, p<0.1) for boys and by -0.0764 (SE 0.366, NS) for girls. Beneficial effects of maximum monthly temperature were on the order of 0.623 to -0.712 and statistically significant for girls and boys respectively. Effect sizes of mean monthly temperature were larger for neonates at 1.126 (SE 0.499, p<0.05) than for post-neonates at 0.880 (SE 0.310, p<0.05) reductions in mortality per degree. CONCLUSION:There is no evidence that infant survival is adversely affected by monthly temperature extremes in Bangladesh. This may reflect a more heightened sensitivity of infants to hypothermia than hyperthermia in this environment.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	310
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Willingness-to-pay for long-lasting insecticide-treated bed nets

Y. Natalia Alfonso / Matthew Lynch / Elorm Mensah / Danielle Piccinini / David Bishai

Malaria Journal, Vol 19, Iss 1, Pp 1-

a discrete choice experiment with real payment in Ghana

2020 Volume 13

Abstract: Abstract Background Expanding access to long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) is difficult if one is limited to government and donor financial resources. Private commercial markets could play a larger role in the continuous distribution of LLINs by ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Expanding access to long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs) is difficult if one is limited to government and donor financial resources. Private commercial markets could play a larger role in the continuous distribution of LLINs by offering differentiated LLINs to middle-class Ghanaians. This population segment has disposable income and may be willing to pay for LLINs that meet their preferences. Measuring the willingness-to-pay (WTP) for LLINs with specialty features that appeal to middle-class Ghanaians could help malaria control programmes understand what is the potential for private markets to work alongside fully subsidized LLIN distribution channels to assist in spreading this commodity. Methods This study conducted a discrete choice experiment (DCE) including a real payment choice among a representative sample of 628 middle-income households living in Ashanti, Greater Accra, and Western regions in Ghana. The DCE presented 18 paired combinations of LLIN features and various prices. Respondents indicated which LLIN of each pair they preferred and whether they would purchase it. To validate stated willingness-to-pay, each participant was given a cash payment of $14.30 (GHS 65) that they could either keep or immediately spend on one of the LLIN products. Results The households’ average probability of purchasing a LLIN with specialty features was 43.8% (S.D. 0.07) and WTP was $7.48 (GHS34.0). The preferred LLIN features were conical or rectangular one-point-hang shape, queen size, and zipper entry. The average WTP for a LLIN with all the preferred features was $18.48 (GHS 84). In a scenario with the private LLIN market, the public sector outlay could be reduced by 39% and private LLIN sales would generate $8.1 million ($311 per every 100 households) in revenue in the study area that would support jobs for Ghanaian retailers, distributors, and importers of LLINs. Conclusion Results support a scenario in which commercial markets for LLINs could play a significant role in improving access to ...
Keywords	Malaria ; Long-lasting insecticide nets ; Commercial private markets ; Discrete choice experiment ; Willingness-to-pay ; Middle-income ; Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ; RC955-962 ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216
Subject code	336
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Integrated health service delivery during COVID-19

David Bishai / Md Zabir Hasan / Shivam Gupta / Rachel Neill / Priyanka Das / Vasuki Venugopal / Nishant Jain / Dinesh Arora

BMJ Global Health, Vol 6, Iss

a scoping review of published evidence from low-income and lower-middle-income countries

2021 Volume 6

Abstract: Background Integrated health service delivery (IHSD) is a promising approach to improve health system resilience. However, there is a lack of evidence specific to the low/lower-middle-income country (L-LMIC) health systems on how IHSD is used during ... ...

Abstract	Background Integrated health service delivery (IHSD) is a promising approach to improve health system resilience. However, there is a lack of evidence specific to the low/lower-middle-income country (L-LMIC) health systems on how IHSD is used during disease outbreaks. This scoping review aimed to synthesise the emerging evidence on IHSD approaches adopted in L-LMIC during the COVID-19 pandemic and systematically collate their operational features.Methods A systematic scoping review of peer-reviewed literature, published in English between 1 December 2019 and 12 June 2020, from seven electronic databases was conducted to explore the evidence of IHSD implemented in L-LMICs during the COVID-19 pandemic. Data were systematically charted, and key features of IHSD systems were presented according to the postulated research questions of the review.Results The literature search retrieved 1487 published articles from which 18 articles met the inclusion criteria and included in this review. Service delivery, health workforce, medicine and technologies were the three most frequently integrated health system building blocks during the COVID-19 pandemic. While responding to COVID-19, the L-LMICs principally implemented the IHSD system via systematic horizontal integration, led by specific policy measures. The government’s stewardship, along with the decentralised decision-making capacity of local institutions and multisectoral collaboration, was the critical facilitator for IHSD. Simultaneously, fragmented service delivery structures, fragile supply chain, inadequate diagnostic capacity and insufficient workforce were key barriers towards integration.Conclusion A wide array of context-specific IHSD approaches were operationalised in L-LMICs during the early phase of the COVID-19 pandemic. Emerging recommendations emphasise the importance of coordination and integration across building blocks and levels of the health system, supported by a responsive governance structure and stakeholder engagement strategies. Future reviews can revisit this emerging evidence base at subsequent phases of COVID-19 response and recovery in L-LMICs to understand how the approaches highlighted here evolve.
Keywords	Medicine (General) ; R5-920 ; Infectious and parasitic diseases ; RC109-216
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMJ Publishing Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: County health outcomes linkage to county spending on social services, building infrastructure, and law and order

Carolina Cardona / Neha Sahai Anand / Y. Natalia Alfonso / Jonathon P. Leider / J. Mac McCullough / Beth Resnick / David Bishai

SSM: Population Health, Vol 16, Iss , Pp 100930- (2021)

2021

Abstract: Will counties that reallocate money from law enforcement to social services improve subsequent markers of population wellbeing? In this study, we measure the association between county government spending across multiple sectors and Life Expectancy at ... ...

Abstract	Will counties that reallocate money from law enforcement to social services improve subsequent markers of population wellbeing? In this study, we measure the association between county government spending across multiple sectors and Life Expectancy at Birth (LEB) in the U.S. using data from the U.S. Census Bureau. We constructed a Structural Equation Model to determine whether social expenditure, building infrastructure, and spending on law and order were positively or negatively associated with LEB three-years after initial spending. The analysis compared data between 2002-05 and 2007-10 and was stratified for urban and rural counties. In rural counties, a one-standard-deviation increase in social spending increased subsequent LEB by 0.58 (SE 0.16) and 0.36 (SE 0.16) years in 2005 and 2010, respectively. In urban counties, a one-standard-deviation increase in building infrastructure spending increased subsequent LEB by 1.14 (SE 0.51) and 1.05 (SE 0.49) years in 2005 and 2010, respectively. In 2002, a one-standard-deviation increase in law and order spending significantly decreased subsequent life expectancy, 2.2 (SE 1.27) and 0.46 (SE 0.13) years in urban and rural counties, respectively. Similarly, investments in building infrastructure for urban counties and social services for rural counties were associated with subsequently higher life expectancy three years later after initial investments.
Keywords	Econometrics ; Financial analysis ; Health economics ; LISREL ; Social determinants of health ; State health policies ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	336 ; 360
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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