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  1. Article ; Online: Use case for predictive physiological models

    Adam W. Potter / David P. Looney / Karl E. Friedl

    International Journal of Circumpolar Health, Vol 82, Iss

    tactical insights about frozen Russian soldiers in Ukraine

    2023  Volume 1

    Abstract: ABSTRACTBiomathematical models quantitatively describe human physiological responses to environmental and operational stressors and have been used for planning and real-time prevention of cold injury. These same models can be applied from a military ... ...

    Abstract ABSTRACTBiomathematical models quantitatively describe human physiological responses to environmental and operational stressors and have been used for planning and real-time prevention of cold injury. These same models can be applied from a military tactical perspective to gain valuable insights into the health status of opponent soldiers. This paper describes a use case for predicting physiological status of Russian soldiers invading Ukraine using open-source information. In March 2022, media outlets reported Russian soldiers in a stalled convoy invading Ukraine were at serious risk of hypothermia and predicted these soldiers would be “freezing to death” within days because of declining temperatures (down to −20°C). Using existing Army models, clothing data and open-source intelligence, modelling and analyses were conducted within hours to quantitatively assess the conditions and provide science-based predictions. These predictions projected a significant increase in risks of frostbite for exposed skin and toes and feet, with a very low (negligible) risk of hypothermia. Several days later, media outlets confirmed these predictions, reporting a steep rise in evacuations for foot frostbite injuries in these Russian forces. This demonstrated what can be done today with the existing mathematical physiology and how models traditionally focused on health risk can be used for tactical intelligence.
    Keywords biophysics ; modelling ; thermophysiology ; hypothermia ; frostbite ; military operations ; Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ; RC955-962
    Subject code 006
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Taylor & Francis Group
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article: Estimation of metabolic energy expenditure from core temperature using a human thermoregulatory model

    Welles, Alexander P / Mark J. Buller / David P. Looney / William V. Rumpler / Andrei V. Gribok / Reed W. Hoyt

    Journal of thermal biology. 2018 Feb., v. 72

    2018  

    Abstract: Human metabolic energy expenditure is critical to many scientific disciplines but can only be measured using expensive and/or restrictive equipment. The aim of this work is to determine whether the SCENARIO thermoregulatory model can be adapted to ... ...

    Abstract Human metabolic energy expenditure is critical to many scientific disciplines but can only be measured using expensive and/or restrictive equipment. The aim of this work is to determine whether the SCENARIO thermoregulatory model can be adapted to estimate metabolic rate (M) from core body temperature (TC). To validate this method of M estimation, data were collected from fifteen test volunteers (age = 23 ± 3yr, height = 1.73 ± 0.07m, mass = 68.6 ± 8.7kg, body fat = 16.7 ± 7.3%; mean ± SD) who wore long sleeved nylon jackets and pants (Itot,clo = 1.22, Im = 0.41) during treadmill exercise tasks (32 trials; 7.8 ± 0.5km in 1h; air temp. = 22°C, 50% RH, wind speed = 0.35ms-1). Core body temperatures were recorded by ingested thermometer pill and M data were measured via whole room indirect calorimetry. Metabolic rate was estimated for 5min epochs in a two-step process. First, for a given epoch, a range of M values were input to the SCENARIO model and a corresponding range of TC values were output. Second, the output TC range value with the lowest absolute error relative to the observed TC for the given epoch was identified and its corresponding M range input was selected as the estimated M for that epoch. This process was then repeated for each subsequent remaining epoch. Root mean square error (RMSE), mean absolute error (MAE), and bias between observed and estimated M were 186W, 130 ± 174W, and 33 ± 183W, respectively. The RMSE for total energy expenditure by exercise period was 0.30 MJ. These results indicate that the SCENARIO model is useful for estimating M from TC when measurement is otherwise impractical.
    Keywords air ; body temperature ; calorimetry ; energy expenditure ; exercise ; humans ; metabolism ; models ; nylon ; thermometers ; wind speed
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2018-02
    Size p. 44-52.
    Publishing place Elsevier Ltd
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 1498364-3
    ISSN 1879-0992 ; 0306-4565
    ISSN (online) 1879-0992
    ISSN 0306-4565
    DOI 10.1016/j.jtherbio.2017.12.007
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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  3. Article ; Online: Validation of new method for predicting human skin temperatures during cold exposure

    Adam W. Potter / David P. Looney / William R. Santee / Julio A. Gonzalez / Alexander P. Welles / Shankar Srinivasan / Michael P. Castellani / Timothy P. Rioux / Eric O. Hansen / Xiaojiang Xu

    Informatics in Medicine Unlocked, Vol 18, Iss , Pp - (2020)

    The Cold Weather Ensemble Decision Aid (CoWEDA)

    2020  

    Abstract: Purpose: The accuracy of the US Army's Cold Weather Ensemble Decision Aid (CoWEDA) was assessed for the prediction of human skin temperatures while exposed to cold environmental conditions. Methods: Data from four laboratory cold exposure studies were ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: The accuracy of the US Army's Cold Weather Ensemble Decision Aid (CoWEDA) was assessed for the prediction of human skin temperatures while exposed to cold environmental conditions. Methods: Data from four laboratory cold exposure studies were combined to examine skin temperature responses based on environment, clothing, and activities. This combined dataset included a total of 23 volunteers exposed to cold conditions between −40 and 0 °C during rest and moderate treadmill walking. Observed measures of mean skin temperature and regional skin temperatures were compared to modeled predictions, where predictive accuracy and precision were evaluated by the bias, mean absolute error (MAE), and root mean square error (RMSE). Results: Skin temperature predictions were within an acceptable range of accuracy when compared to observed values (bias, −0.71 ± 2.21 °C; MAE, 1.85 ± 1.75 °C; and RMSE, 2.28 ± 1.54 °C) across all conditions. An acceptable level of predictive accuracy was also observed for finger (bias, −0.98 ± 2.50 °C; MAE, 2.68 ± 2.09 °C; RMSE, 2.68 ± 1.71 °C) and mean skin temperatures (bias, −0.03 ± 1.25 °C; MAE, 1.06 ± 0.65 °C; RMSE, 1.25 ± 0.68 °C). Conclusion: The CoWEDA acceptably predicts skin temperatures while at rest and exercise during cold exposure in controlled laboratory conditions. Keywords: Skin temperature, Clothing, Thermoregulation, Physiology, Biophysics
    Keywords Computer applications to medicine. Medical informatics ; R858-859.7
    Subject code 571
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Elsevier
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article: The Effects of Soy and Whey Protein Supplementation on Acute Hormonal Responses to Resistance Exercise in Men

    Kraemer, William J / Brett A. Comstock / Brian R. Kupchak / Brittanie M. Volk / Carl M. Maresh / Courtenay Dunn-Lewis / David P. Looney / David R. Hooper / Glenn Solomon-Hill / Jeff S. Volek / Shawn D. Flanagan / Tunde K. Szivak

    Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2013 Feb. 1, v. 32, no. 1

    2013  

    Abstract: Objective: For many resistance-trained men concerns exist regarding the production of estrogen with the consumption of soy protein when training for muscle strength and size. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of soy and ... ...

    Abstract Objective: For many resistance-trained men concerns exist regarding the production of estrogen with the consumption of soy protein when training for muscle strength and size. Thus, the purpose of this investigation was to examine the effects of soy and whey protein supplementation on sex hormones following an acute bout of heavy resistance exercise in resistance trained men. Methods: Ten resistance-trained men (age 21.7 ± 2.8 [SD] years; height 175.0 ± 5.4 cm; weight 84.2 ± 9.1 kg) volunteered to participate in an investigation. Utilizing a within subject randomized crossover balanced placebo design, all subjects completed 3 experimental treatment conditions supplementing with whey protein isolate (WPI), soy protein isolate (SPI), and maltodextrin placebo control for 14 days with participants ingesting 20 g of their assigned supplement each morning at approximately the same time each day. Following supplementation, subjects performed an acute heavy resistance exercise test consisting of 6 sets of 10 repetitions in the squat exercise at 80% of the subject's one repetition maximum. Results: This investigation observed lower testosterone responses following supplementation with soy protein in addition to a positive blunted cortisol response with the use of whey protein at some recovery time points. Although sex hormone binding globulin (SHBG) was proposed as a possible mechanism for understanding changes in androgen content, SHBG did not differ between experimental treatments. Importantly, there were no significant differences between groups in changes in estradiol concentrations. Conclusion: Our main findings demonstrate that 14 days of supplementation with soy protein does appear to partially blunt serum testosterone. In addition, whey influences the response of cortisol following an acute bout of resistance exercise by blunting its increase during recovery. Protein supplementation alters the physiological responses to a commonly used exercise modality with some differences due to the type of protein utilized.
    Keywords blood serum ; cortisol ; estradiol ; exercise test ; maltodextrins ; men ; muscle strength ; physiological response ; placebos ; protein supplements ; sex hormone-binding globulin ; soy protein isolate ; strength training ; testosterone ; whey ; whey protein isolate
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2013-0201
    Size p. 66-74.
    Publishing place Taylor & Francis Group
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 603204-7
    ISSN 1541-1087 ; 0731-5724
    ISSN (online) 1541-1087
    ISSN 0731-5724
    DOI 10.1080/07315724.2013.770648
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  5. Article: The Effects of Nitrate-Rich Supplementation on Neuromuscular Efficiency during Heavy Resistance Exercise

    Flanagan, Shawn D / Adam J. Sterczala / Brent C. Creighton / Carl M. Maresh / David P. Looney / David R. Hooper / Jeff S. Volek / Lindsay A. Ellis / Luke Pryor / Mark J. S. Miller / Tunde K. Szivak / William H. DuPont / William J. Kraemer

    Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2016 Feb. 17, v. 35, no. 2

    2016  

    Abstract: Objective: Nitrate-rich (NR) supplements can enhance exercise performance by improving neuromuscular function and the aerobic cost of exercise. However, little is known about the effects of nitrate on dynamic, multijoint resistance exercise. Methods: ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Nitrate-rich (NR) supplements can enhance exercise performance by improving neuromuscular function and the aerobic cost of exercise. However, little is known about the effects of nitrate on dynamic, multijoint resistance exercise. Methods: Fourteen resistance-trained men (age, 21.1 ± 0.9 years; height, 173.2 ± 2.9 cm: body mass, 77.6 ± 4.3 kg; squat one-repetition maximum [1RM], 127.5 ± 18.8 kg) participated in a randomized, double-blind, crossover experiment. Subjects consumed an NR or nitrate-poor (NP) supplement for 3 days, performed a bout of heavy resistance exercise, completed a washout, and then repeated the procedures with the remaining supplement. Before, during, and after exercise, individual and gross motor unit efficiency was assessed during isometric and dynamic muscle contractions. In addition, we compared physical performance, heart rate, lactate, and oxygen consumption (VO ₂). Results: Nitrate-rich supplementation resulted in lower initial muscle firing rates at rest and lower mean and maximum firing rates over the course of fatiguing exercise. Nitrate-poor supplementation was accompanied by increased mean and maximum firing rates by the end of exercise and lower initial firing rates. In addition, NR supplementation resulted in higher mean peak electromyography (EMG) amplitudes. Heart rate, lactate, and physical performance did not differ by treatment, but oxygen consumption increased more frequently when the NP supplement was consumed. Conclusion: Supplementation with an NR beetroot extract–based supplement provided neuromuscular advantages during metabolically taxing resistance exercise.
    Keywords beets ; electromyography ; heart rate ; lactic acid ; men ; muscles ; nitrates ; oxygen consumption ; strength training ; taxes
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2016-0217
    Size p. 100-107.
    Publishing place Routledge
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 603204-7
    ISSN 1541-1087 ; 0731-5724
    ISSN (online) 1541-1087
    ISSN 0731-5724
    DOI 10.1080/07315724.2015.1081572
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  6. Article: The Addition of Beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate and Isomaltulose to Whey Protein Improves Recovery from Highly Demanding Resistance Exercise

    Kraemer, William J / Adam J. Sterczala / Brett A. Comstock / Brian R. Kupchak / Carl M. Maresh / Courtenay Dunn-Lewis / Danielle McDermott / David P. Looney / David R. Hooper / Hiu-Ying Luk / J. Luke Pryor / Jeff S. Volek / Jesse Maladoungdock / Shawn D. Flanagan / Tunde K. Szivak / William H. DuPont

    Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2015 Mar. 4, v. 34, no. 2

    2015  

    Abstract: Objective: This study evaluated whether a combination of whey protein (WP), calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), and carbohydrate exert additive effects on recovery from highly demanding resistance exercise. Methods: Thirteen resistance- ... ...

    Abstract Objective: This study evaluated whether a combination of whey protein (WP), calcium beta-hydroxy-beta-methylbutyrate (HMB), and carbohydrate exert additive effects on recovery from highly demanding resistance exercise. Methods: Thirteen resistance-trained men (age: 22.6 ± 3.9 years; height: 175.3 ± 12.2 cm; weight: 86.2 ± 9.8 kg) completed a double-blinded, counterbalanced, within-group study. Subjects ingested EAS Recovery Protein (RP; EAS Sports Nutrition/Abbott Laboratories, Columbus, OH) or WP twice daily for 2 weeks prior to, during, and for 2 days following 3 consecutive days of intense resistance exercise. The workout sequence included heavy resistance exercise (day 1) and metabolic resistance exercise (days 2 and 3). The subjects performed no physical activity during day 4 (+24 hours) and day 5 (+48 hours), where recovery testing was performed. Before, during, and following the 3 workouts, treatment outcomes were evaluated using blood-based muscle damage markers and hormones, perceptual measures of muscle soreness, and countermovement jump performance. Results: Creatine kinase was lower for the RP treatment on day 2 (RP: 166.9 ± 56.4 vs WP: 307.1 ± 125.2 IU · L ⁻¹, p ≤ 0.05), day 4 (RP: 232.5 ± 67.4 vs WP: 432.6 ± 223.3 IU · L ⁻¹, p ≤ 0.05), and day 5 (RP: 176.1 ± 38.7 vs 264.5 ± 120.9 IU · L ⁻¹, p ≤ 0.05). Interleukin-6 was lower for the RP treatment on day 4 (RP: 1.2 ± 0.2 vs WP: 1.6 ± 0.6 pg · ml ⁻¹, p ≤ 0.05) and day 5 (RP: 1.1 ± 0.2 vs WP: 1.6 ± 0.4 pg · ml ⁻¹, p ≤ 0.05). Muscle soreness was lower for RP treatment on day 4 (RP: 2.0 ± 0.7 vs WP: 2.8 ± 1.1 cm, p ≤ 0.05). Vertical jump power was higher for the RP treatment on day 4 (RP: 5983.2 ± 624 vs WP 5303.9 ± 641.7 W, p ≤ 0.05) and day 5 (RP: 5792.5 ± 595.4 vs WP: 5200.4 ± 501 W, p ≤ 0.05). Conclusions: Our findings suggest that during times of intense conditioning, the recovery benefits of WP are enhanced with the addition of HMB and a slow-release carbohydrate. We observed reductions in markers of muscle damage and improved athletic performance.
    Keywords additive effect ; athletic performance ; calcium ; creatine kinase ; hormones ; interleukin-6 ; isomaltulose ; men ; muscles ; sports nutrition ; strength training ; whey protein
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2015-0304
    Size p. 91-99.
    Publishing place Routledge
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 603204-7
    ISSN 1541-1087 ; 0731-5724
    ISSN (online) 1541-1087
    ISSN 0731-5724
    DOI 10.1080/07315724.2014.938790
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  7. Article: The effects of exercise training programs on plasma concentrations of proenkephalin Peptide F and catecholamines

    Kraemer, William J / David P. Looney / David R. Hooper / Jill A. Bush / John F. Patton / Joseph E. Dziados / Louis J. Marchitelli / Maren S. Fragala / N. Travis Triplett / Scott E. Gordon / Shawn D. Flanagan / Tunde K. Szivak / William H. DuPont

    Peptides. 2015 Feb., v. 64

    2015  

    Abstract: To determine if exercise training alters the pattern and magnitude of plasma concentrations of proenkephalin Peptide F and epinephrine, plasma proenkephalin [107–140] Peptide Fir and catecholamines were examined pre-training (T-1), and after 4- (T-2), 8- ...

    Abstract To determine if exercise training alters the pattern and magnitude of plasma concentrations of proenkephalin Peptide F and epinephrine, plasma proenkephalin [107–140] Peptide Fir and catecholamines were examined pre-training (T-1), and after 4- (T-2), 8- (T-3), and 12-weeks (T-4) of training. 26 healthy men were matched and randomly assigned to one of three groups: heavy resistance strength training (Strength, n=9), high intensity endurance training (Endurance, n=8), or both training modalities combined (Combined, n=9). Blood was collected using a syringe with a cannula inserted into a superficial arm vein with samples collected at rest, after each 7min stage and 5 and 15min into recovery. With training, all groups observed shifted plasma Peptide F responses to graded exercise, where significant increases were observed at lower exercise intensities. Increases in plasma epinephrine with exercise were observed in all groups. The Combined group saw increases at 25% at T-3 and for 50% at T-2, T-3, and T-4 which was higher than T-1. The Endurance group demonstrated increases for 50% at T-1, T-2, T-3 but not at T-4. The plasma epinephrine response to graded exercise was reduced in the Strength group. Increases in plasma norepinephrine above rest were observed starting at 50% ▪. The Strength group demonstrated a significant reduction in norepinephrine observed at 100% at T-3 and T-4. Peptide F and catecholamines responses to graded exercise can be altered by different types of physical exercise training. Simultaneous high intensity training may produce adrenal medulla exhaustion when compared to single mode training.
    Keywords adrenal medulla ; blood ; education programs ; epinephrine ; men ; norepinephrine ; strength training
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2015-02
    Size p. 74-81.
    Publishing place Elsevier Inc.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 769028-9
    ISSN 1873-5169 ; 0196-9781
    ISSN (online) 1873-5169
    ISSN 0196-9781
    DOI 10.1016/j.peptides.2015.01.001
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  8. Article: Influence of HMB Supplementation and Resistance Training on Cytokine Responses to Resistance Exercise

    Kraemer, William J / Brett A. Comstock / Carl M. Maresh / Courtenay Dunn-Lewis / Cristina Cortis / David P. Looney / David R. Hooper / Disa L. Hatfield / Elaine C. Lee / Jacob M. Wilson / Jeff S. Volek / Keijo Häkkinen / Maren S. Fragala / Mark T. White / Patrick M. Davitt / Robert U. Newton / Shawn D. Flanagan / Tunde K. Szivak

    Journal of the American College of Nutrition. 2014 July 4, v. 33, no. 4

    2014  

    Abstract: Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a multinutritional supplement including amino acids, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), and carbohydrates on cytokine responses to resistance exercise and training. Methods: Seventeen ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of a multinutritional supplement including amino acids, β-hydroxy-β-methylbutyrate (HMB), and carbohydrates on cytokine responses to resistance exercise and training. Methods: Seventeen healthy, college-aged men were randomly assigned to a Muscle Armor™ (MA; Abbott Nutrition, Columbus, OH) or placebo supplement group and 12 weeks of resistance training. An acute resistance exercise protocol was administered at 0, 6, and 12 weeks of training. Venous blood samples at pre-, immediately post-, and 30-minutes postexercise were analyzed via bead multiplex immunoassay for 17 cytokines. Results: After 12 weeks of training, the MA group exhibited decreased interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and interleukin (IL)-10. IL-1β differed by group at various times. Granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF), IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-12p70, IL-13, IL-17, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1), and macrophage inflammatory protein-1 beta (MIP-1β) changed over the 12-week training period but did not differ by group. Conclusions: Twelve weeks of resistance training alters the cytokine response to acute resistance exercise, and supplementation with HMB and amino acids appears to further augment this result.
    Keywords amino acids ; blood sampling ; carbohydrates ; chemokine CCL2 ; chemokine CCL4 ; granulocyte colony-stimulating factor ; granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor ; immunoassays ; interferon-gamma ; interleukin-12 ; interleukin-13 ; interleukin-17 ; interleukin-1beta ; interleukin-6 ; interleukin-7 ; interleukin-8 ; men ; muscles ; nutrition ; placebos ; strength training
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2014-0704
    Size p. 247-255.
    Publishing place Routledge
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 603204-7
    ISSN 1541-1087 ; 0731-5724
    ISSN (online) 1541-1087
    ISSN 0731-5724
    DOI 10.1080/07315724.2014.911669
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