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Article ; Online: Testing the protein-leverage hypothesis using population surveillance data

Alistair M. Senior / David Raubenheimer / Stephen J. Simpson

Royal Society Open Science, Vol 9, Iss

2022 Volume 9

Abstract: It is hypothesized that humans exhibit ‘protein leverage’ (PL), whereby regulation of absolute protein intake results in the over-consumption of non-protein food on low percentage protein diets. Testing for PL using dietary surveillance data involves ... ...

Abstract	It is hypothesized that humans exhibit ‘protein leverage’ (PL), whereby regulation of absolute protein intake results in the over-consumption of non-protein food on low percentage protein diets. Testing for PL using dietary surveillance data involves seeking evidence for a negative association between total energy intake and percentage energy from protein. However, it is unclear whether such an association might emerge without PL due to the structure of intake data (protein and non-protein intakes have different means and variances and covary). We derive a set of models that describe the association between the expected estimate of PL and the distributions of protein and non-protein intake. Models were validated via simulation. Patterns consistent with PL will not emerge simply because protein intake has a lower mean and/or variance than non-protein. Rather, evidence of PL is observed where protein has a lower index of dispersion (variance/mean) than non-protein intake. Reciprocally, the stronger PL is the lower the index of dispersion for protein intake becomes. Disentangling causality is ultimately beyond the power of observational data alone. However, we show that one can correct for confounders (e.g. age) in generating signals of PL, and describe independent measures that can anchor inferences around the role of PL.
Keywords	appetite ; cohort ; dietary recall ; food frequency ; energy ; obesity ; Science ; Q
Subject code	612
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	The Royal Society
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Integrating Biologging and Behavioral State Modeling to Identify Cryptic Behaviors and Post-capture Recovery Processes

Richard Grainger / David Raubenheimer / Victor M. Peddemors / Paul A. Butcher / Gabriel E. Machovsky-Capuska

Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol

New Insights From a Threatened Marine Apex Predator

2022 Volume 8

Abstract: Multisensor biologging provides a powerful tool for ecological research, enabling fine-scale observation of animals to directly link physiology and movement to behavior across ecological contexts. However, applied research into behavioral disturbance and ...

Abstract	Multisensor biologging provides a powerful tool for ecological research, enabling fine-scale observation of animals to directly link physiology and movement to behavior across ecological contexts. However, applied research into behavioral disturbance and recovery following human interventions (e.g., capture and translocation) has mostly relied on coarse location-based tracking or unidimensional approaches (e.g., dive profiles and activity/energetic metrics) that may not resolve behaviors and recovery processes. Biologging can improve insights into both disturbed and natural behavior, which is critical for management and conservation initiatives, although challenges remain in objectively identifying distinct behavioral modes from complex multisensor datasets. Using white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias) released from a non-lethal catch-and-release shark bite mitigation program, we explored how combining multisensor biologging (video, depth, accelerometers, gyroscopes, and magnetometers), track reconstruction and behavioral state modeling using hidden Markov models (HMMs) can improve our understanding of behavioral processes and recovery. Biologging tags were deployed on eight white sharks, recording their continuous behaviors, movements, and environmental context (habitat, interactions with other organisms/objects) for periods of 10–87 h post-release. Dive profiles and tailbeat analysis (as a standard, activity-based method for assessing recovery) indicated an immediate “disturbed” period of offshore movement, displaying rapid tailbeats and an average tailbeat-derived recovery period of 9.7 h, with evidence of smaller individuals having longer recoveries. However, further integrating magnetometer-derived headings, track reconstruction and HMM modeling revealed a cryptic shift to diurnal clockwise-counterclockwise circling behavior, which we argue represents compelling new evidence for hypothesized unihemispheric sleep amongst elasmobranchs. By simultaneously providing critical information toward ...
Keywords	Carcharodon carcharias ; dead reckoning ; hidden Markov model ; multisensor biologging ; post-release behavior ; shark behavior ; Science ; Q ; General. Including nature conservation ; geographical distribution ; QH1-199.5
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Nutritional, environmental and economic impacts of ultra-processed food consumption in Australia

Navoda Nirmani Liyanapathirana / Amanda Grech / Mengyu Li / Arunima Malik / Rosilene Ribeiro / Timur Burykin / Manfred Lenzen / David Raubenheimer

Public Health Nutrition, Vol 26, Pp 3359-

2023 Volume 3369

Abstract: Abstract Objective: To quantify the full life cycle impacts of ultra-processed foods (UPF) for key environmental, economic and nutritional indicators to identify trade-offs between UPF contribution to broad-scope sustainability. Design: Using 24-h ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Objective: To quantify the full life cycle impacts of ultra-processed foods (UPF) for key environmental, economic and nutritional indicators to identify trade-offs between UPF contribution to broad-scope sustainability. Design: Using 24-h dietary recalls along with an input–output database for the Australian economy, dietary environmental and economic impacts were quantified in this national representative cross-sectional analysis. Food items were classified into non-UPF and UPF using the NOVA system, and dietary energy contribution from non-UPF and UPF fractions in diets was estimated. Thereafter, associations between nutritional, environmental and economic impacts of non-UPF and UPF fractions of diets were examined using a multi-dimensional nutritional geometry representation. Setting: National Nutrition and Physical Activity Survey 2011–2012 of Australia. Participants: Respondents (n 5344) aged > 18 years with 1 d of 24-h dietary recall data excluding respondents with missing values and outlier data points and under reporters. Results: Australian diets rich in UPF were associated with reduced nutritional quality, high greenhouse gas emissions, energy use, and increased employment and income associated with the food supply chains. The environmental and economic impacts associated with the UPF portion of diets become more distinct when the diets are standardised to average protein recommendation. Conclusion: Increased consumption of UPF has socio-economic benefits, but this comes with adverse effects on the environment and public health. Consideration of such trade-offs is important in identifying policy and other mechanisms regarding UPF for establishing healthy and sustainable food systems.
Keywords	Input–output analysis ; Nutritional geometry ; Sustainability indicators ; Ultra-processed foods ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270 ; Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases ; RC620-627
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Cambridge University Press
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Associations between protein to non-protein ratio and intakes of other dietary components in a cohort aged 65–75 years

Rebecca Luong / Rosilene V Ribeiro / Vasant Hirani / Stephen J Simpson / David G Le Couteur / David Raubenheimer / Alison K Gosby

Public Health Nutrition, Vol 26, Pp 3023-

the Nutrition for Healthy Living Study

2023 Volume 3037

Abstract: Abstract Objective: Diets with a low proportion of energy from protein have shown to cause overconsumption of non-protein energy, known as Protein Leverage. Older adults are susceptible to nutritional inadequacy. The aim was to investigate associations ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Objective: Diets with a low proportion of energy from protein have shown to cause overconsumption of non-protein energy, known as Protein Leverage. Older adults are susceptible to nutritional inadequacy. The aim was to investigate associations between protein to non-protein ratio (P:NP) and intakes of dietary components and assess the nutritional adequacy of individuals aged 65–75 years from the Nutrition for Healthy Living (NHL) Study. Design: Cross-sectional. Nutritional intakes from seven-day weighed food records were compared with the Nutrient Reference Values for Australia and New Zealand, Australian Guide to Healthy Eating, Australian Dietary Guidelines and World Health Organisation Free Sugar Guidelines. Associations between P:NP and intakes of dietary components were assessed through linear regression analyses. Setting: NHL Study. Participants: 113 participants. Results: Eighty-eight (59 female and 29 male) with plausible dietary data had a median (interquartile range) age of 69 years (67–71), high education level (86 %) and sources of income apart from the age pension (81 %). Substantial proportions had intakes below recommendations for dairy and alternatives (89 %), wholegrain (89 %) and simultaneously exceeded recommendations for discretionary foods (100 %) and saturated fat (92 %). In adjusted analyses, P:NP (per 1 % increment) was associated with lower intakes of energy, saturated fat, free sugar and discretionary foods and higher intakes of vitamin B12, Zn, meat and alternatives, red meat, poultry and wholegrain % (all P < 0·05). Conclusions: Higher P:NP was associated with lower intakes of energy, saturated fat, free sugar and discretionary. Our study revealed substantial nutritional inadequacy in this group of higher socio-economic individuals aged 65–75 years.
Keywords	Macronutrient intake ; Dietary proteins ; Nutritional requirements ; Nutrients ; Aged ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270 ; Nutritional diseases. Deficiency diseases ; RC620-627
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Cambridge University Press
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Gluttony and guilt

Sean Coogan / Zhixian Sui / David Raubenheimer

Palgrave Communications, Vol 4, Iss 1, Pp 1-

monthly trends in internet search query data are comparable with national-level energy intake and dieting behavior

2018 Volume 9

Abstract: Abstract Systems for monitoring population-level diet and nutritional intake have been considered insufficient across many countries. Recently, internet search query data have been used to examine spatial and temporal patterns of public behavior to ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Systems for monitoring population-level diet and nutritional intake have been considered insufficient across many countries. Recently, internet search query data have been used to examine spatial and temporal patterns of public behavior to inform public-health campaigns, policies, and interventions. Seasonal trends in public interest in behavioral change associated with obesity have been documented using such data. However, it has not been validated whether search query data can be related to diet and nutritional intake at the population level. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether trends in search query data related to behavioral changes associated with obesity reflects population nutritional intake and dieting behavior. First, long-term (2004 to 2016) trends in Australian Google search behavior were examined for the terms “weight loss”, “diet”, and “fitness” to establish monthly patterns in relative search volume (RSV). Second, monthly total energy (kJ), macronutrient, and food intake of the Australian population, and the percentage of self-reported dieters, were quantified using data collected as part of a 2011–2012 national-level survey. The two independent data sets were then compared to ascertain similarities in trends. There were distinct patterns in RSV across months, which was significantly higher than the mean during January, and lower during December, for all search terms. The decline in RSV was not linear, however, as there were significantly lower RSVs for terms during May to July, and significantly higher from August to October. Likewise, nutritional data showed a seasonal pattern, with the energy intake of survey participants highest in December and lowest in February, and the percentage of self-reported dieters closely followed monthly patterns in RSV. The proportion of energy from protein was consistent across months examined; however, energy from lipid and carbohydrate + fiber, was variable between months. Likewise, consumption patterns of different food groups was variable across months. Our analysis suggests that search query data can be used to surveil and predict dietary behavior at the population level, which has implications for producing novel and contemporaneous health information and marketing strategies.
Keywords	Social Sciences ; H
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Palgrave Macmillan
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Applying the Behavioural Change Wheel to Encourage Higher Welfare Food Choices

Amelia Cornish / Jen Jamieson / David Raubenheimer / Paul McGreevy

Animals, Vol 9, Iss 8, p

2019 Volume 524

Abstract: Over the last several decades, positive public attitudes towards animal welfare have continued to develop. Consumers’ attitudes towards farm animal welfare indicate increasing concern about animal welfare in food production. Yet, this growing interest in ...

Abstract	Over the last several decades, positive public attitudes towards animal welfare have continued to develop. Consumers’ attitudes towards farm animal welfare indicate increasing concern about animal welfare in food production. Yet, this growing interest in the lives of farm animals does not correspond with a wholesale increase in demand for higher welfare products, providing evidence of the citizen-consumer attitude-behaviour gap (herein referred to as the attitude-behaviour gap). Minimising the attitude−behaviour gap and supporting consumers to make higher animal welfare choices may help producers to enhance the lives of farm animals. However, despite increasing awareness in this area, solutions to resolve this gap often focus on knowledge transfer and do not appear to have had a significant impact. The aim of this article is to review current knowledge around the attitude-behaviour gap, and situate it within the context of the behaviour change wheel; exploring the capabilities, opportunities, and motivations driving, as well as the barriers inhibiting consumers from making higher welfare food choices. Using this framework, the review aims to identify interventions that may boost consumer demand for higher welfare products sold at a premium price and provide suggestions for future research. Further work to increase understanding in this area is then also suggested.
Keywords	attitude-behaviour gap ; behaviour change wheel ; COM-B model ; consumer attitudes ; consumer concerns ; farm animal welfare ; food purchase decisions ; higher welfare products ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Subject code	331
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Diet Composition and Nutritional Niche Breadth Variability in Juvenile White Sharks (Carcharodon carcharias)

Richard Grainger / Victor M. Peddemors / David Raubenheimer / Gabriel E. Machovsky-Capuska

Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol

2020 Volume 7

Abstract: Establishing diets and dietary generalism in marine top predators is critical for understanding their ecological roles and responses to environmental fluctuations. Nutrition plays a key mediatory role in species-environment interactions, yet descriptions ...

Abstract	Establishing diets and dietary generalism in marine top predators is critical for understanding their ecological roles and responses to environmental fluctuations. Nutrition plays a key mediatory role in species-environment interactions, yet descriptions of marine predators’ diets are usually limited to the combinations of prey species consumed. Here we combined stomach contents analysis (n = 40), literature prey nutritional data and a multidimensional nutritional niche framework to establish the diet and niche breadths of white sharks (Carcharodon carcharias; mean ± SD precaudal length = 187.9 ± 46.4 cm, range = 123.8–369.0 cm) caught incidentally off New South Wales (NSW), Australia. Our nutritional framework also facilitated the incorporation of existing literature diet information for South African white sharks to further evaluate nutritional niches across populations and sizes. Although teleosts including pelagic eastern Australian salmon (Arripis trutta) were the predominant prey for juvenile white sharks in NSW, the diversity of benthic and reef-associated species and batoids suggests regular benthic foraging. Despite a small sample size (n = 18 and 19 males and females, respectively), there was evidence of increased batoid consumption by males relative to females, and a potential size-based increase in shark and mammal prey consumption, corroborating established ontogenetic increases in trophic level documented elsewhere for white sharks. Estimated nutritional intakes and niche breadths did not differ among sexes. Niche breadths were also similar between juvenile white sharks from Australia and South Africa. An increase in nutritional niche breadth with shark size was detected, associated with lipid consumption, which we suggest may relate to shifting nutritional goals linked with expanding migratory ranges.
Keywords	diet ; stomach contents ; nutritional geometry ; multidimensional nutritional niche framework ; Bayesian standard ellipse ; marine predators ; Science ; Q ; General. Including nature conservation ; geographical distribution ; QH1-199.5
Subject code	590 ; 333
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Development of embodied capital

Jorin Veen / Haneul Jang / David Raubenheimer / Bryndan O. C. M. van Pinxteren / Vidrige Kandza / Patrick G. Meirmans / Nicole M. van Dam / Susanne Dunker / Petra Hoffmann / Anja Worrich / Karline R. L. Janmaat

Frontiers in Ecology and Evolution, Vol

Diet composition, foraging skills, and botanical knowledge of forager children in the Congo Basin

2023 Volume 11

Abstract: The embodied capital theory states that the extended juvenile period has enabled human foragers to acquire the complex foraging skills and knowledge needed to obtain food. Yet we lack detailed data on how forager children develop these skills and ... ...

Abstract	The embodied capital theory states that the extended juvenile period has enabled human foragers to acquire the complex foraging skills and knowledge needed to obtain food. Yet we lack detailed data on how forager children develop these skills and knowledge. Here, we examine the seasonal diet composition, foraging behavior, and botanical knowledge of Mbendjele BaYaka forager children in the Republic of the Congo. Our data, acquired through long-term observations involving full-day focal follows, show a high level of seasonal fluctuation in diet and foraging activities of BaYaka children, in response to the seasonal availability of their food sources. BaYaka children foraged more than half of the time independent from adults, predominantly collecting and eating fruits, tubers, and seeds. For these most-consumed food types, we found an early onset of specialization of foraging skills in children, similar to the gendered division in foraging in adults. Specifically, children were more likely to eat fruit and seed species when there were more boys and men in the group, and girls were more likely than boys to collect tuber species. In a botanical knowledge test, children were more accurate at identifying plant food species with increasing age, and they used fruits and trunks for species identification, more so than using leaves and barks. These results show how the foraging activities of BaYaka children may facilitate the acquisition of foraging skills and botanical knowledge and provide insights into the development of embodied capital. Additionally, BaYaka children consumed agricultural foods more than forest foods, probably reflecting BaYaka’s transition into a horticultural lifestyle. This change in diet composition may have significant consequences for the cognitive development of BaYaka children.
Keywords	botanical knowledge ; cognitive development ; embodied capital theory ; forager diet ; juvenile foraging ; Mbendjele BaYaka subsistence ; Evolution ; QH359-425 ; Ecology ; QH540-549.5
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Demographics Regarding Belief in Non-Human Animal Sentience and Emotional Empathy with Animals

Amelia Cornish / Bethany Wilson / David Raubenheimer / Paul McGreevy

Animals, Vol 8, Iss 10, p

A Pilot Study among Attendees of an Animal Welfare Symposium

2018 Volume 174

Abstract: Attitudes to animals are linked to beliefs about their ability to experience pain and suffering, their cognition, and their sentience. Education and awareness-raising play a pivotal role in increasing society’s consideration of non-human animal welfare. ... ...

Abstract	Attitudes to animals are linked to beliefs about their ability to experience pain and suffering, their cognition, and their sentience. Education and awareness-raising play a pivotal role in increasing society’s consideration of non-human animal welfare. The current pilot study explores the attitudes towards animal welfare among a unique population of people who attended an animal welfare symposium at the University of Sydney. It involved administration of a validated questionnaire that assessed attitudes to animals; specifically exploring participants’ (n = 41) beliefs about the sentience of animals and their emotional empathy with animals. The resultant data revealed significant associations between participants’ beliefs in animal sentience and their demographic variables (age, sex and occupation). Female attendees showed stronger beliefs in sentience than male attendees did. Concerning sentience in cows, pigs and cats, older attendees showed stronger beliefs than younger people in sentience relating to hunger and pain. Also, with regard to questions about sentience in dogs, older attendees showed stronger beliefs than younger people in pain-related sentience in dogs. When exploring emotional empathy with animals, the participants’ statements could be assigned to three clusters characterised by the internal emotional lives of animals and the treatment of animals by humans (Cluster 1), human interactions with animals (Cluster 2) and the keeping of companion and zoo animals (Cluster 3). To the authors’ knowledge, this pilot study is the first of its kind to investigate the attitudes towards animal welfare of an important group of people who work, study or have a special interest within the animal care and welfare domain.
Keywords	attitudes to animals ; animal sentience ; animal welfare ; cluster analysis ; empathy with animals ; pilot study ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: What We Know about the Public’s Level of Concern for Farm Animal Welfare in Food Production in Developed Countries

Amelia Cornish / David Raubenheimer / Paul McGreevy

Animals, Vol 6, Iss 11, p

2016 Volume 74

Abstract: Population growth and rising consumption of meat, dairy, eggs and fish are forcing the world to face the intersecting challenges of how to sustainably feed a population expected to exceed 9 billion by 2050, while also controlling the impact of food ... ...

Abstract	Population growth and rising consumption of meat, dairy, eggs and fish are forcing the world to face the intersecting challenges of how to sustainably feed a population expected to exceed 9 billion by 2050, while also controlling the impact of food production on the planet, on people and on animals. This review acknowledges the absence of a globally accepted definition of animal welfare and then explores the literature regarding different levels of concern for animal welfare in food production by such stakeholders as veterinarians, farmers, and the general public. It focuses on the evidence that the general public’s level of concern for animal welfare is linked to various demographic and personal characteristics, such as age, gender, religion, location, meat eating, and knowledge of animal welfare. Certain animals have characteristics that influence concern for their welfare, with those species that are considered more intelligent being afforded more concern. There is compelling evidence that the general public’s understanding of animal welfare in food production is poor. Acknowledging that public concern can be a driving force to change current production methods, the authors suggest widespread consciousness raising to redefine socially acceptable methods of food production from animals and to ensure that it remains in step with societal concerns.
Keywords	production animal welfare ; animal sentience ; concern for animal welfare ; public knowledge ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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