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  1. Article ; Online: The failure of private health services: COVID-19 induced crises in low- and middle-income country (LMIC) health systems.

    David Williams, Owain / Yung, Ka Chun / Grépin, Karen A

    Global public health

    2021  Volume 16, Issue 8-9, Page(s) 1320–1333

    Abstract: For decades, governments and development partners promoted neoliberal policies in the health sector in many LMICs, largely motivated by the belief that governments in these countries were too weak to provide all the health services necessary to meet ... ...

    Abstract For decades, governments and development partners promoted neoliberal policies in the health sector in many LMICs, largely motivated by the belief that governments in these countries were too weak to provide all the health services necessary to meet population needs. Private health markets became the governance and policy solution to improve the delivery of health services which allowed embedded forms of market failure to persist in these countries and which were exposed during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this article, we analyse the manifestations of these market failures using data from an assembled database of COVID-19 related news items sourced from the Global Database of Events, Language, and Tone. Specifically, we identify how pre-existing market failure and failures of redistribution have led to the rise of three urgent crises in LMICs: a financial and liquidity crisis among private providers, a crisis of service provision and pricing, and an attendant crisis in state-provider relations. The COVID-19 pandemic has therfore exposed important failures of the public-private models of health systems and provides an opportunity to rethink the future orientation of national health systems and commitments towards Universal Health Coverage.
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/therapy ; Delivery of Health Care/organization & administration ; Developing Countries ; Health Services Research ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Private Sector
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-01-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2234129-8
    ISSN 1744-1706 ; 1744-1692
    ISSN (online) 1744-1706
    ISSN 1744-1692
    DOI 10.1080/17441692.2021.1874470
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: ¿A qué grupo étnico perteneció la misteriosa tribu enoo (Estrecho de Magallanes, 1599)?

    David Williams

    Antropólogos Iberoamericanos en Red, Vol 10, Iss 01, Pp 99-

    2015  Volume 126

    Abstract: En 1599, el marino holandés Oliver van Noort halló en el Estrecho de Magallanes a un grupo de nativos de talla semejante a la de los europeos de la época, con cuerpos y tórax amplios. Los mismos cazaban pingüinos para alimentarse y vestirse, usaban arcos ...

    Abstract En 1599, el marino holandés Oliver van Noort halló en el Estrecho de Magallanes a un grupo de nativos de talla semejante a la de los europeos de la época, con cuerpos y tórax amplios. Los mismos cazaban pingüinos para alimentarse y vestirse, usaban arcos y flechas, vivían en cuevas naturales, y eran presuntamente canoeros. En un confuso episodio, la mayoría de ellos fueron muertos mediante armas de fuego, cautivándose varios niños. Uno de ellos enseñó a sus captores algunas palabras de su propio idioma, de las que destacamos el autónimo de la tribu: 1. Se han realizado varios intentos de identificar la etnia a la cual pertenecían los infortunados nativos, concluyéndose en general que se trataba de alacalufes. Sobre la base de las palabras rescatadas por Van Noort, y con ayuda de otro documento poco conocido, el autor concluye que los enoo pertenecían a la etnia yamana –también conocida como yaganes– o que eran una tribu mixta yámana-chon. Además, desde que la zona en que fueron hallados los enoo en el siglo XVI es cercana a aquella ocupada por la tribu huemul, mixta fueguino-chon, hallada en el siglo XIX, se plantea la hipótesis de que los segundos pudieran ser descendientes de los primeros.
    Keywords Enoo ; yamana ; yaghanes ; Van Noort ; Estrecho de Magallanes ; Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ; G ; Anthropology ; GN1-890
    Language Spanish
    Publishing date 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Antropólogos Iberoamericanos en Red
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: ¿A qué grupo étnico perteneció la misteriosa tribu enoo (Estrecho de Magallanes, 1599)?

    David Williams

    AIBR : Revista de Antropología Iberoamericana, Vol 10, Iss 1, Pp 99-

    2015  Volume 126

    Abstract: En 1599, el marino holandés Oliver van Noort halló en el Estrecho de Magallanes a un grupo de nativos de talla semejante a la de los europeos de la época, con cuerpos y tórax amplios. Los mismos cazaban pingüinos para alimentarse y vestirse, usaban arcos ...

    Abstract En 1599, el marino holandés Oliver van Noort halló en el Estrecho de Magallanes a un grupo de nativos de talla semejante a la de los europeos de la época, con cuerpos y tórax amplios. Los mismos cazaban pingüinos para alimentarse y vestirse, usaban arcos y flechas, vivían en cuevas naturales, y eran presuntamente canoeros. En un confuso episodio, la mayoría de ellos fueron muertos mediante armas de fuego, cautivándose varios niños. Uno de ellos enseñó a sus captores algunas palabras de su propio idioma, de las que destacamos el autónimo de la tribu: 1. Se han realizado varios intentos de identificar la etnia a la cual pertenecían los infortunados nativos, concluyéndose en general que se trataba de alacalufes. Sobre la base de las palabras rescatadas por Van Noort, y con ayuda de otro documento poco conocido, el autor concluye que los enoo pertenecían a la etnia yamana –también conocida como yaganes– o que eran una tribu mixta yámana-chon. Además, desde que la zona en que fueron hallados los enoo en el siglo XVI es cercana a aquella ocupada por la tribu huemul, mixta fueguino-chon, hallada en el siglo XIX, se plantea la hipótesis de que los segundos pudieran ser descendientes de los primeros.
    Keywords Anthropology ; GN1-890 ; Geography. Anthropology. Recreation ; G
    Language Spanish
    Publishing date 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Antropólogos Iberoamericanos en Red (AIBR)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Pathogenesis and Virulence of Candida albicans and Candida glabrata

    Mariana Henriques / David Williams

    Pathogens, Vol 9, Iss 752, p

    2020  Volume 752

    Abstract: Fungal infections in humans have historically received comparatively less attention than those caused by bacteria and viruses. This may, in part, stem from the relative differences in infection prevalence. However, the more widespread use of ... ...

    Abstract Fungal infections in humans have historically received comparatively less attention than those caused by bacteria and viruses. This may, in part, stem from the relative differences in infection prevalence. However, the more widespread use of immunosuppressive therapy, invasive surgery and medical devices in modern medicine has resulted in a more frequent occurrence of human fungal infection. There are a number of fungi that can cause human disease. However, it is arguably a species of the genus Candida that are most often encountered. There are over 150 Candida species that are widely encountered in the environment and in animal hosts, however, only a small number are opportunistic pathogens of humans. Candida albicans is a polymorphic yeast-like fungus and undoubtedly the species most often recovered from human infection. As such, the virulence of C. albicans and its susceptibility to antifungal agents are often investigated. More recently, the prevalence of infections caused by non- C. albicans Candida species have increased and, amongst these, infections caused by Candida glabrata have received attention given its often-higher tolerance to frequently used antifungals exhibited by this species. The papers presented in this Special Issue have focused on aspects relating to host responses to Candida infection, the efficacy of novel therapeutic agents and also treatment regimes. The papers highlight novel findings in their respective areas, whilst also highlighting the need for further research in these key and largely under-researched areas of candidoses.
    Keywords Candida albicans ; Candida glabrata ; Candida infection ; virulence factors ; pathogenicity ; Medicine ; R
    Subject code 610
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-09-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: The impact of telemedicine enabled pre-hospital triage in acute stroke – a protocol for a mixed methods systematic review [version 2; peer review

    David Williams / Deirdre McCartan / Jorin Bejleri / Stuart Lee / Anne Hickey / Paul Murphy

    HRB Open Research, Vol

    2 approved]

    2023  Volume 5

    Abstract: Introduction Increasing access to thrombolysis and thrombectomy through improved pathway organisation remains a health service challenge that requires contextualisation to the geographic, demographic and resourcing status of any regional stroke service. ... ...

    Abstract Introduction Increasing access to thrombolysis and thrombectomy through improved pathway organisation remains a health service challenge that requires contextualisation to the geographic, demographic and resourcing status of any regional stroke service. Pre-hospital delays or delays during inter-hospital transfers can result in patients being outside the window for one or both interventions. Pre-hospital triage using technology-enabled interdisciplinary communication networks may facilitate rapid individualized care decisions, permitting streamlined care pathways to hospital sites most appropriate to their clinical presentation and history in the first instance. Understanding the experience of those involved in efforts to improve or reorganise care may help to explain the impact observed. Objectives 1. To review the impact of pre-hospital telemedicine enabled workflow intervention strategies on patient outcomes and on service process metrics in hyper-acute stroke care 2. To examine how the experience of those involved in providing or receiving such interventions might identify key characteristics of effective interventions Inclusion criteria Quantitative, qualitative and primary mixed methods studies will be included. Quantitative studies will assess effectiveness of telemedicine-enabled interventions that facilitate pre-hospital acute stroke triage. Intervention effects on functional outcomes of patients, on intervention rates and on key time metrics in hyperacute stroke care will be assessed. Qualitative studies will explore the experiences of people involved in or impacted by these interventions. Methods and analysis A convergent segregated mixed methods systematic review will synthesise and integrate primary qualitative, quantitative and mixed methods studies using the Joanna Briggs Institute methodology. Database searches will include OVID (MEDLINE), EMBASE, The Cochrane Library, CINAHL and Web of Science. Critical appraisal will include the Mixed Methods Assessment Tool. Results of quantitative studies and ...
    Keywords Acute stroke ; thrombolysis ; thrombectomy ; primary stroke centre (PSC) ; comprehensive stroke centre (CSC) ; prehospital ; eng ; Medicine ; R
    Subject code 360
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher F1000 Research Ltd
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article ; Online: Comparison of the Gill Microbiome of Retail Oysters from Two Geographical Locations Exhibited Distinct Microbial Signatures

    Prashant Singh / David Williams / Frank J. Velez / Ravinder Nagpal

    Applied Microbiology, Vol 3, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    A Pilot Study for Potential Future Applications for Monitoring Authenticity of Their Origins

    2022  Volume 10

    Abstract: The oyster industry is a significant component of United States aquaculture and is vulnerable to various food frauds. In addition to species substitution, mislabeling of oyster geographical origin is performed for economic gains. The geographical origin ... ...

    Abstract The oyster industry is a significant component of United States aquaculture and is vulnerable to various food frauds. In addition to species substitution, mislabeling of oyster geographical origin is performed for economic gains. The geographical origin misrepresentations are performed to claim a famed region of origin known for its unique flavor profile. DNA barcoding is the gold standard method for identifying seafood species but has limited resolution to the species level. This pilot study was conducted to characterize and compare the oyster gill microbiome as an alternative approach for tracking oysters’ origin. Commercially available raw east coast oysters ( Crassostrea virginica ) from two distinct geographical locations were purchased. Genomic DNA isolated from the gills was processed for microbiome analysis. The data revealed distinct microbiome signatures among the two sample sets. Oysters from Louisiana showed the presence of eighteen unique bacterial genera, whereas Maryland oysters showed a higher abundance of twelve genera. Findings from this study demonstrate the applicability of microbiome analysis as an emerging alternative approach for identifying geographical origin misrepresentations.
    Keywords geographical origin ; microbial ecology ; microbiota ; microflora ; oyster ; seafood ; Microbiology ; QR1-502
    Subject code 590
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  7. Article ; Online: Cognitively stimulating activities and risk of probable dementia or cognitive impairment in the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing

    Benjamin David Williams / Neil Pendleton / Tarani Chandola

    SSM: Population Health, Vol 12, Iss , Pp 100656- (2020)

    2020  

    Abstract: Objectives: To examine the association between cognitive stimulating activities (CSA) in later life (internet/email use, employment, volunteering, evening classes, social club membership and newspaper reading) and risk of cognitive impairment or dementia ...

    Abstract Objectives: To examine the association between cognitive stimulating activities (CSA) in later life (internet/email use, employment, volunteering, evening classes, social club membership and newspaper reading) and risk of cognitive impairment or dementia using marginal structural models to account for time-varying confounding affected by prior exposure. Methods: Data were used from the English Longitudinal Study of Ageing waves 1 (2002) to 7 (2014), a nationally representative sample of adults in England aged ≥50. Self-reported participation in CSAs were measured as binary exposures from waves 2 (2004) to 6 (2012), with final sample sizes between n = 3937 and n = 2530 for different CSAs. Baseline exposure and covariates were used to create inverse probability of treatment and censoring weights (IPTCW). IPTCW repeated measures Poisson and linear regression were used to estimate each CSAs effect on risk of probable cognitive impairment or dementia at wave 7 (defined as a score of ≤11/27 on a modified telephone interview for cognitive status (TICS-27)). Results were compared to standard regression adjustment. Results: Internet use at any wave (Risk ratios between 0.62 and 0.69) and volunteering in waves 3 to 6 (RRs between 0.516 and 0.633) were associated with reduced risk of cognitive impairment in IPTCW models. Standard estimates were similar for both internet use and volunteering.Newspaper reading (RR 95% Confidence interval 0.74–0.99) and social club membership (RR 95% CI 0.54–0.86) at wave 6 were significantly associated with risk of cognitive impairment in standard models, but not in the IPTCW models (RR 95% CI 0.82–1.11 and 0.60–1.08 respectively). Employment and evening classes were not associated with cognitive impairment in either model. Conclusions: We found that volunteering and internet use were associated with reduced risk of cognitive impairment. Associations between newspaper reading or social club membership and cognitive impairment may be due to time-varying confounding affected by prior exposure.
    Keywords Cognitive impairment ; Cognitively stimulating activity ; Dementia ; Marginal structural model ; ELSA ; Volunteering ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
    Subject code 310
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Elsevier
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  8. Article ; Online: A Bayesian framework for the detection of diffusive heterogeneity.

    Julie A Cass / C David Williams / Julie Theriot

    PLoS ONE, Vol 15, Iss 5, p e

    2020  Volume 0221841

    Abstract: Cells are crowded and spatially heterogeneous, complicating the transport of organelles, proteins and other substrates. One aspect of this complex physical environment, the mobility of passively transported substrates, can be quantitatively characterized ...

    Abstract Cells are crowded and spatially heterogeneous, complicating the transport of organelles, proteins and other substrates. One aspect of this complex physical environment, the mobility of passively transported substrates, can be quantitatively characterized by the diffusion coefficient: a descriptor of how rapidly substrates will diffuse in the cell, dependent on their size and effective local viscosity. The spatial dependence of diffusivity is challenging to quantitatively characterize, because temporally and spatially finite observations offer limited information about a spatially varying stochastic process. We present a Bayesian framework that estimates diffusion coefficients from single particle trajectories, and predicts our ability to distinguish differences in diffusion coefficient estimates, conditional on how much they differ and the amount of data collected. This framework is packaged into a public software repository, including a tutorial Jupyter notebook demonstrating implementation of our method for diffusivity estimation, analysis of sources of uncertainty estimation, and visualization of all results. This estimation and uncertainty analysis allows our framework to be used as a guide in experimental design of diffusivity assays.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 310
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  9. Article: Sales of surplus NHS land expected to boom.

    David, Williams

    The Health service journal

    2012  Volume 122, Issue 6306, Page(s) 10–11

    MeSH term(s) Fund Raising/methods ; Humans ; Marketing ; Ownership/economics ; State Medicine/economics ; United Kingdom
    Language English
    Publishing date 2012-05-17
    Publishing country England
    Document type News
    ZDB-ID 632799-0
    ISSN 0952-2271 ; 0300-8347
    ISSN 0952-2271 ; 0300-8347
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: Tear ferning in normal dogs and dogs with keratoconjunctivitis sicca

    David Williams / Heather Hewitt

    Open Veterinary Journal, Vol 7, Iss 3, Pp 268-

    2017  Volume 272

    Abstract: This study evaluates tear ferning as an ancillary technique for the evaluation of the canine tear film in normal eyes and eyes affected by keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). Thirty dogs with KCS and 50 control dogs with normal tear film were evaluated ... ...

    Abstract This study evaluates tear ferning as an ancillary technique for the evaluation of the canine tear film in normal eyes and eyes affected by keratoconjunctivitis sicca (KCS). Thirty dogs with KCS and 50 control dogs with normal tear film were evaluated with a full ophthalmoscopic examination and a Schirmer tear test type 1 (STT) determined before tear samples were obtained from the medial canthus with a microhaematocrit capillary tube. 10ul of tear was placed on a microscope slide and the time to first formation of a fern of crystallised tear solute was determined. The appearance of the ferning pattern was graded and correlated with the STT value. All eyes with KCS had abnormal ferning patterns while 39 out of the 50 normal dogs (78%) had so-called ‘normal’ ferning patterns. The mean STT for dogs showing ‘normal’ ferning patterns was 20.6mm/min for the left eye and 21.3mm/min for the right eye. STT values for eyes with ‘abnormal’ ferning patterns were 10.9mm/min and 12.4mm/min, these differing from the normal eyes with STT above 15mm/min significantly. These findings suggest that tear ferning could be a valuable technique for assessment of the tear film in dogs with KCS.
    Keywords Dog ; Dry eye ; Ferning ; Keratoconjunctivitis sicca ; Tear ; Zoology ; QL1-991
    Subject code 630
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-09-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Tripoli University
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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