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Article ; Online: Dementia prevention: the Mendelian randomisation perspective.

Anderson, Emma Louise / Davies, Neil M / Korologou-Linden, Roxanna / Kivimäki, Mika

Journal of neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry

2024 Volume 95, Issue 4, Page(s) 384–390

Abstract: Understanding the causes of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias remains a challenge. Observational studies investigating dementia risk factors are limited by the pervasive issues of confounding, reverse causation and selection biases. Conducting ... ...

Abstract	Understanding the causes of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias remains a challenge. Observational studies investigating dementia risk factors are limited by the pervasive issues of confounding, reverse causation and selection biases. Conducting randomised controlled trials for dementia prevention is often impractical due to the long prodromal phase and the inability to randomise many potential risk factors. In this essay, we introduce Mendelian randomisation as an alternative approach to examine factors that may prevent or delay Alzheimer's disease. Mendelian randomisation is a causal inference method that has successfully identified risk factors and treatments in various other fields. However, applying this method to dementia risk factors has yielded unexpected findings. Here, we consider five potential explanations and provide recommendations to enhance causal inference from Mendelian randomisation studies on dementia. By employing these strategies, we can better understand factors affecting dementia risk.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Alzheimer Disease/genetics ; Alzheimer Disease/prevention & control ; Mendelian Randomization Analysis/methods ; Risk Factors ; Causality
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-13
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3087-9
ISSN	1468-330X ; 0022-3050
ISSN (online)	1468-330X
ISSN	0022-3050
DOI	10.1136/jnnp-2023-332293
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Article ; Online: Genetic associations of risk behaviours and educational achievement.

Arellano Spano, Michelle / Morris, Tim T / Davies, Neil M / Hughes, Amanda

Communications biology

2024 Volume 7, Issue 1, Page(s) 435

Abstract: Risk behaviours are common in adolescent and persist into adulthood, people who engage in more risk behaviours are more likely to have lower educational attainment. We applied genetic causal inference methods to explore the causal relationship between ... ...

Abstract	Risk behaviours are common in adolescent and persist into adulthood, people who engage in more risk behaviours are more likely to have lower educational attainment. We applied genetic causal inference methods to explore the causal relationship between adolescent risk behaviours and educational achievement. Risk behaviours were phenotypically associated with educational achievement at age 16 after adjusting for confounders (-0.11, 95%CI: -0.11, -0.09). Genomic-based restricted maximum likelihood (GREML) results indicated that both traits were heritable and have a shared genetic architecture (Risk
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Humans ; Educational Status ; Risk-Taking
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2399-3642
ISSN (online)	2399-3642
DOI	10.1038/s42003-024-06091-y
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Article ; Online: The association between cognitive ability and body mass index: A sibling-comparison analysis in four longitudinal studies.

Wright, Liam / Davies, Neil M / Bann, David

PLoS medicine

2023 Volume 20, Issue 4, Page(s) e1004207

Abstract: Background: Body mass index (BMI) and obesity rates have increased sharply since the 1980s. While multiple epidemiologic studies have found that higher adolescent cognitive ability is associated with lower adult BMI, residual and unobserved confounding ... ...

Abstract	Background: Body mass index (BMI) and obesity rates have increased sharply since the 1980s. While multiple epidemiologic studies have found that higher adolescent cognitive ability is associated with lower adult BMI, residual and unobserved confounding due to family background may explain these associations. We used a sibling design to test this association accounting for confounding factors shared within households. Methods and findings: We used data from four United States general youth population cohort studies: the National Longitudinal Study of Youth 1979 (NLSY-79), the NLSY-79 Children and Young Adult, the NLSY 1997 (NLSY-97), and the Wisconsin Longitudinal Study (WLS); a total of 12,250 siblings from 5,602 households followed from adolescence up to age 62. We used random effects within-between (REWB) and residualized quantile regression (RQR) models to compare between- and within-family estimates of the association between adolescent cognitive ability and adult BMI (20 to 64 years). In REWB models, moving from the 25th to 75th percentile of adolescent cognitive ability was associated with -0.95 kg/m2 (95% CI = -1.21, -0.69) lower BMI between families. Adjusting for family socioeconomic position reduced the association to -0.61 kg/m2 (-0.90, -0.33). However, within families, the association was just -0.06 kg/m2 (-0.35, 0.23). This pattern of results was found across multiple specifications, including analyses conducted in separate cohorts, models examining age-differences in association, and in RQR models examining the association across the distribution of BMI. Limitations include the possibility that within-family estimates are biased due to measurement error of the exposure, confounding via non-shared factors, and carryover effects. Conclusions: The association between high adolescent cognitive ability and low adult BMI was substantially smaller in within-family compared with between-family analysis. The well-replicated associations between cognitive ability and subsequent BMI may largely reflect confounding by family background factors.
MeSH term(s)	Child ; Adolescent ; Young Adult ; Humans ; United States/epidemiology ; Middle Aged ; Body Mass Index ; Longitudinal Studies ; Siblings ; Obesity/epidemiology ; Cognition ; Weight Loss
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2185925-5
ISSN	1549-1676 ; 1549-1277
ISSN (online)	1549-1676
ISSN	1549-1277
DOI	10.1371/journal.pmed.1004207
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Article ; Online: Educational attainment and health.

Davies, Neil M / Howe, Laura D / Bann, David

BMJ (Clinical research ed.)

2023 Volume 382, Page(s) 1602

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Educational Status ; Academic Success
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Editorial ; Comment
ZDB-ID	1362901-3
ISSN	1756-1833 ; 0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
ISSN (online)	1756-1833
ISSN	0959-8154 ; 0959-8146 ; 0959-8138 ; 0959-535X ; 1759-2151
DOI	10.1136/bmj.p1602
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Book: Chiropractic pediatrics

Davies, Neil J.

a clinical handbook

2000

Author's details	Neil J. Davies
Language	English
Size	500 S. : Ill., graph. Darst.
Publisher	Churchill Livingstone
Publishing place	Edinburgh u.a.
Publishing country	Great Britain
Document type	Book
HBZ-ID	HT012841175
ISBN	0-443-06253-6 ; 978-0-443-06253-7
Database	Catalogue ZB MED Medicine, Health

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2000 A 4404	order for loan	Magazin

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Article ; Online: Dialling back 'impact' claims: researchers should not be compelled to make policy claims based on single studies.

Bann, David / Courtin, Emilie / Davies, Neil M / Wright, Liam

International journal of epidemiology

2023 Volume 53, Issue 1

MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Policy ; Research Personnel
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	187909-1
ISSN	1464-3685 ; 0300-5771
ISSN (online)	1464-3685
ISSN	0300-5771
DOI	10.1093/ije/dyad181
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Article ; Online: Weakening of the cognition and height association from 1957 to 2018: Findings from four British birth cohort studies.

Bann, David / Wright, Liam / Davies, Neil M / Moulton, Vanessa

eLife

2023 Volume 12

Abstract: Background: Taller individuals have been repeatedly found to have higher scores on cognitive assessments. Recent studies have suggested that this association can be explained by genetic factors, yet this does not preclude the influence of environmental ... ...

Abstract	Background: Taller individuals have been repeatedly found to have higher scores on cognitive assessments. Recent studies have suggested that this association can be explained by genetic factors, yet this does not preclude the influence of environmental or social factors that may change over time. We thus tested whether the association changed across time using data from four British birth cohorts (born in 1946, 1958, 1970, and 2001). Methods: In each cohort height was measured and cognition via verbal reasoning, vocabulary/comprehension, and mathematical tests; at ages 10/11 and 14/17 years (N=41,418). We examined associations between height and cognition at each age, separately in each cohort, and for each cognitive test administered. Linear and quantile regression models were used. Results: Taller participants had higher mean cognitive assessment scores in childhood and adolescence, yet the associations were weaker in later (1970 and 2001) cohorts. For example, the mean difference in height comparing the highest with lowest verbal cognition scores at 10/11 years was 0.57 SD (95% CI = 0.44-0.70) in the 1946 cohort, yet 0.30 SD (0.23-0.37) in the 2001 cohort. Expressed alternatively, there was a reduction in correlation from 0.17 (0.15-0.20) to 0.08 (0.06-0.10). This pattern of change in the association was observed across all ages and cognition measures used, was robust to adjustment for social class and parental height, and modeling of plausible missing-not-at-random scenarios. Quantile regression analyses suggested that these differences were driven by differences in the lower centiles of height, where environmental influence may be greatest. Conclusions: Associations between height and cognitive assessment scores in childhood-adolescence substantially weakened from 1957-2018. These results support the notion that environmental and social change can markedly weaken associations between cognition and other traits. Funding: DB is supported by the Economic and Social Research Council (grant number ES/M001660/1); DB and LW by the Medical Research Council (MR/V002147/1). The Medical Research Council (MRC) and the University of Bristol support the MRC Integrative Epidemiology Unit [MC_UU_00011/1]. NMD is supported by an Norwegian Research Council Grant number 295989. VM is supported by the CLOSER Innovation Fund WP19 which is funded by the Economic and Social Research Council (award reference: ES/K000357/1) and Economic and Social Research Council (ES/M001660/1). The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Humans ; Aged ; Cohort Studies ; Cognition ; Social Class ; Comprehension
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2687154-3
ISSN	2050-084X ; 2050-084X
ISSN (online)	2050-084X
ISSN	2050-084X
DOI	10.7554/eLife.81099
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Article ; Online: Average Causal Effect Estimation Via Instrumental Variables: the No Simultaneous Heterogeneity Assumption.

Hartwig, Fernando Pires / Wang, Linbo / Davey Smith, George / Davies, Neil Martin

Epidemiology (Cambridge, Mass.)

2023 Volume 34, Issue 3, Page(s) 325–332

Abstract: Background: Instrumental variables (IVs) can be used to provide evidence as to whether a treatment has a causal effect on an outcome . Even if the instrument satisfies the three core IV assumptions of relevance, independence, and exclusion restriction, ... ...

Abstract	Background: Instrumental variables (IVs) can be used to provide evidence as to whether a treatment has a causal effect on an outcome . Even if the instrument satisfies the three core IV assumptions of relevance, independence, and exclusion restriction, further assumptions are required to identify the average causal effect (ACE) of on . Sufficient assumptions for this include homogeneity in the causal effect of on homogeneity in the association of with and no effect modification. Methods: We describe the no simultaneous heterogeneity assumption, which requires the heterogeneity in the - causal effect to be mean independent of (i.e., uncorrelated with) both and heterogeneity in the - association. This happens, for example, if there are no common modifiers of the - effect and the - association, and the - effect is additive linear. We illustrate the assumption of no simultaneous heterogeneity using simulations and by re-examining selected published studies. Results: Under no simultaneous heterogeneity, the Wald estimand equals the ACE even if both homogeneity assumptions and no effect modification (which we demonstrate to be special cases of-and therefore stronger than-no simultaneous heterogeneity) are violated. Conclusions: The assumption of no simultaneous heterogeneity is sufficient for identifying the ACE using IVs. Since this assumption is weaker than existing assumptions for ACE identification, doing so may be more plausible than previously anticipated.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Causality
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1053263-8
ISSN	1531-5487 ; 1044-3983
ISSN (online)	1531-5487
ISSN	1044-3983
DOI	10.1097/EDE.0000000000001596
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Article ; Online: Investigating how the accuracy of teacher expectations of pupil performance relate to socioeconomic and genetic factors.

Barry, Ciarrah-Jane Shannon / Davies, Neil M / Morris, Tim T

Scientific reports

2022 Volume 12, Issue 1, Page(s) 7120

Abstract: Teacher expectations of pupil ability can influence educational progression, impacting subsequent streaming and exam level. Systematic discrepancies between teacher expectations of pupil achievement may therefore have a detrimental effect on children's ... ...

Abstract	Teacher expectations of pupil ability can influence educational progression, impacting subsequent streaming and exam level. Systematic discrepancies between teacher expectations of pupil achievement may therefore have a detrimental effect on children's education. Associations between socioeconomic and demographic factors with teacher expectation accuracy have been demonstrated, but it is not known how teacher expectations of achievement may relate to genetic factors. We investigated these relationships using nationally standardized exam results at ages 11 and 14 from a UK longitudinal cohort study. We found that teacher expectation of achievement was strongly correlated with educational test scores. Furthermore, the accuracy of teacher expectation was patterned by pupil socioeconomic background but not teacher characteristics. The accuracy of teacher expectation related to pupil's genetic liability to education as captured by a polygenic score for educational attainment. Despite correlation with the polygenic score, we found no strong evidence for genomewide SNP heritability in teacher reporting accuracy.
MeSH term(s)	Academic Success ; Adolescent ; Child ; Educational Status ; Humans ; Longitudinal Studies ; Motivation ; Pupil
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-03
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-022-11347-w
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Article ; Online: Biogeomorphology of Ireland's oldest fossil forest: Plant-sediment and plant-animal interactions recorded in the Late Devonian Harrylock Formation, Co. Wexford

Veenma, Yorick P. / Davies, Neil S. / Higgs, Kenneth T. / McMahon, William J.

Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology. 2023, p.111579-

2023 , Page(s) 111579–

Abstract: The mid-Palaeozoic was a significant interval in the evolution of plants, during which their biogeomorphic influence on terrestrial landscapes increased dramatically. The products of plant-sediment interactions are well known from Carboniferous strata, ... ...

Abstract	The mid-Palaeozoic was a significant interval in the evolution of plants, during which their biogeomorphic influence on terrestrial landscapes increased dramatically. The products of plant-sediment interactions are well known from Carboniferous strata, but earlier evidence dating to the initial rise of arborescent trees in the Devonian is less common. We present new evidence for early plant-sediment interactions from the Late Devonian (Famennian) Harrylock Formation (County Wexford, Ireland), which hosts standing trees that represent Ireland's earliest known fossil forest. The formation records deposition in fluvial and lacustrine environments, the former of which is here shown to host Earth's earliest known log jam as well as early examples of vegetation-induced sedimentary structures (VISS) and a vegetation-stabilized chute channel. Fossilized driftwood preserved in the lacustrine facies contains the earliest evidence for arthropod(?) borings in large vascular plant debris. Together these early examples show that plant-sediment and plant-animal interactions, frequently recorded in Carboniferous strata, were already in existence by the Devonian and may have been previously underreported in other successions of the same age. The sparse Devonian record of plant-related sedimentary phenomena could be explained by a lesser abundance and/or longevity of such features in landscapes prior to subsequent evolutionary innovations in large vascular plants.
Keywords	Carboniferous period ; Devonian period ; arthropods ; evolution ; forests ; fossils ; longevity ; palaeogeography ; paleoclimatology ; paleoecology ; vascular plants ; Ireland ; VISS ; Log jam ; Borings ; Fossil forest ; Old Red Sandstone ; Sedimentology
Language	English
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	417718-6
ISSN	0031-0182
ISSN	0031-0182
DOI	10.1016/j.palaeo.2023.111579
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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