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Article ; Online: Endoluminal vacuum-assisted therapy to treat rectal anastomotic leakage: A critical analysis.

Vignali, Andrea / De Nardi, Paola

2022 Volume 28, Issue 14, Page(s) 1394–1404

Abstract: Endoluminal vacuum-assisted therapy (EVT) has been introduced recently to treat colorectal anastomotic leaks in clinically stable non-peritonitic patients. Its application has been mainly reserved to low colorectal and colo-anal anastomoses. The main ... ...

Abstract	Endoluminal vacuum-assisted therapy (EVT) has been introduced recently to treat colorectal anastomotic leaks in clinically stable non-peritonitic patients. Its application has been mainly reserved to low colorectal and colo-anal anastomoses. The main advantage of this new procedure is to ensure continuous drainage of the abscess cavity, to promote and to accelerate the formation of granulation tissue resulting in a reduction of the abscess cavity. The reported results are promising allowing a higher preservation of the anastomosis when compared to conventional treatments that include trans-anastomotic tube placement, percutaneous drainage, endoscopic clipping of the anastomotic defect or stent placement. Nevertheless, despite this procedure is gaining acceptance among the surgical community, indications, inclusion criteria and definitions of success are not yet standardized and extremely heterogeneous, making it difficult to reach definitive conclusions and to ascertain which are the real benefits of this new procedure. Moreover, long-term and functional results are poorly reported. The present review is focused on critically analyzing the theoretical benefits and risks of the procedure, short- and long-term functional results and future direction in the application of EVT.
MeSH term(s)	Abscess ; Anastomosis, Surgical/adverse effects ; Anastomosis, Surgical/methods ; Anastomotic Leak/etiology ; Anastomotic Leak/surgery ; Colorectal Neoplasms/surgery ; Drainage/adverse effects ; Drainage/methods ; Humans ; Negative-Pressure Wound Therapy/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2185929-2
ISSN	2219-2840 ; 1007-9327
ISSN (online)	2219-2840
ISSN	1007-9327
DOI	10.3748/wjg.v28.i14.1394
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Article: Intra-abdominal myositis ossificans - a clinically challenging disease: A case report.

Carbone, Gabriele / Andreasi, Valentina / De Nardi, Paola

World journal of orthopedics

2023 Volume 14, Issue 5, Page(s) 362–368

Abstract: Background: Myositis ossificans (MO) is an uncommon disorder characterized by heterotopic ossification within soft tissues. Only a few cases of intra-abdominal MO (IMO) have been described in the literature. Histology could be difficult to understand ... ...

Abstract	Background: Myositis ossificans (MO) is an uncommon disorder characterized by heterotopic ossification within soft tissues. Only a few cases of intra-abdominal MO (IMO) have been described in the literature. Histology could be difficult to understand and a wrong diagnosis could lead to an improper cure. Case summary: We herein report the case of IMO in a healthy 69-year-old man. The patient presented with an abdominal mass in the left lower quadrant. A computed tomography scan showed an inhomogeneous mass with multiple calcifications. The patient underwent radical excision of the mass. Histopathological findings were compatible with MO. Five months later the patient showed a recurrence causing hemorrhagic shock due to intractable intralesional bleeding. The patients eventually died within three months since recurrence. Conclusion: The case described could be classified as post-traumatic MO that developed close to the previously fractured iliac bone. The subsequent surgical procedure was ineffective and the disease rapidly recurred. The misleading intraoperative diagnosis led to improper surgical treatment with a dramatic evolution.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Case Reports
ZDB-ID	2649712-8
ISSN	2218-5836
ISSN	2218-5836
DOI	10.5312/wjo.v14.i5.362
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Article: Relation between skeletal muscle volume and prognosis in rectal cancer patients undergoing neoadjuvant therapy.

De Nardi, Paola / Giani, Alessandro / Maggi, Giulia / Braga, Marco

World journal of gastrointestinal oncology

2022 Volume 14, Issue 2, Page(s) 423–433

Abstract: The prognostic role of body composition indexes, and specifically sarcopenia, has recently been explored in different cancer types. However, conflicting results have been reported. Heterogeneity in cancer type, cancer stage or oncological treatments, as ... ...

Abstract	The prognostic role of body composition indexes, and specifically sarcopenia, has recently been explored in different cancer types. However, conflicting results have been reported. Heterogeneity in cancer type, cancer stage or oncological treatments, as well as different methodology and definition of sarcopenia, could be accounted for different conclusions retrieved from literature. When focusing on colorectal cancer, it clearly appears that colon and rectal cancers are often treated as a single entity though they have different behaviors and treatments. Particularly, patients with advanced rectal cancer represent a peculiar group of patients that according to current guidelines are treated with neoadjuvant chemotherapy and radiotherapy followed by radical surgery. This review was restricted to a homogeneous group of patients with advanced lower rectal cancer and the aim of exploring whether there is a correlation between skeletal muscle depletion and prognosis. Literature was searched for articles related to patients with advanced rectal cancer undergoing neoadjuvant chemo-radiotherapy (NCRT) followed by radical surgery, in whom muscle mass and/or change in muscle mass during neoadjuvant treatment were measured. Eight full-text articles were selected and included in the present review. The main findings of our review were: (1) The majority of the studies defined sarcopenia as muscle mass alone over muscle strength or physical performance; (2) There was a great deal of heterogeneity in the definition and measures of sarcopenia, in the definition of cut-off values, and in the method to measure change in muscle mass; (3) There was not full agreement on the association between sarcopenia at baseline and/or after chemo-radiotherapy and prognosis, and only few studies found a significance in the multivariate analysis; and (4) It seems that a loss in skeletal muscle mass during NCRT is associated with the worst outcomes in terms of disease-free survival. In conclusion, analysis of muscle mass might provide prognostic information on patients with rectal cancer, however more robust evidence is needed to define the role of muscle depletion and/or muscle change during neoadjuvant treatments, related to this specific group of patients. If a prognostic role would be confirmed by future studies, the role of preoperative intervention aimed at modifying muscle mass could be explored in order to improve outcomes.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-24
Publishing country	China
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2573696-6
ISSN	1948-5204
ISSN	1948-5204
DOI	10.4251/wjgo.v14.i2.423
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Article ; Online: Emergency surgical treatment of colonic acute diverticulitis: a multicenter observational study on behalf of the Italian society of colorectal surgery (SICCR) Lombardy committee.

Ferrara, Francesco / Guerci, Claudio / Bondurri, Andrea / Spinelli, Antonino / De Nardi, Paola

Updates in surgery

2023 Volume 75, Issue 4, Page(s) 863–870

Abstract: Colonic diverticulitis can be treated conservatively, but some cases require surgery. Patients can undergo Hartmann's procedure (H) or resection with primary anastomosis (RA), with or without diverting stoma. This multicenter observational retrospective ... ...

Abstract	Colonic diverticulitis can be treated conservatively, but some cases require surgery. Patients can undergo Hartmann's procedure (H) or resection with primary anastomosis (RA), with or without diverting stoma. This multicenter observational retrospective study aims to evaluate the adherence to current guidelines by assessing the rate of RA and H in Lombardy, Italy, and to analyze differences in patients' features. This study included data collected from nine surgical units performing emergency surgery in Lombardy, in 2019 and 2021. Data for each year were retrospectively collected through a survey among Italian Society of Colorectal Surgery (SICCR) Lombardy members. Additional data were about: Hinchey's classification, laparoscopic (VLS) or converted procedures, procedures with more than two operators, procedures in which the first operator was older than 40 years, night or weekend procedures, older-than-80 patients, COVID-19 positivity (just 2021). The total number of operations performed was 254, 115 RA and 130 H (45.3% and 51.2%, diff. 12%, p = 0.73), and 9 (3.5%) other procedures. RAs were more frequent for Hinchey 1 and 2 patients, whereas Hs were more frequent for Hinchey 3 and 4. RAs without ileostomy were significantly less than Hs (66 vs. 130, p = 0.04). Laparoscopy was more used for RA compared to H (57 vs. 21, p = 0.03), whereas no difference was found between RA and H with respect to conversion rate, the presence of more than two operators in the team, the presence of a first operator older than 40 years, night or weekend operations, and for older-than-80 patients. This study confirms the adherence to current guidelines for the treatment of acute colonic diverticulitis in Lombardy, Italy. It can be considered as a preliminary survey with interesting results that may open the way to a further prospective observational study to clarify some aspects in the management of this disease.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Diverticulitis, Colonic/surgery ; Retrospective Studies ; Colorectal Surgery ; COVID-19 ; Diverticulitis/surgery ; Colostomy ; Anastomosis, Surgical/methods ; Laparoscopy/methods ; Intestinal Perforation/surgery ; Treatment Outcome ; Peritonitis/surgery
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-19
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Observational Study ; Multicenter Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2572692-4
ISSN	2038-3312 ; 2038-131X
ISSN (online)	2038-3312
ISSN	2038-131X
DOI	10.1007/s13304-023-01487-7
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Article ; Online: Hemorrhoid laser dearterialization: systematic review and meta-analysis.

De Nardi, Paola / Maggi, Giulia / Pagnanelli, Michele / Vlasakov, Iliyan / Corbetta, Davide

Lasers in medical science

2023 Volume 38, Issue 1, Page(s) 54

Abstract: Hemorrhoidal disease is a common and troublesome condition. Excisional hemorrhoidectomy can assure the best chance of cure but it is hampered by postoperative pain and potential long-term morbidity therefore minimally invasive techniques have been ... ...

Abstract	Hemorrhoidal disease is a common and troublesome condition. Excisional hemorrhoidectomy can assure the best chance of cure but it is hampered by postoperative pain and potential long-term morbidity therefore minimally invasive techniques have been developed. Since 2009 a doppler-guided hemorrhoidal dearterialization with laser (the hemorrhoidal laser procedure; HeLP) has been proposed to control symptoms without significant sequelae. The aim of this systematic review is to analyze the benefits and disadvantages of HeLP for symptomatic hemorrhoids. The Medline/PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library databases were searched from January 2010 to March 2022, language was restricted to English and documents to the full text. Randomized and non-randomized, prospective and retrospective cohort studies were included. Risk of bias assessment was performed using the Risk of bias for non-randomized studies (ROBINS-I) and the RoB2 Tool for randomized clinical trial. Primary outcome was to assess the efficacy of HeLP on symptoms' resolution. Secondary objectives were postoperative pain and complications, comparison with other interventional techniques, and evaluation of long-term recurrence. Whenever possible, a meta-analysis was conducted. The GRADE approach was employed to assess the certainty of evidence. We included six non-randomized and one randomized study. HeLP improved or resolved preoperative symptoms in 83.6 to 100% of patients during follow-up. In the randomized study symptoms resolved in 90% of patients after HeLP and 53.3% after rubber band ligation as comparator. Published data indicate that HeLP is effective, relatively safe, with limited recurrence rate, after a short to medium follow-up. The quality of evidence was however low. There is a paucity of studies assessing the benefits or harms of laser dearterialization for the treatment of hemorrhoids and randomized trials are furthermore rare, therefore trials with adequate power and proper design, assessing the advantages and disadvantages of HeLP versus other minimally invasive techniques, are needed. Furthermore, studies evaluating long-term follow-up are wanted.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Hemorrhoids/complications ; Lasers ; Ligation/adverse effects ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Pain, Postoperative/etiology ; Prospective Studies ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome ; Clinical Trials as Topic
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Meta-Analysis ; Review ; Systematic Review
ZDB-ID	632808-8
ISSN	1435-604X ; 0268-8921
ISSN (online)	1435-604X
ISSN	0268-8921
DOI	10.1007/s10103-022-03703-z
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Article ; Online: Does inferior mesenteric artery ligation affect outcome in elective colonic resection for diverticular disease?

De Nardi, Paola / Gazzetta, Paolo

ANZ journal of surgery

2018 Volume 88, Issue 11, Page(s) E778–E781

Abstract: Background: The aim of our study was to analyse the role of inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) ligation during elective colonic resection for diverticular disease (DD) with respect to surgical outcome.: Methods: All patients who underwent elective ... ...

Abstract	Background: The aim of our study was to analyse the role of inferior mesenteric artery (IMA) ligation during elective colonic resection for diverticular disease (DD) with respect to surgical outcome. Methods: All patients who underwent elective laparoscopic or open colonic resection for DD from January 2006 to December 2012 were studied. The patients were divided into two groups based on IMA ligation or preservation. The primary end point was to compare anastomotic leakage in the two groups. The secondary end points were operative time, stoma formation, overall post-operative complications, restoration of bowel function and length of post-operative hospital stay. Results: During the study period, 219 elective colonic resections with primary anastomosis for DD were performed. A laparoscopic technique was employed in 132 (60.3%) cases. IMA ligation was performed in 66 patients (30.1%). Overall anastomotic leakage rate was 4.1%, 4.5% in IMA ligation and 3.9% in IMA preservation group, respectively (P = ns). Mean operative time was 225 ± 43.4 and 191 ± 41.7 min in IMA ligation and preservation group, respectively (P = 0.002). No differences were observed in the rate of overall complications, stoma formation, restoration of bowel function and post-operative length of hospital stay. Conclusions: No differences were observed in surgical outcome in IMA ligation and preservation groups, particularly preservation or ligation of the IMA did not affect leakage rate.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Aged ; Anastomotic Leak/epidemiology ; Anastomotic Leak/etiology ; Anastomotic Leak/prevention & control ; Colectomy/methods ; Diverticulitis, Colonic/surgery ; Elective Surgical Procedures/methods ; Female ; Humans ; Laparoscopy ; Ligation ; Male ; Mesenteric Artery, Inferior/surgery ; Middle Aged ; Retrospective Studies ; Treatment Outcome
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-07-30
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2050749-5
ISSN	1445-2197 ; 1445-1433 ; 0004-8682
ISSN (online)	1445-2197
ISSN	1445-1433 ; 0004-8682
DOI	10.1111/ans.14724
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Article ; Online: Surgeons' practice and preferences for the anal fissure treatment: results from an international survey.

Balla, Andrea / Saraceno, Federica / Shalaby, Mostafa / Gallo, Gaetano / Di Saverio, Salomone / De Nardi, Paola / Perinotti, Roberto / Sileri, Pierpaolo

Updates in surgery

2023 Volume 75, Issue 8, Page(s) 2279–2290

Abstract: The best nonoperative or operative anal fissure (AF) treatment is not yet established, and several options have been proposed. Aim is to report the surgeons' practice for the AF treatment. Thirty-four multiple-choice questions were developed. Seven ... ...

Abstract	The best nonoperative or operative anal fissure (AF) treatment is not yet established, and several options have been proposed. Aim is to report the surgeons' practice for the AF treatment. Thirty-four multiple-choice questions were developed. Seven questions were about to participants' demographics and, 27 questions about their clinical practice. Based on the specialty (general surgeon and colorectal surgeon), obtained data were divided and compared between two groups. Five-hundred surgeons were included (321 general and 179 colorectal surgeons). For both groups, duration of symptoms for at least 6 weeks is the most important factor for AF diagnosis (30.6%). Type of AF (acute vs chronic) is the most important factor which guide the therapeutic plan (44.4%). The first treatment of choice for acute AF is ointment application for both groups (59.6%). For the treatment of chronic AF, this data is confirmed by colorectal surgeons (57%), but not by the general surgeons who prefer the lateral internal sphincterotomy (LIS) (31.8%) (p = 0.0001). Botulin toxin injection is most performed by colorectal surgeons (58.7%) in comparison to general surgeons (20.9%) (p = 0.0001). Anal flap is mostly performed by colorectal surgeons (37.4%) in comparison to general surgeons (28.3%) (p = 0.0001). Fissurectomy alone is statistically significantly most performed by general surgeons in comparison to colorectal surgeons (57.9% and 43.6%, respectively) (p = 0.0020). This analysis provides useful information about the clinical practice for the management of a debated topic such as AF treatment. Shared guidelines and consensus especially focused on operative management are required to standardize the treatment and to improve postoperative results.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Fissure in Ano/surgery ; Fissure in Ano/drug therapy ; Botulinum Toxins, Type A ; Neuromuscular Agents/therapeutic use ; Chronic Disease ; Anal Canal/surgery ; Surgeons ; Colorectal Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Treatment Outcome
Chemical Substances	Botulinum Toxins, Type A (EC 3.4.24.69) ; Neuromuscular Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-08
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2572692-4
ISSN	2038-3312 ; 2038-131X
ISSN (online)	2038-3312
ISSN	2038-131X
DOI	10.1007/s13304-023-01661-x
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Article ; Online: Bowel perforation in a Covid-19 patient: case report.

De Nardi, Paola / Parolini, Danilo C / Ripa, Marco / Racca, Sara / Rosati, Riccardo

International journal of colorectal disease

2020 Volume 35, Issue 9, Page(s) 1797–1800

Abstract: Introduction: Since the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), it became evident that a proportion of patients may present with gastrointestinal symptoms.: Case: We report the case of a Covid-19-infected patient who, during recovery from the ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Since the outbreak of novel coronavirus (2019-nCoV), it became evident that a proportion of patients may present with gastrointestinal symptoms. Case: We report the case of a Covid-19-infected patient who, during recovery from the pulmonary pneumonia, had gastrointestinal symptoms followed by a diastasic right colon perforation due to acute over distension of the bowel. Conclusion: This case highlights the importance of paying attention to initial gastrointestinal symptoms in order to prevent possible complications.
MeSH term(s)	Anastomosis, Surgical/methods ; COVID-19 ; Colectomy/methods ; Coronavirus Infections/complications ; Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis ; Coronavirus Infections/therapy ; Emergencies ; Follow-Up Studies ; Humans ; Intestinal Perforation/complications ; Intestinal Perforation/diagnostic imaging ; Intestinal Perforation/surgery ; Laparotomy/methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Pandemics ; Pneumonia, Viral/complications ; Pneumonia, Viral/diagnosis ; Pneumonia, Viral/therapy ; Postoperative Care/methods ; Risk Assessment ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/complications ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/diagnosis ; Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome/therapy ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed/methods ; Treatment Outcome
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-27
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Case Reports ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	84975-3
ISSN	1432-1262 ; 0179-1958
ISSN (online)	1432-1262
ISSN	0179-1958
DOI	10.1007/s00384-020-03627-6
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Article ; Online: Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal dearterialization with laser (HeLP): indications and clinical outcome in the long-term. Results of a multicenter trial.

Giamundo, Paolo / Braini, Andrea / Calabrò, Giuseppe / Crea, Nicola / De Nardi, Paola / Fabiano, Fabio / Lippa, Mauro / Mastromarino, Alessandro / Tamburini, Andrea M

Surgical endoscopy

2021 Volume 36, Issue 1, Page(s) 143–148

Abstract: Background: Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal laser procedure consists of sutureless closure of terminal branches of the superior hemorrhoidal artery by laser energy. Clinical results of patients treated with this procedure were analyzed at the completion of ... ...

Abstract	Background: Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal laser procedure consists of sutureless closure of terminal branches of the superior hemorrhoidal artery by laser energy. Clinical results of patients treated with this procedure were analyzed at the completion of 2-year follow-up. Primary endpoint was resolution of symptoms and secondary endpoints were recurrence rate, type of recurrences, re-operation rate, and potential predictive factors for failure. Methods: Bleeding was assessed on a score from 0 to 4 (none = 0; < 1/month = 1; 1/week = 2; > 1/week = 3; 3-4/week = 4), frequency of hemorrhoid-related symptoms with a score of 0-3 (2/year = 1; 3-5/year = 2; < 5/year = 3). Constipation and fecal incontinence were assessed by means of validated scores. Quality of life and pain at defecation were assessed using a visual analog scale of 0-10 (0 = worst possible-10 = best possible quality of life and 0 = no pain-10 = worst pain imaginable, respectively). Recurrence rate and need for re-operation were reported. Potential predictive factors of failure were analyzed by means of univariate analysis. Results: Two-hundred-eighty-four patients (183 males, 101 females; mean age: 47.5 years) were included in the trial; 8 patients were lost at follow-up. Analysis of 276 patients who completed the 2-year follow-up showed an overall resolution of symptoms in 89.9% (248/276) of patients. Statistically significant improvement of quality of life, pain reduction, bleeding and frequency of acute symptoms were reported. Of 28 patients with persistent or recurrent symptoms, 12 had pain (4.35%), 10 had bleeding (3.6%) and 6 had increasing prolapse at defecation (2.2%). Eleven out of twenty-eight patients required additional surgery. Constipation and III-IV grade hemorrhoids were associated with statistically significant higher failure rates (p = 0.046 and 0.012, respectively). Better results were reported in patients reporting preoperative high-grade pain at evacuation. Conclusions: The Doppler-guided hemorrhoidal laser procedure showed efficacy at long-term follow-up. It can be considered as 'first-line' treatment in patients with low-grade hemorrhoids suffering from bleeding, pain and recurrent acute symptoms in whom conservative treatment failed.
MeSH term(s)	Female ; Hemorrhoidectomy/adverse effects ; Hemorrhoidectomy/methods ; Hemorrhoids/complications ; Hemorrhoids/diagnostic imaging ; Hemorrhoids/surgery ; Humans ; Lasers ; Ligation/methods ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Quality of Life ; Treatment Outcome
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-07
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article ; Multicenter Study
ZDB-ID	639039-0
ISSN	1432-2218 ; 0930-2794
ISSN (online)	1432-2218
ISSN	0930-2794
DOI	10.1007/s00464-020-08248-2
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Article ; Online: How reliable is current imaging in restaging rectal cancer after neoadjuvant therapy?

De Nardi, Paola / Carvello, Michele

World journal of gastroenterology

2013 Volume 19, Issue 36, Page(s) 5964–5972

Abstract: In patients with advanced rectal cancer, neoadjuvant chemo radiotherapy provides tumor downstaging and downsizing and complete pathological response in up to 30% of cases. After proctectomy complete pathological response is associated with low rates of ... ...

Abstract	In patients with advanced rectal cancer, neoadjuvant chemo radiotherapy provides tumor downstaging and downsizing and complete pathological response in up to 30% of cases. After proctectomy complete pathological response is associated with low rates of local recurrence and excellent long term survival. Several authors claim a less invasive surgery or a non operative policy in patients with partial or clinical complete response respectively, however to identify patients with true complete pathological response before surgical resection remains a challenge. Current imaging techniques have been reported to be highly accurate in the primary staging of rectal cancer, however neoadjuvant therapy course produces deep modifications on cancer tissue and on surrounding structures such as overgrowth fibrosis, deep stroma alteration, wall thickness, muscle disarrangement, tumor necrosis, calcification, and inflammatory infiltration. As a result, the same imaging techniques, when used for restaging, are far less accurate. Local tumor extent may be overestimated or underestimated. The diagnostic accuracy of clinical examination, rectal ultrasound, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and positron emission tomography using 18F-fluoro-2'-deoxy-D-glucose ranges between 25% and 75% being less than 60% in most studies, both for rectal wall invasion and for lymph nodes involvement. In particular the ability to predict complete pathological response, in order to tailor the surgical approach, remains low. Due to the radio-induced tissue modifications, combined with imaging technical aspects, low rate accuracy is achieved, making modern imaging techniques still unreliable in restaging rectal cancer after chemo-radiotherapy.
MeSH term(s)	Chemotherapy, Adjuvant ; Diagnostic Imaging/methods ; Humans ; Lymphatic Metastasis ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Neoadjuvant Therapy ; Neoplasm Invasiveness ; Neoplasm Recurrence, Local ; Neoplasm Staging ; Positron-Emission Tomography ; Predictive Value of Tests ; Rectal Neoplasms/pathology ; Rectal Neoplasms/therapy ; Reproducibility of Results ; Risk Factors ; Tomography, X-Ray Computed ; Treatment Outcome ; Tumor Burden
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-10-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2185929-2
ISSN	2219-2840 ; 1007-9327
ISSN (online)	2219-2840
ISSN	1007-9327
DOI	10.3748/wjg.v19.i36.5964
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