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  1. Article ; Online: The Vestibulocerebellum and the Shattered Self: a Resting-State Functional Connectivity Study in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Its Dissociative Subtype.

    Rabellino, Daniela / Thome, Janine / Densmore, Maria / Théberge, Jean / McKinnon, Margaret C / Lanius, Ruth A

    Cerebellum (London, England)

    2022  Volume 22, Issue 6, Page(s) 1083–1097

    Abstract: The flocculus is a region of the vestibulocerebellum dedicated to the coordination of neck, head, and eye movements for optimal posture, balance, and orienting responses. Despite growing evidence of vestibular and oculomotor impairments in the aftermath ... ...

    Abstract The flocculus is a region of the vestibulocerebellum dedicated to the coordination of neck, head, and eye movements for optimal posture, balance, and orienting responses. Despite growing evidence of vestibular and oculomotor impairments in the aftermath of traumatic stress, little is known about the effects of chronic psychological trauma on vestibulocerebellar functioning. Here, we investigated alterations in functional connectivity of the flocculus at rest among individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its dissociative subtype (PTSD + DS) as compared to healthy controls. Forty-four healthy controls, 57 PTSD, and 32 PTSD + DS underwent 6-min resting-state MRI scans. Seed-based functional connectivity analyses using the right and left flocculi as seeds were performed. These analyses revealed that, as compared to controls, PTSD and PTSD + DS showed decreased resting-state functional connectivity of the left flocculus with cortical regions involved in bodily self-consciousness, including the temporo-parietal junction, the supramarginal and angular gyri, and the superior parietal lobule. Moreover, as compared to controls, the PTSD + DS group showed decreased functional connectivity of the left flocculus with the medial prefrontal cortex, the precuneus, and the mid/posterior cingulum, key regions of the default mode network. Critically, when comparing PTSD + DS to PTSD, we observed increased functional connectivity of the right flocculus with the right anterior hippocampus, a region affected frequently by early life trauma. Taken together, our findings point toward the crucial role of the flocculus in the neurocircuitry underlying a coherent and embodied self, which can be compromised in PTSD and PTSD + DS.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnostic imaging ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/psychology ; Emotions ; Cerebellar Vermis ; Hippocampus ; Dissociative Disorders ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2112586-7
    ISSN 1473-4230 ; 1473-4222
    ISSN (online) 1473-4230
    ISSN 1473-4222
    DOI 10.1007/s12311-022-01467-4
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  2. Article ; Online: How the body remembers: Examining the default mode and sensorimotor networks during moral injury autobiographical memory retrieval in PTSD.

    Kearney, Breanne E / Terpou, Braeden A / Densmore, Maria / Shaw, Saurabh B / Théberge, Jean / Jetly, Rakesh / McKinnon, Margaret C / Lanius, Ruth A

    NeuroImage. Clinical

    2023  Volume 38, Page(s) 103426

    Abstract: Neural representations of sensory percepts and motor responses constitute key elements of autobiographical memory. However, these representations may remain as unintegrated sensory and motor fragments in traumatic memory, thus contributing toward re- ... ...

    Abstract Neural representations of sensory percepts and motor responses constitute key elements of autobiographical memory. However, these representations may remain as unintegrated sensory and motor fragments in traumatic memory, thus contributing toward re-experiencing and reliving symptoms in trauma-related conditions such as post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Here, we investigated the sensorimotor network (SMN) and posterior default mode network (pDMN) using a group independent component analysis (ICA) by examining their functional connectivity during a script-driven memory retrieval paradigm of (potentially) morally injurious events in individuals with PTSD and healthy controls. Moral injury (MI), where an individual acts or fails to act in a morally aligned manner, is examined given its inherent ties to disrupted motor planning and thus sensorimotor mechanisms. Our findings revealed significant differences in functional network connectivity across the SMN and pDMN during MI retrieval in participants with PTSD (n = 65) as compared to healthy controls (n = 25). No such significant group-wise differences emerged during retrieval of a neutral memory. PTSD-related alterations included hyperconnectivity between the SMN and pDMN, enhanced within-network connectivity of the SMN with premotor areas, and increased recruitment of the supramarginal gyrus into both the SMN and the pDMN during MI retrieval. In parallel with these neuroimaging findings, a positive correlation was found between PTSD severity and subjective re-experiencing intensity ratings after MI retrieval. These results suggest a neural basis for traumatic re-experiencing, where reliving and/or re-enacting a past morally injurious event in the form of sensory and motor fragments occurs in place of retrieving a complete, past-contextualized narrative as put forth by Brewin and colleagues (1996) and Conway and Pleydell-Pearce (2000). These findings have implications for bottom-up treatments targeting directly the sensory and motoric elements of traumatic experiences.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnostic imaging ; Brain ; Memory, Episodic ; Brain Mapping ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-29
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2701571-3
    ISSN 2213-1582 ; 2213-1582
    ISSN (online) 2213-1582
    ISSN 2213-1582
    DOI 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103426
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  3. Article ; Online: Increased top-down control of emotions during symptom provocation working memory tasks following a RCT of alpha-down neurofeedback in PTSD.

    Shaw, Saurabh Bhaskar / Nicholson, Andrew A / Ros, Tomas / Harricharan, Sherain / Terpou, Braeden / Densmore, Maria / Theberge, Jean / Frewen, Paul / Lanius, Ruth A

    NeuroImage. Clinical

    2023  Volume 37, Page(s) 103313

    Abstract: Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been found to be associated with emotion under-modulation from the prefrontal cortex and a breakdown of the top-down control of cognition and emotion. Novel adjunct therapies such as neurofeedback ( ... ...

    Abstract Background: Posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) has been found to be associated with emotion under-modulation from the prefrontal cortex and a breakdown of the top-down control of cognition and emotion. Novel adjunct therapies such as neurofeedback (NFB) have been shown to normalize aberrant neural circuits that underlie PTSD psychopathology at rest. However, little evidence exists for NFB-linked neural improvements under emotionally relevant cognitive load. The current study sought to address this gap by examining the effects of alpha-down NFB in the context of an emotional n-back task.
    Methods: We conducted a 20-week double-blind randomized, sham-controlled trial of alpha-down NFB and collected neuroimaging data before and after the NFB protocol. Participants performed an emotional 1-back and 2-back working memory task, with interleaved trauma-neutral and trauma-relevant cues in the fMRI scanner. Data from 35 participants with a primary diagnosis of PTSD were analyzed in this study (n = 18 in the experimental group undergoing alpha-down NFB, n = 17 in the sham-control group).
    Results: Firstly, within-group analyses showed clinically significant reductions in PTSD symptom severity scores at the post-intervention timepoint and 3-month follow-up for the experimental group, and not for the sham-control group. The neuroimaging analyses revealed that alpha-down NFB enhanced engagement of top-down cognitive and emotional control centers, such as the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (dlPFC), and improved integration of the anterior and posterior parts of the default mode network (DMN). Finally, our results also indicate that increased alpha-down NFB performance correlated with increased activity in brain regions involved in top-down control and bodily consciousness/embodied processing of self (TPJ and posterior insula).
    Conclusion: This is the first study to provide mechanistic insights into how NFB may normalize dysfunctional brain activity and connectivity in PTSD under cognitive load with simultaneous symptom provocation, adding to a growing body of evidence supporting the therapeutic neuromodulatory effects of NFB. This preliminary study highlights the benefits of alpha-down NFB training as an adjunctive therapy for PTSD and warrants further investigation into its therapeutic effects on cognitive and emotion control in those with PTSD.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnostic imaging ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/therapy ; Memory, Short-Term ; Neurofeedback ; Emotions ; Brain ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-03
    Publishing country Netherlands
    Document type Randomized Controlled Trial ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2701571-3
    ISSN 2213-1582 ; 2213-1582
    ISSN (online) 2213-1582
    ISSN 2213-1582
    DOI 10.1016/j.nicl.2023.103313
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  4. Article ; Online: Homeostatic normalization of alpha brain rhythms within the default-mode network and reduced symptoms in post-traumatic stress disorder following a randomized controlled trial of electroencephalogram neurofeedback.

    Nicholson, Andrew A / Densmore, Maria / Frewen, Paul A / Neufeld, Richard W J / Théberge, Jean / Jetly, Rakesh / Lanius, Ruth A / Ros, Tomas

    Brain communications

    2023  Volume 5, Issue 2, Page(s) fcad068

    Abstract: Collective research has identified a key electroencephalogram signature in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder, consisting of abnormally reduced alpha (8-12 Hz) rhythms. We conducted a 20-session, double-blind, randomized controlled trial of ... ...

    Abstract Collective research has identified a key electroencephalogram signature in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder, consisting of abnormally reduced alpha (8-12 Hz) rhythms. We conducted a 20-session, double-blind, randomized controlled trial of alpha desynchronizing neurofeedback in patients with post-traumatic stress disorder over 20 weeks. Our objective was to provide mechanistic evidence underlying potential clinical improvements by examining changes in aberrant post-traumatic stress disorder brain rhythms (namely, alpha oscillations) as a function of neurofeedback treatment. We randomly assigned participants with a primary diagnosis of post-traumatic stress disorder (
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-16
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2632-1297
    ISSN (online) 2632-1297
    DOI 10.1093/braincomms/fcad068
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  5. Article ; Online: Altered basal forebrain BOLD signal variability at rest in posttraumatic stress disorder: A potential candidate vulnerability mechanism for neurodegeneration in PTSD.

    Olivé, Isadora / Makris, Nikos / Densmore, Maria / McKinnon, Margaret C / Lanius, Ruth A

    Human brain mapping

    2021  Volume 42, Issue 11, Page(s) 3561–3575

    Abstract: Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at increased risk for the development of various forms of dementia. Nevertheless, the neuropathological link between PTSD and neurodegeneration remains unclear. Degeneration of the human basal ... ...

    Abstract Individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) are at increased risk for the development of various forms of dementia. Nevertheless, the neuropathological link between PTSD and neurodegeneration remains unclear. Degeneration of the human basal forebrain constitutes a pathological hallmark of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's disease. In this seed-based resting-state (rs-)fMRI study identifying as outcome measure the temporal BOLD signal fluctuation magnitude, a seed-to-voxel analyses assessed temporal correlations between the average BOLD signal within a bilateral whole basal forebrain region-of-interest and each whole-brain voxel among individuals with PTSD (n = 65), its dissociative subtype (PTSD+DS) (n = 38) and healthy controls (n = 46). We found that compared both with the PTSD and healthy controls groups, the PTSD+DS group exhibited increased BOLD signal variability within two nuclei of the seed region, specifically in its extended amygdaloid region: the nucleus accumbens and the sublenticular extended amygdala. This finding is provocative, because it mimics staging models of neurodegenerative diseases reporting allocation of neuropathology in early disease stages circumscribed to the basal forebrain. Here, underlying candidate etiopathogenetic mechanisms are neurovascular uncoupling, decreased connectivity in local- and large-scale neural networks, or disrupted mesolimbic dopaminergic circuitry, acting indirectly upon the basal forebrain cholinergic pathways. These abnormalities may underpin reward-related deficits representing a putative link between persistent traumatic memory in PTSD and anterograde memory deficits in neurodegeneration. Observed alterations of the basal forebrain in the dissociative subtype of PTSD point towards the urgent need for further exploration of this region as a potential candidate vulnerability mechanism for neurodegeneration in PTSD.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Basal Forebrain/diagnostic imaging ; Basal Forebrain/pathology ; Basal Forebrain/physiopathology ; Connectome ; Dissociative Disorders/diagnostic imaging ; Dissociative Disorders/etiology ; Dissociative Disorders/pathology ; Dissociative Disorders/physiopathology ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/complications ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnostic imaging ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/pathology ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/physiopathology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1197207-5
    ISSN 1097-0193 ; 1065-9471
    ISSN (online) 1097-0193
    ISSN 1065-9471
    DOI 10.1002/hbm.25454
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    Zs.A 4028: Show issues Location:
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  6. Article: Contrasting Associations Between Heart Rate Variability and Brainstem-Limbic Connectivity in Posttraumatic Stress Disorder and Its Dissociative Subtype: A Pilot Study.

    Thome, Janine / Densmore, Maria / Terpou, Braeden A / Théberge, Jean / McKinnon, Margaret C / Lanius, Ruth A

    Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience

    2022  Volume 16, Page(s) 862192

    Abstract: Background: Increasing evidence points toward the need to extend the neurobiological conceptualization of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to include evolutionarily conserved neurocircuitries centered on the brainstem and the midbrain. The reticular ...

    Abstract Background: Increasing evidence points toward the need to extend the neurobiological conceptualization of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) to include evolutionarily conserved neurocircuitries centered on the brainstem and the midbrain. The reticular activating system (RAS) helps to shape the arousal state of the brain, acting as a bridge between brain and body. To modulate arousal, the RAS is closely tied to the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Individuals with PTSD often reveal altered arousal patterns, ranging from hyper- to blunted arousal states, as well as altered functional connectivity profiles of key arousal-related brain structures that receive direct projections from the RAS. Accordingly, the present study aims to explore resting state functional connectivity of the RAS and its interaction with the ANS in participants with PTSD and its dissociative subtype.
    Methods: Individuals with PTSD (
    Results: Both PTSD and PTSD + DS demonstrated reduced HRV as compared to controls. HRV measures were then correlated with rsFC of the PPN. Critically, participants with PTSD and participants with PTSD + DS displayed inverse correlations between HRV and rsFC between the PPN and key limbic structures, including the amygdala. Whereas participants with PTSD displayed a
    Conclusion: The present exploratory investigation reveals contrasting patterns of arousal-related circuitry among participants with PTSD and PTSD + DS, providing a neurobiological lens to interpret hyper- and more blunted arousal states in PTSD and PTSD + DS, respectively.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-30
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2452960-6
    ISSN 1662-5153
    ISSN 1662-5153
    DOI 10.3389/fnbeh.2022.862192
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  7. Article ; Online: Moral wounds run deep: exaggerated midbrain functional network connectivity across the default mode network in posttraumatic stress disorder.

    Terpou, Braeden A / Lloyd, Chantelle S / Densmore, Maria / McKinnon, Margaret C / Théberge, Jean / Neufeld, Richard W J / Jetly, Rakesh / Lanius, Ruth A

    Journal of psychiatry & neuroscience : JPN

    2022  Volume 47, Issue 1, Page(s) E56–E66

    Abstract: Background: A moral injury occurs when a deeply held moral code has been violated, and it can lead to the development of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the neural correlates that differentiate moral injury and PTSD remain ... ...

    Abstract Background: A moral injury occurs when a deeply held moral code has been violated, and it can lead to the development of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the neural correlates that differentiate moral injury and PTSD remain largely unknown. Intrinsic connectivity networks such as the default mode network (DMN) appear to be altered in people with PTSD who have experienced moral injury. However, brainstem, midbrain and cerebellar systems are rarely integrated into the intrinsic connectivity networks; this is a critical oversight, because these systems display marked differences in people with PTSD and are thought to underlie strong moral emotions such as shame, guilt and betrayal.
    Methods: We conducted an independent component analysis on data generated during script-driven memory recall of moral injury in participants with military- or law enforcement-related PTSD (
    Results: We found stronger functional network connectivity in the midbrain periaqueductal grey (
    Limitations: The significant clusters were large, but resolution is generally lower for subcortical structures.
    Conclusion: In PTSD, the DMN appears to be biased toward lower-level, midbrain systems, which may drive toxic shame and related moral emotions that are common in PTSD, highlighting the depth at which moral injuries are represented neurobiologically.
    MeSH term(s) Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Default Mode Network ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Mesencephalon/diagnostic imaging ; Morals ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnostic imaging
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-02-17
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 1077443-9
    ISSN 1488-2434 ; 1180-4882
    ISSN (online) 1488-2434
    ISSN 1180-4882
    DOI 10.1503/jpn.210117
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    Zs.B 2105: Show issues Location:
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  8. Article ; Online: 'I am afraid you will see the stain on my soul': Direct gaze neural processing in individuals with PTSD after moral injury recall.

    Andrews, Krysta / Lloyd, Chantelle S / Densmore, Maria / Kearney, Breanne E / Harricharan, Sherain / McKinnon, Margaret C / Théberge, Jean / Jetly, Rakesh / Lanius, Ruth A

    Social cognitive and affective neuroscience

    2023  Volume 18, Issue 1

    Abstract: Direct eye contact is essential to understanding others' thoughts and feelings in social interactions. However, those with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and exposure to moral injury (MI) may exhibit altered theory-of-mind (ToM)/mentalizing ... ...

    Abstract Direct eye contact is essential to understanding others' thoughts and feelings in social interactions. However, those with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and exposure to moral injury (MI) may exhibit altered theory-of-mind (ToM)/mentalizing processes and experience shame which precludes one's capacity for direct eye contact. We investigated blood oxygenation level-dependent (BOLD) responses associated with direct vs averted gaze using a virtual reality paradigm in individuals with PTSD (n = 28) relative to healthy controls (n = 18) following recall of a MI vs a neutral memory. Associations between BOLD responses and clinical symptomatology were also assessed. After MI recall, individuals with PTSD showed greater activation in the right temporoparietal junction as compared to controls (T = 4.83; pFDR < 0.001; k = 237) during direct gaze. No significant activation occurred during direct gaze after neutral memory recall. Further, a significant positive correlation was found between feelings of distress and right medial superior frontal gyrus activation in individuals with PTSD (T = 5.03; pFDR = 0.049; k = 123). These findings suggest that direct gaze after MI recall prompts compensatory ToM/mentalizing processing. Implications for future interventions aimed at mitigating the effects of PTSD on social functioning are discussed.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic ; Coloring Agents ; Emotions/physiology ; Mental Recall/physiology ; Myocardial Infarction ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    Chemical Substances Coloring Agents
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2236933-8
    ISSN 1749-5024 ; 1749-5016
    ISSN (online) 1749-5024
    ISSN 1749-5016
    DOI 10.1093/scan/nsad053
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  9. Article ; Online: Posterior cingulate cortex targeted real-time fMRI neurofeedback recalibrates functional connectivity with the amygdala, posterior insula, and default-mode network in PTSD.

    Lieberman, Jonathan M / Rabellino, Daniela / Densmore, Maria / Frewen, Paul A / Steyrl, David / Scharnowski, Frank / Théberge, Jean / Neufeld, Richard W J / Schmahl, Christian / Jetly, Rakesh / Narikuzhy, Sandhya / Lanius, Ruth A / Nicholson, Andrew A

    Brain and behavior

    2023  Volume 13, Issue 3, Page(s) e2883

    Abstract: Background: Alterations within large-scale brain networks-namely, the default mode (DMN) and salience networks (SN)-are present among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) ... ...

    Abstract Background: Alterations within large-scale brain networks-namely, the default mode (DMN) and salience networks (SN)-are present among individuals with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). Previous real-time functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) and electroencephalography neurofeedback studies suggest that regulating posterior cingulate cortex (PCC; the primary hub of the posterior DMN) activity may reduce PTSD symptoms and recalibrate altered network dynamics. However, PCC connectivity to the DMN and SN during PCC-targeted fMRI neurofeedback remains unexamined and may help to elucidate neurophysiological mechanisms through which these symptom improvements may occur.
    Methods: Using a trauma/emotion provocation paradigm, we investigated psychophysiological interactions over a single session of neurofeedback among PTSD (n = 14) and healthy control (n = 15) participants. We compared PCC functional connectivity between regulate (in which participants downregulated PCC activity) and view (in which participants did not exert regulatory control) conditions across the whole-brain as well as in a priori specified regions-of-interest.
    Results: During regulate as compared to view conditions, only the PTSD group showed significant PCC connectivity with anterior DMN (dmPFC, vmPFC) and SN (posterior insula) regions, whereas both groups displayed PCC connectivity with other posterior DMN areas (precuneus/cuneus). Additionally, as compared with controls, the PTSD group showed significantly greater PCC connectivity with the SN (amygdala) during regulate as compared to view conditions. Moreover, linear regression analyses revealed that during regulate as compared to view conditions, PCC connectivity to DMN and SN regions was positively correlated to psychiatric symptoms across all participants.
    Conclusion: In summary, observations of PCC connectivity to the DMN and SN provide emerging evidence of neural mechanisms underlying PCC-targeted fMRI neurofeedback among individuals with PTSD. This supports the use of PCC-targeted neurofeedback as a means by which to recalibrate PTSD-associated alterations in neural connectivity within the DMN and SN, which together, may help to facilitate improved emotion regulation abilities in PTSD.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/diagnostic imaging ; Stress Disorders, Post-Traumatic/therapy ; Gyrus Cinguli ; Neurofeedback/methods ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Default Mode Network/pathology ; Brain ; Amygdala ; Brain Mapping ; Neocortex
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-15
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2623587-0
    ISSN 2162-3279 ; 2162-3279
    ISSN (online) 2162-3279
    ISSN 2162-3279
    DOI 10.1002/brb3.2883
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  10. Article: The vestibulocerebellum and the shattered self

    Rabellino, Daniela / Thome, Janine / Densmore, Maria / Théberge, Jean / McKinnon, Margaret C. / Lanius, Ruth A.

    The Cerebellum

    A resting-state functional connectivity study in posttraumatic stress disorder and its dissociative subtype

    2022  Volume 22, Page(s) 1083–1097

    Abstract: The flocculus is a region of the vestibulocerebellum dedicated to the coordination of neck, head, and eye movements for optimal posture, balance, and orienting responses. Despite growing evidence of vestibular and oculomotor impairments in the aftermath ... ...

    Title translation Das Vestibulozerebellum und das zerrüttete Selbst: Eine Studie zur funktionellen Konnektivität im Ruhezustand bei posttraumatischer Belastungsstörung und ihrem dissoziativen Subtyp
    Abstract The flocculus is a region of the vestibulocerebellum dedicated to the coordination of neck, head, and eye movements for optimal posture, balance, and orienting responses. Despite growing evidence of vestibular and oculomotor impairments in the aftermath of traumatic stress, little is known about the effects of chronic psychological trauma on vestibulocerebellar functioning. Here, we investigated alterations in functional connectivity of the flocculus at rest among individuals with post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and its dissociative subtype (PTSD + DS) as compared to healthy controls. Forty-four healthy controls, 57 PTSD, and 32 PTSD + DS underwent 6-min resting-state MRI scans. Seed-based functional connectivity analyses using the right and left flocculi as seeds were performed. These analyses revealed that, as compared to controls, PTSD and PTSD + DS showed decreased resting-state functional connectivity of the left flocculus with cortical regions involved in bodily self-consciousness, including the temporo-parietal junction, the supramarginal and angular gyri, and the superior parietal lobule. Moreover, as compared to controls, the PTSD + DS group showed decreased functional connectivity of the left flocculus with the medial prefrontal cortex, the precuneus, and the mid/posterior cingulum, key regions of the default mode network. Critically, when comparing PTSD + DS to PTSD, we observed increased functional connectivity of the right flocculus with the right anterior hippocampus, a region affected frequently by early life trauma. Taken together, our findings point toward the crucial role of the flocculus in the neurocircuitry underlying a coherent and embodied self, which can be compromised in PTSD and PTSD + DS.
    Keywords Brain Connectivity ; Cerebellum ; Cerebral Blood Flow ; Default Mode Network ; Dissociative Disorders ; Dissoziative Störungen ; Early Experience ; Frühkindliche Erfahrungen ; Kleinhirn ; Konnektivität (Gehirn) ; Posttraumatic Stress Disorder ; Posttraumatische Belastungsstörung ; Ruhezustandsnetzwerk ; Selbstwahrnehmung ; Self-Perception ; Somesthetic Perception ; Somästhetische Wahrnehmung ; Trauma ; Vestibular Apparatus ; Vestibularapparat ; Zerebrale Durchblutung
    Language English
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 2112586-7
    ISSN 1473-4222
    ISSN 1473-4222
    DOI 10.1007/s12311-022-01467-4
    Database PSYNDEX

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