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  1. Article ; Online: The association between timing in pregnancy of drought and excess rainfall, infant sex, and birthweight: Evidence from Nepal.

    Diamond-Smith, Nadia G / Epstein, Adrienne / Zlatnik, Marya G / Treleaven, Emily

    Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.)

    2023  Volume 7, Issue 5, Page(s) e263

    Abstract: Background: Past research on the impact of climatic events, such as drought, on birth outcomes has primarily been focused in Africa, with less research in South Asia, including Nepal. Existing evidence has generally found that drought impacts ... ...

    Abstract Background: Past research on the impact of climatic events, such as drought, on birth outcomes has primarily been focused in Africa, with less research in South Asia, including Nepal. Existing evidence has generally found that drought impacts birthweight and infant sex, with differences by trimester. Additionally, less research has looked at the impact of excess rain on birth outcomes or focused on the impact of rainfall extremes in the preconception period. Using data from a large demographic surveillance system in Nepal, combined with a novel measure of drought/excess rainfall, we explore the impact of these on birthweight by time in pregnancy.
    Methods: Using survey data from the 2016 to 2019 Chitwan Valley Study in rural Nepal combined with data from Climate Hazards InfraRed Precipitation with Station, we explored the association between excess rainfall and drought and birthweight, looking at exposure in the preconception period, and by trimester of pregnancy. We also explore the impact of excess rainfall and drought on infant sex and delivery with a skilled birth attendant. We used multilevel regressions and explored for effect modification by maternal age.
    Results: Drought in the first trimester is associated with lower birthweight (
    Conclusions: Increasing rainfall extremes will likely impact birth outcomes and could have implications for sex ratios at birth.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-08-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2474-7882
    ISSN (online) 2474-7882
    DOI 10.1097/EE9.0000000000000263
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Can a quality improvement intervention improve person-centred maternity care in Kenya?

    Sudhinaraset, May / Giessler, Katie M / Nakphong, Michelle Kao / Munson, Meghan M / Golub, Ginger M / Diamond-Smith, Nadia G / Opot, James / Green, Cathy E

    Sexual and reproductive health matters

    2023  Volume 31, Issue 1, Page(s) 2175448

    Abstract: Few evidence-based interventions exist to improve person-centred maternity care in low-resource settings. This study aimed to understand whether a quality improvement (QI) intervention could improve person-centred maternity care (PCMC) experiences for ... ...

    Abstract Few evidence-based interventions exist to improve person-centred maternity care in low-resource settings. This study aimed to understand whether a quality improvement (QI) intervention could improve person-centred maternity care (PCMC) experiences for women delivering in public health facilities in Kenya. A pre-post design was used to examine changes in PCMC scores across three intervention and matched control facilities at baseline (
    MeSH term(s) Pregnancy ; Humans ; Female ; Quality Improvement ; Kenya ; Maternal Health Services ; Quality of Health Care ; Delivery, Obstetric
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-01
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2641-0397
    ISSN (online) 2641-0397
    DOI 10.1080/26410397.2023.2175448
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article ; Online: Adapting and Validating the G-NORM (Gender Norms Scale) in Nepal: An Examination of How Gender Norms Are Associated with Agency and Reproductive Health Outcomes.

    Sedlander, Erica / Dahal, Minakshi / Bingenheimer, Jeffrey Bart / Puri, Mahesh C / Rimal, Rajiv N / Granovsky, Rachel / Diamond-Smith, Nadia G

    Studies in family planning

    2023  Volume 54, Issue 1, Page(s) 181–200

    Abstract: Research calls for the sexual and reproductive rights field to prioritize gender norms to ensure that women can act on their reproductive rights. However, there is a gap in accepted measures. We addressed this by including important theoretical ... ...

    Abstract Research calls for the sexual and reproductive rights field to prioritize gender norms to ensure that women can act on their reproductive rights. However, there is a gap in accepted measures. We addressed this by including important theoretical components of gender norms: differentiating between descriptive and injunctive norms and adding a referent group. Our team originally developed and validated the G-NORM, a gender norms scale, in India. In this paper, we describe how we subsequently adapted and validated it in Nepal. We administered items to women of reproductive age, conducted exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis, and examined associations between the subscales and reproductive health outcomes. Like the original G-NORM, our factor analyses showed that descriptive norms and injunctive norms comprise two distinct scales which fit the data well and had Cronbach alphas of 0.92 and 0.89. More equitable descriptive gender norms were associated with higher decision-making scores, increased odds of intending to use family planning, disagreeing that it is wrong to use family planning, and older ideal age at marriage. Injunctive gender norms were only associated with disagreeing that it is wrong to use family planning. Findings offer an improved measure of gender norms in Nepal and provide evidence that gender norms are critical for agency and reproductive health outcomes.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Female ; Nepal ; Reproductive Health ; Sexual Behavior ; India
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 862445-8
    ISSN 1728-4465 ; 0039-3665
    ISSN (online) 1728-4465
    ISSN 0039-3665
    DOI 10.1111/sifp.12231
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Impact of Sumadhur intervention on fertility and family planning decision-making norms: a mixed methods study.

    Mitchell, Ashley / Puri, Mahesh C / Dahal, Minakshi / Cornell, Alia / Upadhyay, Ushma D / Diamond-Smith, Nadia G

    Reproductive health

    2023  Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) 80

    Abstract: Background: Mindful of social norms shaping health among women pressured to prove early fertility in Nepal, a bi-national research team developed and piloted a 4-month intervention engaging household triads (newly married women, their husbands, and ... ...

    Abstract Background: Mindful of social norms shaping health among women pressured to prove early fertility in Nepal, a bi-national research team developed and piloted a 4-month intervention engaging household triads (newly married women, their husbands, and mothers-in-law) toward advancing gender equity, personal agency, and reproductive health. This study evaluates the impact on family planning and fertility decision-making.
    Methods: In 2021, Sumadhur was piloted in six villages with 30 household triads (90 participants). Pre/post surveys of all participants were analyzed using paired sample nonparametric tests and in-depth interviews with a subset of 45 participants were transcribed and analyzed thematically.
    Results: Sumadhur significantly impacted (p < .05) norms related to pregnancy spacing and timing, and sex preference of children, as well as knowledge about family planning benefits, pregnancy prevention methods, and abortion legality. Family planning intent also increased among newly married women. Qualitative findings revealed improved family dynamics and gender equity, and shed light on remaining challenges.
    Conclusions: Entrenched social norms surrounding fertility and family planning contrasted with participants' personal beliefs, highlighting needed community-level shifts to improve reproductive health in Nepal. Engagement of influential community- and family-members is key to improving norms and reproductive health. Additionally, promising interventions such as Sumadhur should be scaled up and reassessed.
    MeSH term(s) Pregnancy ; Child ; Female ; Humans ; Family Planning Services ; Contraception Behavior ; Fertility ; Sex Education ; Family Characteristics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-25
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2149029-6
    ISSN 1742-4755 ; 1742-4755
    ISSN (online) 1742-4755
    ISSN 1742-4755
    DOI 10.1186/s12978-023-01619-7
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Semi-arranged marriages and dowry ambivalence: Tensions in the changing landscape of marriage formation in South Asia.

    Diamond-Smith, Nadia G / Dahal, Minakshi / Puri, Mahesh / Weiser, Sheri D

    Culture, health & sexuality

    2019  Volume 22, Issue 9, Page(s) 971–986

    Abstract: Marriage is a point of change in young people's lives, especially in parts of the world that place high value on it, such as in South Asian countries including Nepal. However, marriage practices are changing, with a move towards more love marriage; this ... ...

    Abstract Marriage is a point of change in young people's lives, especially in parts of the world that place high value on it, such as in South Asian countries including Nepal. However, marriage practices are changing, with a move towards more love marriage; this is likely to have important implications on women's status and agency, household and couple dynamics, and mental and physical health. The aim of this paper is to describe how changing marriage formation patterns and traditional practices such as co-residence and dowry are intersecting and impacting relationships post-marriage. In-depth qualitative interviews took place with 20 intact triads of newly married women, their husbands and their mothers-in-law, in one district of Nepal in 2017. Many marriages remain arranged; however, couples often talk or meet before marriage and feel that they are able to build a foundation of love before marrying. Access to technology facilitates this practice, although some couples are reluctant to admit their communication, suggesting stigma about this practice. Husbands have growing ambivalence about dowry, leading to confusion and negatively impacting on relationships post-marriage. A clash of traditional and modern ideas and practices is occurring in Nepal, influencing newly married women's household status and relationship quality, and potentially impacting women's health.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Culture ; Developing Countries ; Family/psychology ; Family Characteristics ; Female ; Humans ; Intergenerational Relations ; Interviews as Topic ; Male ; Marriage/psychology ; Marriage/trends ; Middle Aged ; Nepal ; Spouses ; Women's Rights/economics ; Young Adult
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-08-19
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2023577-X
    ISSN 1464-5351 ; 1369-1058
    ISSN (online) 1464-5351
    ISSN 1369-1058
    DOI 10.1080/13691058.2019.1646318
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Preliminary impact of an mHealth education and social support intervention on maternal health knowledge and outcomes among postpartum mothers in Punjab, India.

    El Ayadi, Alison M / Diamond-Smith, Nadia G / Duggal, Mona / Singh, Pushpendra / Sharma, Preetika / Kaur, Jasmeet / Gopalakrishnan, Lakshmi / Gill, Navneet / Singh, Garima / Ahuja, Alka / Kumar, Vijay / Weil, Laura / Bagga, Rashmi

    Research square

    2023  

    Abstract: Background: Significant disruptions in the perinatal continuum of care occur postpartum in India, despite it being a critical time to optimize maternal health and wellbeing. Group-oriented mHealth approaches may help mitigate the impact of limited ... ...

    Abstract Background: Significant disruptions in the perinatal continuum of care occur postpartum in India, despite it being a critical time to optimize maternal health and wellbeing. Group-oriented mHealth approaches may help mitigate the impact of limited access to care and the lack of social support that characterize this period. Our team developed and pilot tested a provider-moderated group intervention to increase education, communication with providers, to refer participants to in-person care, and to connect them with a virtual social support group of other mothers with similarly aged infants through weekly calls and text chat.
    Methods: We analyzed the preliminary effectiveness of the pilot intervention on maternal health knowledge through 6 months postpartum among 135 participants in Punjab, India who responded to baseline and endline surveys. We described change in knowledge of maternal danger signs, birth preparedness, postpartum care use, postpartum physical and mental health, and family planning use over time between individuals in group call (synchronous), other intervention (asynchronous), and control groups.
    Results: Participant knowledge regarding danger signs was low overall regarding pregnancy, childbirth and the postpartum period (mean range of 1.13 to 2.05 at baseline and 0.79 to 2.10 at endline). Group call participants had a significantly higher increase over time in knowledge of danger signs than other intervention and control group participants. Birth preparedness knowledge ranged from mean 0.89-1.20 at baseline to 1.31-2.07 at baseline, with group call participants having significantly greater increases in comparison to the control group. Group call participants had nearly three-fold increased odds of postpartum health check with a clinical provider than other intervention participants (OR 2.88, 95% CI 1.07-7.74). No differences were noted in postpartum depressive and anxiety symptoms.
    Conclusions: Preliminary effectiveness results are promising, yet further robust testing of the MeSSSSage intervention effectiveness is needed. Further development of strategies to support health knowledge and behaviors and overcoming barriers to postpartum care access can improve maternal health among this population.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3746241/v1
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: User Acceptability and Perceived Impact of a Mobile Interactive Education and Support Group Intervention to Improve Postnatal Health Care in Northern India: A Qualitative Study.

    Cox, Valentina / Sharma, Preetika / Verma, Garima Singh / Gill, Navneet / Diamond-Smith, Nadia G / Duggal, Mona / Kumar, Vijay / Bagga, Rashmi / Kaur, Jasmeet / Singh, Pushpendra / El Ayadi, Alison M

    Research square

    2023  

    Abstract: Background: Postnatal care, crucial for preventing and assessing complications after birth, remains low in India. An interactive mHealth community-based postnatal intervention was implemented to promote healthy maternal behaviors through knowledge and ... ...

    Abstract Background: Postnatal care, crucial for preventing and assessing complications after birth, remains low in India. An interactive mHealth community-based postnatal intervention was implemented to promote healthy maternal behaviors through knowledge and social support in rural Northern India. However, there is limited information on how virtual health interventions in resource-constrained settings are perceived by the users and which elements influence their engagement and sustained participation.
    Objective: We explored the user perceptions of acceptability and impact of a virtual interactive maternal and child health intervention pilot tested in Punjab State, India, including their perspectives on barriers and facilitators to engage with this intervention.
    Methods: This qualitative study was embedded within extensive mixed-method research, and oriented by the Realist Evaluation approach. Sixteen participants were recruited from the parent study. They were identified by purposive sampling to cover diverse levels of attendance and engagement with the intervention. In-depth interviews were conducted by phone. Following translation, a framework analysis was completed to search for the main themes. Feedback was requested from intervention moderators during the process to prioritize local interpretation.
    Results: Study participants reported overall satisfaction with the intervention. The mothers appreciated the educational material provided and the communication with other participants and health professionals. Across context, intervention, and actor domains, the barriers most commented on were network and connectivity challenges, lack of time due to household responsibilities, and feeling uncomfortable sharing personal experiences. Family buy-in and support were fundamental for overcoming the high domestic workload and baby care. Another facilitator mentioned was moderators' guidance on using the different intervention modalities. Regarding perceived impact, participants shared that MeSSSSage increased their capability and motivation to breastfeed, seek care as needed, and use contraception according to their preferences. Finally, participants suggested adding more topics to the educational content and adjusting the dynamics within the group calls to improve the intervention.
    Conclusions: This study identifies the high acceptability and perceived impact of a novel postnatal care program in a rural setting, including the users' perceived barriers to engaging with the intervention and possible solutions to overcome them. These findings enable refinement of the ongoing intervention, providing a more robust framing for its scalability and long-term sustainability. On a larger scale, conclusions from this research provide new insights and encouragement to global stakeholders who aspire to improve maternal and neonatal outcomes in low-income and middle-income countries through mHealth.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-18
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.21203/rs.3.rs-3320095/v1
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: A qualitative study to understand sociocultural beliefs around perinatal and neonatal health in rural areas of Mohali, Punjab, India.

    Ahuja, Alka / Duggal, Mona / Liu, Jane Y / Sharma, Preetika / Hosapatna Basavarajappa, Darshan / Bagga, Rashmi / El Ayadi, Alison M / Kankaria, Ankita / Kumar, Vijay / Singh, Pushpendra / Diamond-Smith, Nadia G

    Frontiers in global women's health

    2023  Volume 4, Page(s) 1147762

    Abstract: Introduction: Globally, 600,000 mothers (15-49 years) die every year due to pregnancy and childbirth-related complications. Wide variations are seen in cultural practices and beliefs surrounding this period of a woman's life. The present study explores ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Globally, 600,000 mothers (15-49 years) die every year due to pregnancy and childbirth-related complications. Wide variations are seen in cultural practices and beliefs surrounding this period of a woman's life. The present study explores the cultural beliefs and practices of women and families during pregnancy and the postnatal period in order to understand what behavioral management strategies are required to improve maternal and infant outcomes during pregnancy and the postpartum period.
    Methods: The study was conducted in a rural area of Punjab, from December 2019 to March 2021. A total of 20 women (up to 3 months postpartum, age >18 years, were interviewed.
    Results: In general, women described eating varied and fairly healthy diets during pregnancy, especially nutritious warm food, following traditional practices. Other cultural practices included restrictions on movement and mobile phone use and the use of unsafe home remedies to promote infant safety and wellbeing, such as using gripe water, applying black pencil to the baby's eyes, and feeding the baby honey. A few were not inclined to engage with these and other cultural expectations, preferring instead to follow contemporary practices influenced by social media. These practices included being accompanied by a family member during delivery, celebrating the baby's birth regardless of sex, and early bathing post-delivery.
    Discussion: It can be concluded that while many traditional practices are still followed in India, there are new beliefs and behaviors arising from an intersection between culture and technology. Developing strategies that acknowledge older beliefs and modern approaches is essential to promoting better antenatal and postpartum care.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-30
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2673-5059
    ISSN (online) 2673-5059
    DOI 10.3389/fgwh.2023.1147762
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Access to and Use of Mobile Phone by Postpartum, Married Women in Punjab, India: Secondary Analysis of mHealth Intervention Pilot Data.

    Pendse, Ruchita S / El Ayadi, Alison M / Sharma, Preetika / Ahuja, Alka / Hosapatna Basavarajappa, Darshan / Duggal, Mona / Kankaria, Ankita / Singh, Pushpendra / Kumar, Vijay / Bagga, Rashmi / Diamond-Smith, Nadia G

    JMIR formative research

    2022  Volume 6, Issue 5, Page(s) e34852

    Abstract: Background: As mobile phone uptake in India continues to grow, there is also continued interest in mobile platform-based interventions for health education. There is a significant gender gap in mobile phone access-women's access to mobile phones is ... ...

    Abstract Background: As mobile phone uptake in India continues to grow, there is also continued interest in mobile platform-based interventions for health education. There is a significant gender gap in mobile phone access-women's access to mobile phones is constrained by economic and social barriers. Pregnancy and postpartum care is one of many targets for mobile health (mHealth) interventions that particularly rely upon women's access to and facility with mobile phone use.
    Objective: We aimed to describe the dynamics and patterns of married pregnant and postpartum women's mobile phone access and use (among both phone owners and nonowners) who participated in an mHealth postpartum care intervention and to identify potential barriers to their participation in mobile platform-based interventions.
    Methods: A secondary analysis was performed on mixed methods data obtained for a pilot mHealth intervention for postpartum care of mothers in rural Punjab from July 2020 to February 2021. Two formative sources included exploratory in-depth interviews among postpartum women (n=20; 1-3 months postpartum) and quantitative maternal health survey among women who were pregnant or who had recently given birth (n=102). We also utilized mixed methods intervention assessment data from early postpartum women who participated in the pilot intervention (n=29), including intervention moderator perspectives. Qualitative and quantitative analyses were performed, and pertinent findings were grouped thematically.
    Results: The majority of women owned a phone (maternal health survey: 75/102, 74%; demographic survey: 17/29, 59%), though approximately half (53/102, 52%) still reported sharing phones with other family members. Sharing a phone with female family members typically allowed for better access than sharing with male family members. Some households had strict preferences against daughters-in-law having phones, or otherwise significantly restricted women's phone access. Others reported concerns about phone use-related health hazards for mother and infant during the pregnancy or postpartum period.
    Conclusions: These findings suggest nuance regarding what is meant by women's phone ownership and access-there were numerous additional constraints on women's use of phones, particularly during pregnancy and the postpartum period. Future research and mHealth interventions should probe these domains to better understand the dynamics governing women's access, use, and fluency with mobile phones to optimally design mHealth interventions.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-05-12
    Publishing country Canada
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2561-326X
    ISSN (online) 2561-326X
    DOI 10.2196/34852
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: The supply is there. So why can't pregnant and breastfeeding women in rural India get the COVID-19 vaccine?

    Diamond-Smith, Nadia G / Sharma, Preetika / Duggal, Mona / Gill, Navneet / Gupta, Jagriti / Kumar, Vijay / Kaur, Jasmeet / Singh, Pushpendra / Vosburg, Katy Bradford / El Ayadi, Alison M

    PLOS global public health

    2022  Volume 2, Issue 12, Page(s) e0001321

    Abstract: Despite COVID-19 vaccines being available to pregnant women in India since summer 2021, little is known about vaccine uptake among this high need population. We conducted mixed methods research with pregnant and recently delivered rural women in northern ...

    Abstract Despite COVID-19 vaccines being available to pregnant women in India since summer 2021, little is known about vaccine uptake among this high need population. We conducted mixed methods research with pregnant and recently delivered rural women in northern India, consisting of 300 phone surveys and 15 in-depth interviews, in November 2021. Only about a third of respondents were vaccinated, however, about half of unvaccinated respondents reported that they would get vaccinated now if they could. Fears of harm to the unborn baby or young infant were common (22% of unvaccinated women). However, among unvaccinated women who wanted to get vaccinated, the most common barrier reported was that their health care provider refused to provide them the vaccine. Gender barriers and social norms also played a role, with family members restricting women's access. Trust in the health system was high, however, women were most often getting information about COVID-19 vaccines from sources that they did not trust, and they knew they were getting potentially poor-quality information. Qualitative data shed light on the barriers women faced from their family and health care providers but described how as more people got the vaccine that norms were changing. These findings highlight how pregnant women in India have lower vaccination rates than the general population, and while vaccine hesitancy does play a role, structural barriers from the health care system also limit access to vaccines. Interventions must be developed that target household decision-makers and health providers at the community level, and that take advantage of the trust that rural women already have in their health care providers and the government. It is essential to think beyond vaccine hesitancy and think at the system level when addressing this missed opportunity to vaccinate high risk pregnant women in this setting.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2767-3375
    ISSN (online) 2767-3375
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pgph.0001321
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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