Article ; Online: Vessel formation is induced prior to the appearance of cartilage in BMP-2-mediated heterotopic ossification.
2009 Volume 25, Issue 5, Page(s) 1147–1156
Abstract: Heterotopic ossification (HO), or endochondral bone formation at nonskeletal sites, often results from traumatic injury and can lead to devastating consequences. Alternatively, the ability to harness this phenomenon would greatly enhance current ... ...
| Abstract | Heterotopic ossification (HO), or endochondral bone formation at nonskeletal sites, often results from traumatic injury and can lead to devastating consequences. Alternatively, the ability to harness this phenomenon would greatly enhance current orthopedic tools for treating segmental bone defects. Thus, understanding the earliest events in this process potentially would allow us to design more targeted therapies to either block or enhance this process. Using a murine model of HO induced by delivery of adenovirus-transduced cells expressing bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2), we show here that one of the earliest stages in this process is the establishment of new vessels prior to the appearance of cartilage. As early as 48 hours after induction of HO, we observed the appearance of brown adipocytes expressing vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) simultaneous with endothelial progenitor replication. This was determined by using a murine model that possesses the VEGF receptor 2 (Flk1) promoter containing an endothelial cell enhancer driving the expression of nuclear-localized yellow fluorescent protein (YFP). Expression of this marker has been shown previously to correlate with the establishment of new vasculature, and the nuclear localization of YFP expression allowed us to quantify changes in endothelial cell numbers. We found a significant increase in Flk1-H2B::YFP cells in BMP-2-treated animals compared with controls. The increase in endothelial progenitors occurred 3 days prior to the appearance of early cartilage. The data collectively suggest that vascular remodeling and growth may be essential to modify the microenvironment and enable engraftment of the necessary progenitors to form endochondral bone. |
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| MeSH term(s) | Adipocytes, Brown/metabolism ; Animals ; Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2/pharmacology ; Cartilage/blood supply ; Ki-67 Antigen/biosynthesis ; Mice ; Ossification, Heterotopic/metabolism ; RNA, Messenger/metabolism ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A/biosynthesis ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2/biosynthesis ; von Willebrand Factor/biosynthesis | |||||
| Chemical Substances | Bone Morphogenetic Protein 2 ; Ki-67 Antigen ; RNA, Messenger ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor A ; vascular endothelial growth factor A, rat ; von Willebrand Factor ; Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Receptor-2 (EC 2.7.10.1) | |||||
| Language | English | |||||
| Publishing date | 2009-10-14 | |||||
| Publishing country | United States | |||||
| Document type | Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. | |||||
| ZDB-ID | 632783-7 | |||||
| ISSN | 1523-4681 ; 0884-0431 | |||||
| ISSN (online) | 1523-4681 | |||||
| ISSN | 0884-0431 | |||||
| DOI | 10.1359/jbmr.091031 | |||||
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| Database | MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE |
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