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Article ; Online: Isoetin 2′- O -α- l -arabinopyranoside-5′- O -β- d -glucopyranoside

Mayra Galarza Pérez / Fabian Fell / Dimitrina Zheleva-Dimitrova / Christian Zidorn

Molbank, Vol 2023, Iss M1652, p M

2023 Volume 1652

Abstract: Isoetin derivatives are a rare class of flavonoids with a rather erratic occurrence across the plant kingdom. The Cichorieae tribe of the Asteraceae family has proven to be a rich source and a centre of chemical diversity of this class of compounds. Here, ...

Abstract	Isoetin derivatives are a rare class of flavonoids with a rather erratic occurrence across the plant kingdom. The Cichorieae tribe of the Asteraceae family has proven to be a rich source and a centre of chemical diversity of this class of compounds. Here, we describe the chromatographic isolation and mainly NMR-based structure elucidation of a previously undescribed isoetin derivative from Leontodon hispidus L. (Asteraceae, Cichorieae). The chemophenetic relevance is discussed briefly.
Keywords	flavonoids ; isoetin derivatives ; NMR spectroscopy ; Asteraceae ; chemophenetics ; Inorganic chemistry ; QD146-197
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A Comprehensive Phytochemical Analysis of Sideritis scardica Infusion Using Orbitrap UHPLC-HRMS

Dimitrina Zheleva-Dimitrova / Yulian Voynikov / Reneta Gevrenova / Vessela Balabanova

Molecules, Vol 29, Iss 1, p

2023 Volume 204

Abstract: Sideritis scardica Griseb, also known as “mountain tea” and “Olympus tea” (Lamiaceae family) is an endemic plant from the mountainous regions of the Balkan Peninsula. In this study, we focused on an in-depth phytochemical analysis of S. scardica infusion ...

Abstract	Sideritis scardica Griseb, also known as “mountain tea” and “Olympus tea” (Lamiaceae family) is an endemic plant from the mountainous regions of the Balkan Peninsula. In this study, we focused on an in-depth phytochemical analysis of S. scardica infusion using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography hyphenated with high-resolution mass spectrometry (UHPLC–HRMS). Quantitative determination of the main secondary metabolites was carried out by UHPLC–HRMS analyses using the external standard method. The results revealed more than 100 metabolites, including five sugar acids and saccharides, 21 carboxylic, hydroxybenzoic, hydroxycinnamic acids, and derivatives, 15 acylquinic acids, 10 phenylpropanoid glycosides, four iridoid glycosides, 28 flavonoids, seven fatty acids, and four organosulfur compounds. Furthermore, a dereplication and fragmentation patterns of five caffeic acids oligomers and four acylhexaric acids was performed for the first time in S. scardica . Regarding the quantitative analysis, the phenylethanoid verbascoside ( 53 ) (151.54 ± 10.86 mg/g lyophilized infusion, li), the glycosides of isoscutellarein ( 78 ) (151.70 ± 14.78 mg/g li), methylisoscutelarein ( 82 ) (107.4 ± 9.07 mg/g li), and hypolaetin ( 79 ) (78.33 ± 3.29 mg/g li), as well as caffeic acid ( 20 ) (87.25 ± 6.54 mg/g li), were found to be the major compounds in S. scardica infusion. The performed state-of-the-art phytochemical analysis of S. scardica provides additional knowledge for the chemical constituents and usage of this valuable medicinal plant.
Keywords	Sideritis scardica Griseb ; UHPLC–HRMS ; phytochemical analysis ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
Subject code	540
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Antioxidant and Hepatoprotective Potential of Echinops ritro L. Extracts on Induced Oxidative Stress In Vitro/In Vivo

Dimitrina Zheleva-Dimitrova / Rumyana Simeonova / Magdalena Kondeva-Burdina / Yonko Savov / Vessela Balabanova / Gokhan Zengin / Alexandra Petrova / Reneta Gevrenova

International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 24, Iss 9999, p

2023 Volume 9999

Abstract: Echinops ritro L. (Asteraceae) is traditionally used in the treatment of bacterial/fungal infections and respiratory and heart ailments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of extracts from E. ritro leaves (ERLE) and flowering heads (ERFE) ...

Abstract	Echinops ritro L. (Asteraceae) is traditionally used in the treatment of bacterial/fungal infections and respiratory and heart ailments. The aim of this study was to evaluate the potential of extracts from E. ritro leaves (ERLE) and flowering heads (ERFE) as antioxidant and hepatoprotective agents on diclofenac-induced lipid peroxidation and oxidative stress under in vitro and in vivo conditions. In isolated rat microsomes and hepatocytes, the extracts significantly alleviated oxidative stress by increasing cell viability and GSH levels and reducing LDH efflux and MDA production. During in vivo experiments, the administration of the ERFE alone or in combination with diclofenac resulted in a significant increase in cellular antioxidant protection and a decrease in lipid peroxidation witnessed by key markers and enzymes. A beneficial influence on the activity of the drug-metabolizing enzymes ethylmorphine-N-demetylase and aniline hydroxylase in liver tissue was found. In the acute toxicity test evaluation, the ERFE showed no toxicity. In the ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography–high-resolution mass spectrometry analysis, 95 secondary metabolites were reported for the first time, including acylquinic acids, flavonoids, and coumarins. Protocatechuic acid O -hexoside, quinic, chlorogenic and 3, 5-dicaffeoylquinic acid, apigenin; apigenin 7- O -glucoside, hyperoside, jaceosidene, and cirsiliol dominated the profiles. The results suggest that both extracts should be designed for functional applications with antioxidant and hepatoprotective capacity.
Keywords	Echinops ritro ; hepatoprotective potential ; oxidative stress ; secondary metabolites ; UHPLC-HRMS ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
Subject code	500
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Virtual Screening and Hit Selection of Natural Compounds as Acetylcholinesterase Inhibitors

Mariyana Atanasova / Ivan Dimitrov / Stefan Ivanov / Borislav Georgiev / Strahil Berkov / Dimitrina Zheleva-Dimitrova / Irini Doytchinova

Molecules, Vol 27, Iss 3139, p

2022 Volume 3139

Abstract: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is one of the classical targets in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Inhibition of AChE slows down the hydrolysis of acetycholine and increases choline levels, improving the cognitive function. The achieved success of ...

Abstract	Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) is one of the classical targets in the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease (AD). Inhibition of AChE slows down the hydrolysis of acetycholine and increases choline levels, improving the cognitive function. The achieved success of plant-based natural drugs acting as AChE inhibitors, such as galantamine (GAL) from Galanthus genus and huperzine A from Huperzia serrate (approved drug in China), in the treatment of AD, and the fact that natural compounds (NCs) are considered as safer and less toxic compared to synthetic drugs, led us to screen the available NCs (almost 150,000) in the ZINC12 database for AChE inhibitory activity. The compounds were screened virtually by molecular docking, filtered for suitable ADME properties, and 32 ligands from 23 structural groups were selected. The stability of the complexes was estimated via 1 μs molecular dynamics simulation. Ten compounds formed stable complexes with the enzyme and had a vendor and a reasonable price per mg. They were tested for AChE inhibitory and antioxidant activity. Five compounds showed weak AChE inhibition and three of them exhibited high antioxidant activity.
Keywords	acetylcholinesterase (AChE) ; natural compounds ; virtual screening ; molecular docking ; molecular dynamins ; Alzheimer’s disease (AD) ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
Subject code	540
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Design, Synthesis, In Silico Studies and In Vitro Evaluation of New Indole- and/or Donepezil-like Hybrids as Multitarget-Directed Agents for Alzheimer’s Disease

Violina T. Angelova / Borislav Georgiev / Tania Pencheva / Ilza Pajeva / Miroslav Rangelov / Nadezhda Todorova / Dimitrina Zheleva-Dimitrova / Elena Kalcheva-Yovkova / Iva V. Valkova / Nikolay Vassilev / Rositsa Mihaylova / Denitsa Stefanova / Boris Petrov / Yulian Voynikov / Virginia Tzankova

Pharmaceuticals, Vol 16, Iss 1194, p

2023 Volume 1194

Abstract: Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is considered a complex neurodegenerative condition which warrants the development of multitargeted drugs to tackle the key pathogenetic mechanisms of the disease. In this study, two novel series of melatonin- and donepezil-based ...

Abstract	Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is considered a complex neurodegenerative condition which warrants the development of multitargeted drugs to tackle the key pathogenetic mechanisms of the disease. In this study, two novel series of melatonin- and donepezil-based hybrid molecules with hydrazone ( 3a–r ) or sulfonyl hydrazone ( 5a–l ) fragments were designed, synthesized, and evaluated as multifunctional ligands against AD-related neurodegenerative mechanisms. Two lead compounds ( 3c and 3d ) exhibited a well-balanced multifunctional profile, demonstrating intriguing acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition, promising antioxidant activity assessed by DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP methods, as well as the inhibition of lipid peroxidation in the linoleic acid system. Compound 3n , possessing two indole scaffolds, showed the highest activity against butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) and a high selectivity index (SI = 47.34), as well as a pronounced protective effect in H 2 O 2 -induced oxidative stress in SH-SY5Y cells. Moreover, compounds 3c , 3d , and 3n showed low neurotoxicity against malignant neuroblastoma cell lines of human (SH-SY5Y) and murine (Neuro-2a) origin, as well as normal murine fibroblast cells (CCL-1) that indicate the in vitro biocompatibility of the experimental compounds. Furthermore, compounds 3c , 3d , and 3n were capable of penetrating the blood–brain barrier (BBB) in the experimental PAMPA-BBB study. The molecular docking showed that compound 3c could act as a ligand to both MT1 and MT2 receptors, as well as to AchE and BchE enzymes. Taken together, those results outline compounds 3c , 3d , and 3n as promising prototypes in the search of innovative compounds for the treatment of AD-associated neurodegeneration with oxidative stress. This study demonstrates that hydrazone derivatives with melatonin and donepezil are appropriate for further development of new AChE/BChE inhibitory agents.
Keywords	AChE/BChE ; Alzheimer’s disease ; neurodegenerative disorders ; antioxidants ; donepezil ; melatonin ; Medicine ; R ; Pharmacy and materia medica ; RS1-441
Subject code	540
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: In Vitro Antineoplastic and Antiviral Activity and In Vivo Toxicity of Geum urbanum L. Extracts

Maya M. Zaharieva / Lyudmila L. Dimitrova / Stanislav Philipov / Ivanka Nikolova / Neli Vilhelmova / Petar Grozdanov / Nadya Nikolova / Milena Popova / Vassya Bankova / Spiro M. Konstantinov / Dimitrina Zheleva-Dimitrova / Hristo M. Najdenski

Molecules, Vol 27, Iss 245, p

2022 Volume 245

Abstract: This study evaluated the in vitro antineoplastic and antiviral potential and in vivo toxicity of twelve extracts with different polarity obtained from the herbaceous perennial plant Geum urbanum L. ( Rosaceae ). In vitro cytotoxicity was determined by ... ...

Abstract	This study evaluated the in vitro antineoplastic and antiviral potential and in vivo toxicity of twelve extracts with different polarity obtained from the herbaceous perennial plant Geum urbanum L. ( Rosaceae ). In vitro cytotoxicity was determined by ISO 10993-5/2009 on bladder cancer, (T-24 and BC-3C), liver carcinoma (HEP-G2) and normal embryonic kidney (HEK-293) cell lines. The antineoplastic activity was elucidated through assays of cell clonogenicity, apoptosis induction, nuclear factor kappa B p65 (NFκB p65) activation and total glutathione levels. Neutral red uptake study was applied for antiviral activity. The most promising G. urbanum extract was analyzed by UHPLC–HRMS. The acute in vivo toxicity analysis was carried out following OEDC 423. The ethyl acetate extract of aerial parts (EtOAc-AP) exhibited the strongest antineoplastic activity on bladder cancer cell lines (IC 50 = 21.33–25.28 µg/mL) by inducing apoptosis and inhibiting NFκB p65 and cell clonogenicity. EtOAc and n -butanol extracts showed moderate antiviral activity against human adenovirus type 5 and human simplex virus type I. Seventy four secondary metabolites (gallic and ellagic acid derivatives, phenolic acids, flavonoids, etc.) were identified in EtOAc-AP by UHPLC–HRMS. This extract induced no signs of acute toxicity in liver and kidney specimens of H-albino mice in doses up to 210 mg/kg. In conclusion, our study contributes substantially to the detailed pharmacological characterization of G. urbanum , thus helping the development of health-promoting phytopreparations.
Keywords	Geum urbanum L. extracts ; in vitro antineoplastic and antiviral activity ; UHPLC–HRMS analysis ; acute in vivo toxicity ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
Subject code	500
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Which Extraction Solvents and Methods Are More Effective in Terms of Chemical Composition and Biological Activity of Alcea fasciculiflora from Turkey?

Refiye Beyza Ozturk / Gokhan Zengin / Kouadio Ibrahime Sinan / Domenico Montesano / Dimitrina Zheleva-Dimitrova / Reneta Gevrenova / Abdullahi Ibrahim Uba / Uğur Çakılcıoğlu / Alevcan Kaplan / Sharmeen Jugreet / Stefano Dall’Acqua / Mohamad Fawzi Mahomoodally

Molecules, Vol 27, Iss 5011, p

2022 Volume 5011

Abstract: The bioactive content, antioxidant properties, and enzyme inhibition properties of extracts of Alcea fasciculiflora from Turkey prepared with different solvents (water, methanol, ethyl acetate) and extraction methods (maceration, soxhlet, homogenizer ... ...

Abstract	The bioactive content, antioxidant properties, and enzyme inhibition properties of extracts of Alcea fasciculiflora from Turkey prepared with different solvents (water, methanol, ethyl acetate) and extraction methods (maceration, soxhlet, homogenizer assisted extraction, and ultrasound assisted extraction) were examined in this study. UHPLC-HRMS analysis detected or annotated a total of 50 compounds in A. fasciculiflora extracts, including 18 hydroxybenzoic and hydroxycinnamic acids, 7 Hexaric acids, 7 Coumarins, 15 Flavonoids, and 3 hydroxycinnamic acid amides. The extracts had phenolic and flavonoid levels ranging from 14.25 to 24.87 mg GAE/g and 1.68 to 25.26 mg RE/g, respectively, in the analysis. Both DPPH and ABTS tests revealed radical scavenging capabilities (between 2.63 and 35.33 mg TE/g and between 13.46 and 76.27 mg TE/g, respectively). The extracts had reducing properties (CUPRAC: 40.38–78 TE/g and FRAP: 17.51–42.58 TE/g). The extracts showed metal chelating activity (18.28–46.71 mg EDTAE/g) as well as total antioxidant capacity (phosphomolybdenum test) (0.90–2.12 mmol TE/g). DPPH, ABTS, FRAP, and metal chelating tests indicated the water extracts to be the best antioxidants, while the ethyl acetate extracts had the highest overall antioxidant capacity regardless of the extraction technique. Furthermore, anti-acetylcholinesterase activity was identified in all extracts (0.17–2.80 mg GALAE/g). The water extracts and the ultrasound-assisted ethyl acetate extract were inert against butyrylcholinesterase, but the other extracts showed anti-butyrylcholinesterase activity (1.17–5.80 mg GALAE/g). Tyrosine inhibitory action was identified in all extracts (1.79–58.93 mg KAE/g), with the most effective methanolic extracts. Only the ethyl acetate and methanolic extracts produced by maceration and homogenizer aided extraction showed glucosidase inhibition (0.11–1.11 mmol ACAE/g). These findings showed the overall bioactivity of the different extracts of A. fasciculiflora and provided an overview of the ...
Keywords	Alcea fasciculiflora ; phenolic ; flavonoid ; antioxidant ; enzyme inhibition ; solvents/extraction methods ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
Subject code	500 ; 540
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Benzophenones from Hypericum elegans with antioxidant and acetylcholinesterase inhibitory potential

Dimitrina Zheleva-Dimitrova / Paraskev Nedialkov / Georgi Momekov

Pharmacognosy Magazine, Vol 9, Iss 36, Pp 1-

2013 Volume 5

Abstract: Background: Hypericum elegans is used in Bulgarian folk medicine for treatment of wounds, depression, gastrointestinal and bacterial diseases. Objective: Recently, new natural benzophenones: Elegaphenone and O-glycosides: Hypericophenonoside, ... ...

Abstract	Background: Hypericum elegans is used in Bulgarian folk medicine for treatment of wounds, depression, gastrointestinal and bacterial diseases. Objective: Recently, new natural benzophenones: Elegaphenone and O-glycosides: Hypericophenonoside, Neoannulatophenonoside and Elegaphenonoside as well as already known 7-Epiclusianone were isolated from the titled species. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the antioxidant and acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory potential of the isolated compounds. Materials and Methods: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) di-ammonium salt (ABTS) free radicals, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay as well as inhibition of lipid peroxidation in linoleic acid system were used for determination of antioxidant activity. Modified Ellman′s colorimetric method was carried out to assess the acetyl cholinesterase inhibition potential. Hyperoside and Galantamine hydrobromide were used as positive controls. Results: Hypericophenonoside was found to possess the strongest DPPH radical scavenging activity (IC 50 = 181.85 ± 6.82 μM), while Neoannulatophenonoside showed the highest ABTS (IC 50 = 0.25 ± 0.005 μM) and lipid peroxidation inhibitor activity. FRAP activity was demonstrated only by prenylated aglycones - Elegaphenone [942.16 ± 4.03 μM Trolox Equivalent (TE)] and 7-Epiclusianone (642.95 ± 3.95 μM TE) and was stronger compared to the control Hyperoside (421.75 ± 9.29 μM TE). Elegaphenone and 7-Epiclusianone were found to possess moderate acetyl cholinesterase inhibitory potential with IC 50 values of 192.19 ± 3.54 μM and 142.97 ± 4.62 μM, respectively. Conclusion: The results obtained revealed that H. elegans is a potential natural source of bioactive compounds and benzophenones could be useful in therapy of free radical pathologies and neurodegenerative disorders.
Keywords	Acetylcholinesterase inhibition ; antioxidant activity ; benzophenones ; Hypericum elegans ; Medicine ; R ; Pharmacy and materia medica ; RS1-441
Subject code	540
Publishing date	2013-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Medknow Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Flavonoid profiles of three Bupleurum species and in vitrohepatoprotective activity of Bupleurum flavum Forsk.

Reneta Gevrenova / Magdalena Kondeva-Burdina / Nikolay Denkov / Dimitrina Zheleva-Dimitrova

Pharmacognosy Magazine, Vol 11, Iss 41, Pp 14-

2015 Volume 23

Abstract: Background: Bupleurum L. (Aspiaceae) species are used as herbal remedy in Chinese traditional medicine. Objective: The aim was to investigate the flavonoids in three annual European Bupleurum species, including B. baldense, B. affine and B. flavum, and ... ...

Abstract	Background: Bupleurum L. (Aspiaceae) species are used as herbal remedy in Chinese traditional medicine. Objective: The aim was to investigate the flavonoids in three annual European Bupleurum species, including B. baldense, B. affine and B. flavum, and to test their antioxidant and possible hepatoprotective effects. Materials and Methods: Flavonoids from the methanol-aqueous extracts were quantified by solid-phase extraction-high-performance liquid chromatography. Bupleurum extracts (1-220 mg/ml) were tested for their antioxidant activity in DPPH and ABTS assays, as well as on isolated liver rat microsomes. In vitro hepatoprotective activity of B. flavum flavonoid (BFF) mixture and rutin, and narcissin, isolated from the same mixture, were evaluated on carbon tetrachloride (CCl 4 ) and tert-butyl hydroperoxide (t-BuOOH) toxicity models in isolated rat hepatocytes. Results: Narcissin was the dominant flavonol glycoside in B. flavum being present at 24.21 ± 0.19 mg/g, whilst the highest content of rutin (28.63 ± 1.57 mg/g) was found in B. baldense. B. flavum possessed the strongest DPPH (IC 50 22.12 μg/ml) and ABTS (IC 50 118.15 μg/ml) activity. At a concentration 1 mg/ml of BFF (rutin 197.58 mg/g, narcissin 75.74 mg/g), a stronger antioxidant effect in microsomes was evidenced in comparison with silymarin, rutin and narcissin. The hepatoprotective effect of BFF significantly reduced the elevated levels of lactate dehydrogenase and malondialdehyde, and ameliorated glutathione, being most active in t-BuOOH-induced injury model when compared with CCl 4 toxicity (P < 0.001). Conclusion: In BFF, synergism of rutin and narcissin could be responsible for stronger protection against mitochondrial induced oxidative stress.
Keywords	Antioxidant activity ; Bupleurum ; flavonoids ; hepatocytes ; microsomes ; solid-phase extraction-high-performance liquid chromatography ; Medicine ; R ; Pharmacy and materia medica ; RS1-441
Publishing date	2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Medknow Publications
Document type	Article ; Online
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Article ; Online: Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Potential of Scenedesmus obliquus Microalgae in the Context of Integral Biorefinery Concept

Maya Margaritova Zaharieva / Dimitrina Zheleva-Dimitrova / Snezhana Rusinova-Videva / Yana Ilieva / Anna Brachkova / Vessela Balabanova / Reneta Gevrenova / Tanya Chan Kim / Mila Kaleva / Almira Georgieva / Milka Mileva / Krassimira Yoncheva / Niko Benbassat / Hristo Najdenski / Alexander Dimitrov Kroumov

Molecules, Vol 27, Iss 519, p

2022 Volume 519

Abstract: Small-scale photobioreactors (PBRs) in the inoculum stage were designed with internal (red or green) and external white LED light as an initial step of a larger-scale installation aimed at fulfilling the integral biorefinery concept for maximum ... ...

Abstract	Small-scale photobioreactors (PBRs) in the inoculum stage were designed with internal (red or green) and external white LED light as an initial step of a larger-scale installation aimed at fulfilling the integral biorefinery concept for maximum utilization of microalgal biomass in a multifunctional laboratory. The specific growth rate of Scenedesmus obliquus (Turpin) Kützing biomass for given cultural conditions was analyzed by using MAPLE software. For the determination of total polyphenols, flavonoids, chlorophyll “a” and “b”, carotenoids and lipids, UHPLC-HRMS, ISO-20776/1, ISO-10993-5 and CUPRAC tests were carried out. Under red light growing, a higher content of polyphenols was found, while the green light favoured the flavonoid accumulation in the biomass. Chlorophylls, carotenoids and lipids were in the same order of magnitude in both samples. The dichloromethane extracts obtained from the biomass of each PBR synergistically potentiated at low concentrations (0.01–0.05 mg/mL) the antibacterial activity of penicillin, fluoroquinolones or oregano essential oil against the selected food-borne pathogens ( Staphylococcus aureus , Escherichia coli and Salmonella typhimurium ) without showing any in vitro cytotoxicity. Both extracts exhibited good cupric ion-reducing antioxidant capacity at concentrations above 0.042–0.08 mg/mL. The UHPLC-HRMS analysis revealed that both extracts contained long chain fatty acids and carotenoids thus explaining their antibacterial and antioxidant potential. The applied engineering approach showed a great potential to modify microalgae metabolism for the synthesis of target compounds by S. obliquus with capacity for the development of health-promoting nutraceuticals for poultry farming.
Keywords	photobioreactors ; modelling ; integral biorefinery concept ; Scenedesmus obliquus ; dicholormethane extracts ; food-borne pathogens ; Organic chemistry ; QD241-441
Subject code	571
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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