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  1. Article ; Online: Impact of Privacy Messaging on COVID-19 Exposure Notification App Downloads: Evidence From a Randomized Experiment.

    Gibson, Laura A / Dixon, Erica L / Sharif, Marissa A / Rodriguez, Anyara C / Cappella, Joseph N

    AJPM focus

    2022  Volume 2, Issue 1, Page(s) 100059

    Abstract: Introduction: Digital contact-tracing smartphone apps have the potential to slow the spread of disease but are not widely used. We tested whether messages describing how a COVID-19 digital contact-tracing app protects users' privacy led to increased or ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: Digital contact-tracing smartphone apps have the potential to slow the spread of disease but are not widely used. We tested whether messages describing how a COVID-19 digital contact-tracing app protects users' privacy led to increased or decreased intentions to download the app by either calming privacy concerns or increasing their saliency.
    Design: Randomized controlled trial.
    Setting/participants: We recruited adult smartphone owners in the U.S. (oversampled for younger adults aged 18-34 years) in November 2020 through an online panel.
    Intervention: Survey software randomly assigned 860 participants to 1 of 2 parallel messaging conditions (
    Main outcome measures: 4-point scale of intention to use the app "if public health officials released a COVID Exposure Notification app in their state" that averaged likelihood to (1) download and install the app on their phone; (2) keep the app active on their phone; and (3) keep Bluetooth active on their phone (needed for the app to work).
    Results: After removing incompletes, those who failed the manipulation checks, or those who had already downloaded a COVID-19 digital contact-tracing app, we analyzed 671 participants (
    Conclusions: This study provides some evidence that people developing contact-tracing messaging campaigns do not need to worry that describing a digital contact-tracing app's privacy protections will backfire. Future mixed methods testing of messages about who has access to information-and for how long-may uncover new communication strategies to increase public trust in contact-tracing apps.
    Trial registration: This study is registered with AsPredicted#51826.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-22
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2773-0654
    ISSN (online) 2773-0654
    DOI 10.1016/j.focus.2022.100059
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Spatial filtering, color constancy, and the color-changing dress.

    Dixon, Erica L / Shapiro, Arthur G

    Journal of vision

    2017  Volume 17, Issue 3, Page(s) 7

    Abstract: The color-changing dress is a 2015 Internet phenomenon in which the colors in a picture of a dress are reported as blue-black by some observers and white-gold by others. The standard explanation is that observers make different inferences about the ... ...

    Abstract The color-changing dress is a 2015 Internet phenomenon in which the colors in a picture of a dress are reported as blue-black by some observers and white-gold by others. The standard explanation is that observers make different inferences about the lighting (is the dress in shadow or bright yellow light?); based on these inferences, observers make a best guess about the reflectance of the dress. The assumption underlying this explanation is that reflectance is the key to color constancy because reflectance alone remains invariant under changes in lighting conditions. Here, we demonstrate an alternative type of invariance across illumination conditions: An object that appears to vary in color under blue, white, or yellow illumination does not change color in the high spatial frequency region. A first approximation to color constancy can therefore be accomplished by a high-pass filter that retains enough low spatial frequency content so as to not to completely desaturate the object. We demonstrate the implications of this idea on the Rubik's cube illusion; on a shirt placed under white, yellow, and blue illuminants; and on spatially filtered images of the dress. We hypothesize that observer perceptions of the dress's color vary because of individual differences in how the visual system extracts high and low spatial frequency color content from the environment, and we demonstrate cross-group differences in average sensitivity to low spatial frequency patterns.
    MeSH term(s) Color ; Color Perception/physiology ; Environment ; Humans ; Illusions/physiology ; Individuality ; Lighting/methods ; Photic Stimulation/methods ; Pilot Projects
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-03-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2106064-2
    ISSN 1534-7362 ; 1534-7362
    ISSN (online) 1534-7362
    ISSN 1534-7362
    DOI 10.1167/17.3.7
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  3. Article ; Online: Public Views on Medicaid Work Requirements and Mandatory Premiums in Kentucky.

    Underhill, Kristen / Bair, Elizabeth F / Dixon, Erica L / Ferrell, William J / Linn, Kristin A / Volpp, Kevin G / Venkataramani, Atheendar S

    JAMA health forum

    2023  Volume 4, Issue 10, Page(s) e233656

    Abstract: Importance: Federal and state policymakers continue to pursue work requirements and premiums as conditions of Medicaid participation. Opinion polling should distinguish between general policy preferences and specific views on quotas, penalties, and ... ...

    Abstract Importance: Federal and state policymakers continue to pursue work requirements and premiums as conditions of Medicaid participation. Opinion polling should distinguish between general policy preferences and specific views on quotas, penalties, and other elements.
    Objective: To identify views of adults in Kentucky regarding the design of Medicaid work requirements and premiums.
    Design, setting, and participant: A cross-sectional survey was conducted via telephone and the internet from June 27 through July 11, 2019, of 1203 Kentucky residents 9 months before the state intended to implement Medicaid work requirements and mandatory premiums. Statistical analysis was performed from October 2019 to August 2023.
    Main outcomes and measures: Agreement, disagreement, or neutral views on policy components were the main outcomes. Recruitment for the survey used statewide random-digit dialing and an internet panel to recruit residents aged 18 years or older. Findings were weighted to reflect state demographics. Of 39 110 landlines called, 209 reached an eligible person (of whom 150 participated), 8654 were of unknown eligibility, and 30 247 were ineligible. Of 55 305 cell phone lines called, 617 reached an eligible person (of whom 451 participated), 29 951 were of unknown eligibility, and 24 737 were ineligible. Internet recruitment (602 participants) used a panel of adult Kentucky residents maintained by an external data collector.
    Results: Percentages were weighted to resemble the adult population of Kentucky residents. Of the participants in the study, 52% (95% CI, 48%-55%) were women, 80% (95% CI, 77%-82%) were younger than 65 years, 41% (95% CI, 38%-45%) were enrolled in Medicaid, 36% (95% CI, 32%-39%) were Republican voters, 32% (95% CI, 29%-36%) were Democratic voters, 14% (95% CI, 11%-16%) were members of racial and ethnic minority groups (including but not limited to American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Black, Hispanic or Latinx, and Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander), and 48% (95% CI, 44%-52%) were employed. Most participants supported work requirements generally (69% [95% CI, 66%-72%]) but did not support terminating benefits due to noncompliance (43% [95% CI, 39%-46%]) or requiring quotas of 20 or more hours per week (34% [95% CI, 31%-38%]). Support for monthly premiums (34% [95% CI, 31%-38%]) and exclusion penalties for premium nonpayment (22% [95% CI, 19%-25%]) was limited. Medicaid enrollees were significantly less supportive of these policies than nonenrollees. For instance, regarding work requirements, agreement was lower (64% [95% CI, 59%-69%] vs 72% [95% CI, 68%-77%]) and disagreement higher (26% [95% CI, 21%-31%] vs 20% [95% CI, 16%-24%]) among current Medicaid enrollees compared with nonenrollees (P = .04). Among Medicaid enrollees, some beliefs about work requirements varied significantly by employment status but not by political affiliation. Among nonenrollees, beliefs about work requirements, premiums, and Medicaid varied significantly by political affiliation but not by employment.
    Conclusions and relevance: This study suggests that even when public constituencies express general support for Medicaid work requirements or premiums, they may oppose central design features, such as quotas and termination of benefits. Program participants may also hold significantly different beliefs than nonparticipants, which should be understood before policies are changed.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Ethnicity ; Kentucky ; Medicaid ; Minority Groups ; United States ; Middle Aged ; Aged
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-10-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ISSN 2689-0186
    ISSN (online) 2689-0186
    DOI 10.1001/jamahealthforum.2023.3656
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Eligibility of emergency department patients for public benefit programs.

    Harrison, Joseph / McDermott, Grace / Dixon, Erica L / Mehta, Michael / Haider, Aliza / Rareshide, Charles / Southwick, Lauren / Agarwal, Anish K / Merchant, Raina M / Kilaru, Austin S

    Academic emergency medicine : official journal of the Society for Academic Emergency Medicine

    2024  

    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1329813-6
    ISSN 1553-2712 ; 1069-6563
    ISSN (online) 1553-2712
    ISSN 1069-6563
    DOI 10.1111/acem.14870
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  5. Article ; Online: COVID-19 contact tracing app reviews reveal concerns and motivations around adoption.

    Dixon, Erica L / Joshi, Sukanya M / Ferrell, William / Volpp, Kevin G / Merchant, Raina M / Guntuku, Sharath Chandra

    PloS one

    2022  Volume 17, Issue 9, Page(s) e0273222

    Abstract: Background: Google and Apple's Exposure Notifications System (ENS) was developed early in the COVID-19 pandemic to complement existing contact tracing efforts while protecting user privacy. An analysis by the Associated Press released in December 2020 ... ...

    Abstract Background: Google and Apple's Exposure Notifications System (ENS) was developed early in the COVID-19 pandemic to complement existing contact tracing efforts while protecting user privacy. An analysis by the Associated Press released in December 2020 estimated approximately 1 in 14 people had downloaded apps in states one was available. In this study, we assessed the motivation and experience of individuals who downloaded ENS apps from the Google Play and Apple App Stores.
    Methods: We collected review text, star rating, and date of rating for all the reviews on ENS apps in the Google Play and Apple App stores. We extracted the relative frequency of single words and phrases from reviews and created an open vocabulary language, with themes categorized by the research team, to study the salient themes around reviews with high (3-5 stars), neutral (3 stars), and negative (1-2 stars) ratings using logistic regression.
    Results: Of 7622 reviews obtained from 26 states between 04/07/2020 to 03/31/2021, 6364 were from Google Play Store, and 1258 were from Apple App Store. We obtained reviews for a total of 38 apps, with 25 apps from the Google Play Store and 13 apps from the Apple Play Store. 78% of the reviews are either 1 star or 5 stars. Positive reviews were driven by ease of use, support for the state government in creating the app, and encouragement for others to download, as well as engage in other COVID-19 precautions. Negative and neutral reviews focused on issues with app functionality (i.e., installation and tracking errors).
    Conclusions: Uptake was the largest barrier to success for ENS apps, but states can use insight from app store reviews to better position themselves if they choose to develop further public health apps.
    MeSH term(s) COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Contact Tracing ; Humans ; Mobile Applications ; Motivation ; Pandemics
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-09-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0273222
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  6. Article ; Online: Oral health and oral health care use among able-bodied adults enrolled in Medicaid in Kentucky after Medicaid expansion: A mixed methods study.

    Wang, Tim T / Dixon, Erica L / Bair, Elizabeth F / Ferrell, William / Linn, Kristin A / Volpp, Kevin G / Underhill, Kristen / Venkataramani, Atheendar S

    Journal of the American Dental Association (1939)

    2021  Volume 152, Issue 9, Page(s) 747–755

    Abstract: Background: Oral health care use remains low among adult Medicaid recipients, despite the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's expansion increasing access to care in many states. It remains unclear the extent to which low use reflects either low ...

    Abstract Background: Oral health care use remains low among adult Medicaid recipients, despite the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act's expansion increasing access to care in many states. It remains unclear the extent to which low use reflects either low demand for care or barriers to accessing care. The authors aimed to examine factors associated with low oral health care use among adults enrolled in Medicaid.
    Methods: The authors conducted a survey from May through September 2018 among able-bodied (n = 9,363) Medicaid recipients who were aged 19 through 65 years and nondisabled childless adults in Kentucky. The survey included questions on perceived oral health care use. Semistructured interviews were also conducted from May through November 2018 among a subset of participants (n = 127).
    Results: More than one-third (37.8%) of respondents reported fair or poor oral health, compared with 26.2% who reported fair or poor physical health. Although 47.6% of respondents indicated needing oral health care in the past 6 months, only one-half of this group reported receiving all of the care they needed. Self-reported barriers included lack of coverage for needed services and lack of access to care (for example, low provider availability and transportation difficulties).
    Conclusions: Low rates of oral health care use can be attributed to a subset of the study population having low demand and another subset facing barriers to accessing care. Although Medicaid-covered services might be adequate for beneficiaries with good oral health, those with advanced dental diseases and a history of irregular care might benefit from coverage for more extensive restorative services.
    Practical implications: These results can inform dentists and policy makers about how to design effective interventions and policies to improve oral health care use and oral health outcomes.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Health Services Accessibility ; Humans ; Kentucky ; Medicaid ; Oral Health ; Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act ; United States
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-08-26
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 220622-5
    ISSN 1943-4723 ; 0002-8177 ; 1048-6364
    ISSN (online) 1943-4723
    ISSN 0002-8177 ; 1048-6364
    DOI 10.1016/j.adaj.2021.04.016
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  7. Article ; Online: The design of a randomized controlled trial to evaluate multi-dimensional effects of a section 1115 Medicaid demonstration waiver with community engagement requirements.

    Linn, Kristin A / Underhill, Kristen / Dixon, Erica L / Bair, Elizabeth F / Ferrell, William J / Montgomery, Margrethe E / Volpp, Kevin G / Venkataramani, Atheendar S

    Contemporary clinical trials

    2020  Volume 98, Page(s) 106173

    Abstract: Section 1115 demonstration waivers provide a mechanism for states to implement changes to their Medicaid programs. While such waivers are mandated to include evaluations of their impact, randomization - the gold standard for assessing causality - has not ...

    Abstract Section 1115 demonstration waivers provide a mechanism for states to implement changes to their Medicaid programs. While such waivers are mandated to include evaluations of their impact, randomization - the gold standard for assessing causality - has not typically been a consideration. In a critical departure, the Commonwealth of Kentucky opted to pursue a two-arm randomized controlled trial (RCT) for their controversial 2018 Medicaid Demonstration waiver, which included work requirements as a condition for the subset of beneficiaries deemed able-bodied to maintain eligibility for benefits. Beneficiaries were randomized 9:1 to the new waiver program or a control group who would retain their current benefits as part of the existing Medicaid expansion program. To address potential bias from differential attrition from the Medicaid program that would accrue from solely analyzing administrative data, our team designed a rich, prospective, longitudinal survey to collect primary and secondary outcomes from six categories of interest to policymakers: insurance coverage, health care utilization and quality, health behaviors, socioeconomic measures, personal finances, and health outcomes. At baseline, a subset of survey participants was invited to participate in the collection of biometric samples via in-person follow-up visits, and a cross-section were also invited to participate in qualitative interviews. While the demonstration waiver was terminated before the program began, our study design illustrates that it is possible for other researchers and state agencies seeking to evaluate Medicaid demonstration waivers and other demonstration policies to work together to implement high quality randomized trials - even for controversial policies.
    MeSH term(s) Eligibility Determination ; Humans ; Medicaid ; Policy ; United States
    Keywords covid19
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-10-07
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2182176-8
    ISSN 1559-2030 ; 1551-7144
    ISSN (online) 1559-2030
    ISSN 1551-7144
    DOI 10.1016/j.cct.2020.106173
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  8. Article: Feature- and Face-Exchange illusions: new insights and applications for the study of the binding problem.

    Shapiro, Arthur G / Caplovitz, Gideon P / Dixon, Erica L

    Frontiers in human neuroscience

    2014  Volume 8, Page(s) 804

    Abstract: The binding problem is a longstanding issue in vision science: i.e., how are humans able to maintain a relatively stable representation of objects and features even though the visual system processes many aspects of the world separately and in parallel? ...

    Abstract The binding problem is a longstanding issue in vision science: i.e., how are humans able to maintain a relatively stable representation of objects and features even though the visual system processes many aspects of the world separately and in parallel? We previously investigated this issue with a variant of the bounce-pass paradigm, which consists of two rectangular bars moving in opposite directions; if the bars are identical and never overlap, the motion could equally be interpreted as bouncing or passing. Although bars of different colors should be seen as passing each other (since the colors provide more information about the bars' paths), we found "Feature Exchange": observers reported the paradoxical perception that the bars appear to bounce off of each other and exchange colors. Here we extend our previous findings with three demonstrations. "Peripheral Feature-Exchange" consists of two colored bars that physically bounce (they continually meet in the middle of the monitor and return to the sides). When viewed in the periphery, the bars appear to stream past each other even though this percept relies on the exchange of features and contradicts the information provided by the color of the bars. In "Face-Exchange" two different faces physically pass each other. When fixating centrally, observers typically report the perception of bouncing faces that swap features, indicating that the Feature Exchange effect can occur even with complex objects. In "Face-Go-Round," one face repeatedly moves from left to right on the top of the monitor, and the other from right to left at the bottom of the monitor. Observers typically perceive the faces moving in a circle-a percept that contradicts information provided by the identity of the faces. We suggest that Feature Exchange and the paradigms used to elicit it can be useful for the investigation of the binding problem as well as other contemporary issues of interest to vision science.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2014-10-16
    Publishing country Switzerland
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2425477-0
    ISSN 1662-5161
    ISSN 1662-5161
    DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2014.00804
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  9. Article ; Online: Immuno-oncology Clinical Trial Design: Limitations, Challenges, and Opportunities.

    Baik, Christina S / Rubin, Eric H / Forde, Patrick M / Mehnert, Janice M / Collyar, Deborah / Butler, Marcus O / Dixon, Erica L / Chow, Laura Q M

    Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research

    2017  Volume 23, Issue 17, Page(s) 4992–5002

    Abstract: Recent advances in immuno-oncology and regulatory approvals have been rapid and paradigm shifting in many difficult-to-treat malignancies. Despite immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy becoming the standard of care across multiple tumor types, there are ... ...

    Abstract Recent advances in immuno-oncology and regulatory approvals have been rapid and paradigm shifting in many difficult-to-treat malignancies. Despite immune checkpoint inhibitor therapy becoming the standard of care across multiple tumor types, there are many unanswered questions that need to be addressed before this therapeutic modality can be fully harnessed. Areas of limitations include treatment of patients not sufficiently represented in clinical trials, uncertainty of the optimal treatment dosing and duration, and lack of understanding regarding long-term immune related toxicities and atypical tumor responses. Patients such as those with autoimmune disease, chronic viral infections, limited performance status, and brain metastases were often excluded from initial trials due to concerns of safety. However, limited data suggest that some of these patients can benefit from therapy with manageable toxicities; thus, future studies should incorporate these patients to clearly define safety and efficacy. There are still controversies regarding the optimal dosing strategy that can vary from weight-based to flat dosing, with undefined treatment duration. Further elucidation of the optimal dosing approach and evaluation of predictive biomarkers should be incorporated in the design of future trials. Finally, there are long-term immune-mediated toxicities, atypical tumor responses such as pseudoprogression and endpoints unique to immuno-oncology that are not adequately captured by traditional trial designs; thus, novel study designs are needed. In this article, we discuss in detail the above challenges and propose needed areas of research for exploration and incorporation in the next generation of immuno-oncology clinical trials.
    MeSH term(s) Clinical Trials as Topic ; Humans ; Medical Oncology/trends ; Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Neoplasms/immunology ; Research Design
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017-09-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 1225457-5
    ISSN 1557-3265 ; 1078-0432
    ISSN (online) 1557-3265
    ISSN 1078-0432
    DOI 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-3066
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  10. Article: Challenges and Opportunities in Adapting Clinical Trial Design for Immunotherapies.

    Siu, Lillian L / Ivy, S Percy / Dixon, Erica L / Gravell, Amy E / Reeves, Steven A / Rosner, Gary L

    Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research

    2017  Volume 23, Issue 17, Page(s) 4950–4958

    Abstract: Immunotherapy adds an exciting new dimension to the treatment of cancer, joining other approaches as a key pillar in the oncotherapeutics armamentarium. Immuno-oncology agents harbor unique mechanisms of antitumor activity by leveraging the host immune ... ...

    Abstract Immunotherapy adds an exciting new dimension to the treatment of cancer, joining other approaches as a key pillar in the oncotherapeutics armamentarium. Immuno-oncology agents harbor unique mechanisms of antitumor activity by leveraging the host immune system, which may result in response patterns, resistance kinetics, and toxicity profiles that differ from other systemic therapies. These features have led to many discussions on ways to optimally integrate immunotherapy into cancer clinical trials. This overview provides an introduction to the four
    MeSH term(s) Clinical Trials as Topic ; Humans ; Immunotherapy/trends ; Medical Oncology/trends ; Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Neoplasms/immunology
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017--01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 1225457-5
    ISSN 1557-3265 ; 1078-0432
    ISSN (online) 1557-3265
    ISSN 1078-0432
    DOI 10.1158/1078-0432.CCR-16-3079
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