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Article ; Online: The lexicon of antimicrobial peptides: a complete set of arginine and tryptophan sequences.

Clark, Sam / Jowitt, Thomas A / Harris, Lynda K / Knight, Christopher G / Dobson, Curtis B

Communications biology

2021 Volume 4, Issue 1, Page(s) 605

Abstract: Our understanding of the activity of cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) has focused on well-characterized natural sequences, or limited sets of synthetic peptides designed de novo. We have undertaken a comprehensive investigation of the underlying ... ...

Abstract	Our understanding of the activity of cationic antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) has focused on well-characterized natural sequences, or limited sets of synthetic peptides designed de novo. We have undertaken a comprehensive investigation of the underlying primary structural features that give rise to the development of activity in AMPs. We consider a complete set of all possible peptides, up to 7 residues long, composed of positively charged arginine (R) and / or hydrophobic tryptophan (W), two features most commonly associated with activity. We found the shortest active peptides were 4 or 5 residues in length, and the overall landscapes of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria and a yeast were positively correlated. For all three organisms we found a single activity peak corresponding to sequences with around 40% R; the presence of adjacent W duplets and triplets also conferred greater activity. The mechanistic basis of these activities comprises a combination of lipid binding, particularly to negatively charged membranes, and additionally peptide aggregation, a mode of action previously uninvestigated for such peptides. The maximum specific antimicrobial activity appeared to occur in peptides of around 10 residues, suggesting 'diminishing returns' for developing larger peptides, when activity is considered per residue of peptide.
MeSH term(s)	Amino Acid Sequence ; Animals ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Arginine/chemistry ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Bacteria/growth & development ; Hemolysis/drug effects ; Horses ; Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins/pharmacology ; Tryptophan/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Pore Forming Cytotoxic Proteins ; Tryptophan (8DUH1N11BX) ; Arginine (94ZLA3W45F)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2399-3642
ISSN (online)	2399-3642
DOI	10.1038/s42003-021-02137-7
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Investigation of the association between the antibody responses to neurotropic viruses and dementia outcomes in the UK Biobank.

Mekli, Krisztina / Lophatananon, Artitaya / Cant, Rachel / Burns, Alistair / Dobson, Curtis B / Itzhaki, Ruth F / Muir, Kenneth R

PloS one

2022 Volume 17, Issue 10, Page(s) e0274872

Abstract: The causes that trigger the onset of dementia are still unknown. Recently there has been an increasing interest in the possible role of infectious agents in the brain in the pathogenesis of this condition. Amongst the viruses, members of the ... ...

Abstract	The causes that trigger the onset of dementia are still unknown. Recently there has been an increasing interest in the possible role of infectious agents in the brain in the pathogenesis of this condition. Amongst the viruses, members of the Herpesviridae family, namely herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV1), cytomegalovirus (CMV), human herpesvirus-6 (HHV6), human herpesvirus-7 (HHV7) and varicella zoster virus (VZV) have been suggested as potential causes of the disease. However, the relative importance of these and other viruses in contributing to dementia remains unclear. We evaluated the association between seropositivity status of all viruses available in a large, population-based dataset (the UK Biobank) and dementia risk in an unbiased way. Of the 15 viruses investigated, our results showed a statistically significant increase of dementia risk associated only with HSV1 seropositivity (OR 2.14, 95% C.I. 1.21-3.81). However, by combining the data we found that seropositivity for 4 viruses (HSV1, HHV6, HHV7 and VZV) also significantly increases the risk of dementia (OR = 2.37, 95% C.I. 1.43-3.92). These four viruses have been described previously as neurotropic viruses. Our results provide support for a role for neurotropic viruses in the pathology of dementia.
MeSH term(s)	Antibody Formation ; Biological Specimen Banks ; Dementia/epidemiology ; Herpesvirus 1, Human ; Herpesvirus 3, Human ; Herpesvirus 6, Human ; Herpesvirus 7, Human ; Humans ; United Kingdom/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0274872
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Article ; Online: Susceptibility of monomicrobial or polymicrobial biofilms derived from infected diabetic foot ulcers to topical or systemic antibiotics in vitro.

Price, Bianca L / Morley, Robert / Bowling, Frank L / Lovering, Andrew M / Dobson, Curtis B

PloS one

2020 Volume 15, Issue 2, Page(s) e0228704

Abstract: Diabetic foot ulcers can become chronic and non-healing despite systemic antibiotic treatment. The penetration of systematically-administered antibiotics to the site of infection is uncertain, as is the effectiveness of such levels against polymicrobial ... ...

Abstract	Diabetic foot ulcers can become chronic and non-healing despite systemic antibiotic treatment. The penetration of systematically-administered antibiotics to the site of infection is uncertain, as is the effectiveness of such levels against polymicrobial biofilms. We have developed an in vitro model to study the effectiveness of different treatments for infected diabetic foot ulcers in a wound-like environment and compared the activity of systemic levels of antibiotics with that for topically applied antibiotics released from calcium sulfate beads. This is the first study that has harvested bacteria from diabetic foot infections and recreated similar polymicrobial biofilms to those present in vivo for individual subjects. After treatment with levels of gentamicin attained in serum after systemic administration (higher than corresponding tissues concentrations) we measured a 0-2 log reduction in bacterial viability of P. aeruginosa, S. aureus or a polymicrobial biofilm. Conversely, addition of gentamicin loaded calcium sulfate beads resulted in 5-9 log reductions in P. aeruginosa, S aureus and polymicrobial biofilms derived from three subjects. We conclude that systemically administered antibiotics are likely to be inadequate for successfully treating these infections, especially given the vastly increased concentrations required to inhibit cells in a biofilm, and that topical antibiotics provide a more effective alternative.
MeSH term(s)	Administration, Topical ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/therapeutic use ; Biofilms/drug effects ; Calcium Sulfate/pharmacology ; Diabetic Foot/drug therapy ; Diabetic Foot/microbiology ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/physiology ; Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Staphylococcus aureus/physiology
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Calcium Sulfate (WAT0DDB505)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0228704
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Article ; Online: Cellular fluorescein hyperfluorescence is dynamin-dependent and increased by Tetronic 1107 treatment.

Khan, Tahmina F / Price, Bianca L / Morgan, Philip B / Maldonado-Codina, Carole / Dobson, Curtis B

The international journal of biochemistry & cell biology

2018 Volume 101, Page(s) 54–63

Abstract: Sodium fluorescein ('fluorescein') staining of the ocular surface is frequently an indicator of compromised ocular health, and increases in the presence of certain contact lens multi-purpose solutions (MPS), a phenomenon known as solution induced corneal ...

Abstract	Sodium fluorescein ('fluorescein') staining of the ocular surface is frequently an indicator of compromised ocular health, and increases in the presence of certain contact lens multi-purpose solutions (MPS), a phenomenon known as solution induced corneal staining (SICS). The mechanism(s) underpinning fluorescein hyperfluorescence are uncertain, though may reflect increased cellular uptake of fluorescein by corneal epithelial cells. We have developed an in vitro model to study fluorescein uptake in both 'generic' mammalian cells (murine fibroblasts) and human corneal cells. Fluorescein hyperfluorescence increased after treatment with two MPS associated with clinical corneal fluorescein staining, yet there was no cellular hyperfluorescence for two MPS that do not cause this staining. Increased fluorescein uptake did not correlate with presence of a necrotic or an apoptotic marker (propidium iodide and caspase-3 respectively). Incubation of MPS-treated cells with dynasore (an inhibitor of dynamin, implicated in endocytic pathways) reduced fluorescein uptake irrespective of MPS treatment. The non-ionic surfactant Tetronic 1107 (present in both MPS associated with corneal fluorescein staining) increased uptake of fluorescein for both cell types, whereas an unrelated surfactant (Triton X-100) did not. We conclude that the clinical hyperfluorescence profile observed after exposure to four MPS can be reproduced using a simple model of cellular fluorescein uptake, suggesting this is the biological basis for SICS. Fluorescein entry does not correlate with necrosis or apoptosis, but instead involves a dynamin-dependent active process. Moreover the surfactant Tetronic 1107 appears to be a key MPS constituent triggering increased fluorescein entry, and may be the major factor responsible for SICS.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Caspase 3/genetics ; Caspase 3/metabolism ; Cell Line ; Contact Lens Solutions/chemistry ; Contact Lens Solutions/pharmacology ; Cornea/cytology ; Cornea/drug effects ; Cornea/metabolism ; Dynamins/antagonists & inhibitors ; Dynamins/genetics ; Dynamins/metabolism ; Endocytosis/drug effects ; Epithelial Cells/cytology ; Epithelial Cells/drug effects ; Epithelial Cells/metabolism ; Ethylenediamines/pharmacology ; Fibroblasts/cytology ; Fibroblasts/drug effects ; Fibroblasts/metabolism ; Fluorescein/metabolism ; Fluorescence ; Fluorescent Dyes/metabolism ; Gene Expression ; Humans ; Hydrazones/pharmacology ; Mice ; Microscopy, Fluorescence ; Propidium/chemistry ; Staining and Labeling/methods
Chemical Substances	Contact Lens Solutions ; Ethylenediamines ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Hydrazones ; N'-(3,4-dihydroxybenzylidene)-3-hydroxy-2-naphthahydrazide ; Tetronic 1107 ; Propidium (36015-30-2) ; CASP3 protein, human (EC 3.4.22.-) ; Caspase 3 (EC 3.4.22.-) ; Dynamins (EC 3.6.5.5) ; Fluorescein (TPY09G7XIR)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-05-22
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1228429-4
ISSN	1878-5875 ; 1357-2725
ISSN (online)	1878-5875
ISSN	1357-2725
DOI	10.1016/j.biocel.2018.05.011
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Article ; Online: Development of a Novel Collagen Wound Model To Simulate the Activity and Distribution of Antimicrobials in Soft Tissue during Diabetic Foot Infection.

Price, Bianca L / Lovering, Andrew M / Bowling, Frank L / Dobson, Curtis B

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy

2016 Volume 60, Issue 11, Page(s) 6880–6889

Abstract: Diabetes has major implications for public health, with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) being responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. A key factor in the development of nonhealing ulcers is infection, which often leads to the development of ... ...

Abstract	Diabetes has major implications for public health, with diabetic foot ulcers (DFUs) being responsible for significant morbidity and mortality. A key factor in the development of nonhealing ulcers is infection, which often leads to the development of biofilm, gangrene, and amputation. A novel approach to treating DFUs is the local release of antibiotics from calcium sulfate beads. We have developed a novel model system to study and compare the release and efficacy of antibiotics released locally, using collagen as a substrate for biofilm growth and incorporating serum to mimic the biochemical complexity of the wound environment. We found that our soft-tissue model supports the growth of a robust Pseudomonas aeruginosa biofilm, and that this was completely eradicated by the introduction of calcium sulfate beads loaded with tobramycin or gentamicin. The model also enabled us to measure the concentration of these antibiotics at different distances from the beads and in simulated wound fluid bathing the collagen matrix. We additionally found that a multidrug-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm, nonsusceptible to antibiotics, nonetheless showed an almost 1-log drop in viable counts when exposed to calcium sulfate beads combined with antibiotics. Together, these data suggest that locally applied antibiotics combined with calcium sulfate provide surprising efficacy in diabetic foot infections and offer an effective alternative approach to infection management. Our study additionally establishes our new system as a biochemically and histologically relevant model that may be used to study the effectiveness of a range of therapies locally or systemically for infected DFUs.
MeSH term(s)	Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacokinetics ; Anti-Bacterial Agents/pharmacology ; Biofilms/drug effects ; Calcium Sulfate/chemistry ; Collagen/metabolism ; Diabetic Foot/complications ; Diabetic Foot/metabolism ; Drug Resistance, Multiple, Bacterial/drug effects ; Gentamicins/pharmacokinetics ; Gentamicins/pharmacology ; Humans ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/drug effects ; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus/pathogenicity ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Pseudomonas Infections/drug therapy ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/drug effects ; Pseudomonas aeruginosa/pathogenicity ; Soft Tissue Infections/drug therapy ; Soft Tissue Infections/etiology ; Staphylococcal Infections/drug therapy ; Tobramycin/pharmacokinetics ; Tobramycin/pharmacology ; Vancomycin/pharmacology ; Wound Infection/drug therapy ; Wound Infection/etiology
Chemical Substances	Anti-Bacterial Agents ; Gentamicins ; Vancomycin (6Q205EH1VU) ; Collagen (9007-34-5) ; Tobramycin (VZ8RRZ51VK) ; Calcium Sulfate (WAT0DDB505)
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-10-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	217602-6
ISSN	1098-6596 ; 0066-4804
ISSN (online)	1098-6596
ISSN	0066-4804
DOI	10.1128/AAC.01064-16
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Article: Cellular fluorescein hyperfluorescence is dynamin-dependent and increased by Tetronic 1107 treatment

Khan, Tahmina F / Dobson, Curtis B / Maldonado-Codina, Carole / Morgan, Philip B / Price, Bianca L

international journal of biochemistry & cell biology. 2018 Aug., v. 101

2018

Abstract: Sodium fluorescein (‘fluorescein’) staining of the ocular surface is frequently an indicator of compromised ocular health, and increases in the presence of certain contact lens multi-purpose solutions (MPS), a phenomenon known as solution induced corneal ...

Abstract	Sodium fluorescein (‘fluorescein’) staining of the ocular surface is frequently an indicator of compromised ocular health, and increases in the presence of certain contact lens multi-purpose solutions (MPS), a phenomenon known as solution induced corneal staining (SICS). The mechanism(s) underpinning fluorescein hyperfluorescence are uncertain, though may reflect increased cellular uptake of fluorescein by corneal epithelial cells. We have developed an in vitro model to study fluorescein uptake in both ‘generic’ mammalian cells (murine fibroblasts) and human corneal cells. Fluorescein hyperfluorescence increased after treatment with two MPS associated with clinical corneal fluorescein staining, yet there was no cellular hyperfluorescence for two MPS that do not cause this staining. Increased fluorescein uptake did not correlate with presence of a necrotic or an apoptotic marker (propidium iodide and caspase-3 respectively). Incubation of MPS-treated cells with dynasore (an inhibitor of dynamin, implicated in endocytic pathways) reduced fluorescein uptake irrespective of MPS treatment. The non-ionic surfactant Tetronic 1107 (present in both MPS associated with corneal fluorescein staining) increased uptake of fluorescein for both cell types, whereas an unrelated surfactant (Triton X-100) did not. We conclude that the clinical hyperfluorescence profile observed after exposure to four MPS can be reproduced using a simple model of cellular fluorescein uptake, suggesting this is the biological basis for SICS. Fluorescein entry does not correlate with necrosis or apoptosis, but instead involves a dynamin-dependent active process. Moreover the surfactant Tetronic 1107 appears to be a key MPS constituent triggering increased fluorescein entry, and may be the major factor responsible for SICS.
Keywords	apoptosis ; caspase-3 ; cornea ; dynamins ; epithelial cells ; fibroblasts ; fluorescein ; humans ; mice ; models ; necrosis ; nonionic surfactants ; octoxynol ; propidium ; staining
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-08
Size	p. 54-63.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1228429-4
ISSN	1878-5875 ; 1357-2725
ISSN (online)	1878-5875
ISSN	1357-2725
DOI	10.1016/j.biocel.2018.05.011
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Article ; Online: Segregated neural explants exhibit co-oriented, asymmetric, neurite outgrowth.

Pettigrew, David B / Dobson, Curtis B / Isaacson, Lori G / Leuthardt, Eric C / Lilley, Heather N / Suidan, Georgette L / Crutcher, Keith A

PloS one

2019 Volume 14, Issue 9, Page(s) e0216263

Abstract: Explants of embryonic chick sympathetic and sensory ganglia were found to exhibit asymmetric radial outgrowth of neurites under standard culture conditions with or without exogenous Nerve Growth Factor [NGF]. Opposing sides of an explant exhibited: a) ... ...

Abstract	Explants of embryonic chick sympathetic and sensory ganglia were found to exhibit asymmetric radial outgrowth of neurites under standard culture conditions with or without exogenous Nerve Growth Factor [NGF]. Opposing sides of an explant exhibited: a) differences in neurite length and, b) differences in neurite morphology. Strikingly, this asymmetry exhibited co-orientation among segregated, neighboring explants. The underlying mechanism(s) of the asymmetry and its co-orientation are not known but appear to depend on cell clustering because dissociated sympathetic neurons do not exhibit co-orientation whereas re-aggregated clusters of cells do. This emergent behavior may be similar to the community effect described in other cell types. If a similar phenomenon exists in the embryo, or in maturity, it may contribute to the establishment of proper orientation of neurite outgrowth during development and/or injury-induced neuronal plasticity.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Chick Embryo ; Ganglia, Sensory/cytology ; Neuronal Outgrowth ; Primary Cell Culture/methods ; Tissue Culture Techniques/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-05
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0216263
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Article ; Online: Novel Colorimetric and Light Scatter Methods to Identify and Manage Peritoneal Dialysis-Associated Peritonitis at the Point-of-Care.

Govindji-Bhatt, Nishal / Kennedy, Stephnie M / Barker, Michael G / Kell, Darren / Henderson, Duncan / Goddard, Nicholas / Garcia, Ana Yepes / Milner, Adam S / Willett, Tom / Griffiths, Ryan / Foster, Peter / Kilgallon, William / Cant, Rachel / Knight, Christopher G / Lewis, David / Corbett, Richard / Akbani, Habib / Woodrow, Graham / Sood, Bhrigu /

Iyasere, Osasuyi / Davies, Simon / Qazi, Junaid / Vardhan, Anand / Gillis, Laura / Wilkie, Martin / Dobson, Curtis B

Kidney international reports

2023 Volume 9, Issue 3, Page(s) 589–600

Abstract: Introduction: Peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis (PDRP) is a common cause of transfer to hemodialysis, patient morbidity, and is a risk factor for mortality. Associated patient anxiety can deter selection of PD for renal replacement therapy. ... ...

Abstract	Introduction: Peritoneal dialysis (PD)-related peritonitis (PDRP) is a common cause of transfer to hemodialysis, patient morbidity, and is a risk factor for mortality. Associated patient anxiety can deter selection of PD for renal replacement therapy. Diagnosis relies on hospital laboratory tests; however, this might be achieved earlier if such information was available at the point-of-care (POC), thereby significantly improving outcomes. The presence of culturable microbes and the concentration of leukocytes in effluent both aid peritonitis diagnosis, as specified in the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis (ISPD) diagnostic guidelines. Here, we report the development of 2 new methods providing such information in simple POC tests. Methods: One approach uses a tetrazolium-based chemical reporting system, primarily focused on detecting bacterial contamination and associated vancomycin-sensitivity. The second approach uses a novel forward light-scatter device (QuickCheck) to provide an instant quantitative cell count directly from PD patient effluent. Results: The tetrazolium approach detected and correctly distinguished laboratory isolates, taking 10 hours to provide non-quantitative results. We compared the technical performance of the light scatter leukocyte counting approach with spectrophotometry, hemocytometer counting and flow cytometry (Sysmex) using patient effluent samples. QuickCheck had high accuracy (94%) and was the most precise (coefficient of variation <4%), showing minimal bias, overall performing similarly to flow cytometry. Conclusion: These complementary new approaches provide a simple means to obtain information to assist diagnosis at the POC. The first provides antibiotic sensitivity following 10 hours incubation, whereas the second optical approach (QuickCheck), provides instant accurate total leukocyte count.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-30
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2468-0249
ISSN (online)	2468-0249
DOI	10.1016/j.ekir.2023.12.021
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Article ; Online: Transient and sustained bacterial adaptation following repeated sublethal exposure to microbicides and a novel human antimicrobial peptide.

Forbes, Sarah / Dobson, Curtis B / Humphreys, Gavin J / McBain, Andrew J

Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy

2014 Volume 58, Issue 10, Page(s) 5809–5817

Abstract: Microbicides (biocides) play an important role in the prevention and treatment of infections. While there is currently little evidence for in-use treatment failures attributable to acquired reductions in microbicide susceptibility, the susceptibility of ... ...

Abstract	Microbicides (biocides) play an important role in the prevention and treatment of infections. While there is currently little evidence for in-use treatment failures attributable to acquired reductions in microbicide susceptibility, the susceptibility of some bacteria can be reduced by sublethal laboratory exposure to certain agents. In this investigation, a range of environmental bacterial isolates (11 genera, 18 species) were repeatedly exposed to four microbicides (cetrimide, chlorhexidine, polyhexamethylene biguanide [PHMB], and triclosan) and a cationic apolipoprotein E-derived antimicrobial peptide (apoEdpL-W) using a previously validated exposure system. Susceptibilities (MICs and minimum bactericidal concentrations [MBCs]) were determined before and after 10 passages (P10) in the presence of an antimicrobial and then after a further 10 passages without an antimicrobial to determine the stability of any adaptations. Bacteria exhibiting >4-fold increases in MBCs were further examined for alterations in biofilm-forming ability. Following microbicide exposure, ≥4-fold decreases in susceptibility (MIC or MBC) occurred for cetrimide (5/18 bacteria), apoEdpL-W (7/18), chlorhexidine (8/18), PHMB (8/18), and triclosan (11/18). Of the 34 ≥4-fold increases in the MICs, 15 were fully reversible, 13 were partially reversible, and 6 were nonreversible. Of the 26 ≥4-fold increases in the MBCs, 7 were fully reversible, 14 were partially reversible, and 5 were nonreversible. Significant decreases in biofilm formation in P10 strains occurred for apoEdpL-W (1/18 bacteria), chlorhexidine (1/18), and triclosan (2/18), while significant increases occurred for apoEdpL-W (1/18), triclosan (1/18), and chlorhexidine (2/18). These data indicate that the stability of induced changes in microbicide susceptibility varies but may be sustained for some combinations of a bacterium and a microbicide.
MeSH term(s)	Adaptation, Physiological ; Anti-Infective Agents/pharmacology ; Bacteria/drug effects ; Biguanides/pharmacology ; Biofilms/drug effects ; Chlorhexidine/pharmacology ; Humans ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Triclosan/pharmacology
Chemical Substances	Anti-Infective Agents ; Biguanides ; polihexanide (322U039GMF) ; Triclosan (4NM5039Y5X) ; Chlorhexidine (R4KO0DY52L)
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-07-21
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	217602-6
ISSN	1098-6596 ; 0066-4804
ISSN (online)	1098-6596
ISSN	0066-4804
DOI	10.1128/AAC.03364-14
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Article ; Online: Observation of solution-induced corneal staining with fluorescein, rose bengal and lissamine green.

Maldonado-Codina, Carole / Read, Michael L / Efron, Nathan / Dobson, Curtis B / Morgan, Philip B

Contact lens & anterior eye : the journal of the British Contact Lens Association

2013 Volume 36, Issue 5, Page(s) 267–270

MeSH term(s)	Contrast Media ; Cornea/cytology ; Fluorescein ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Humans ; Lissamine Green Dyes ; Ophthalmoscopy/methods ; Reproducibility of Results ; Rose Bengal ; Sensitivity and Specificity ; Staining and Labeling/methods
Chemical Substances	Contrast Media ; Fluorescent Dyes ; Lissamine Green Dyes ; Rose Bengal (1ZPG1ELY14) ; Fluorescein (TPY09G7XIR)
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Case Reports ; Comparative Study ; Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2004847-6
ISSN	1476-5411 ; 1367-0484
ISSN (online)	1476-5411
ISSN	1367-0484
DOI	10.1016/j.clae.2013.02.011
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