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Article: Assessing microbial and chemical exposure risks of Giardia in indoor swimming pool water disinfected by chlorine

Yin, Chenyue / Liu, Bingjun / Hur, Kyu / Dong, Shengkun

Journal of environmental sciences (China). 2022 May 06,

2022

Abstract: Swimming pools adopt chlorination to ensure microbial safety. Giardia has attracted attention in swimming pool water because of its occurrence, pathogenicity, and chlorine resistance. To control Giardia concentrations in pool water and reduce the ... ...

Abstract	Swimming pools adopt chlorination to ensure microbial safety. Giardia has attracted attention in swimming pool water because of its occurrence, pathogenicity, and chlorine resistance. To control Giardia concentrations in pool water and reduce the microbial risk, higher chlorine doses are required during disinfection. Unfortunately, this process produces carcinogenic disinfection byproducts that increase the risk of chemical exposure. Therefore, quantitatively evaluating the comparative microbial vs. chemical exposure risks that stem from chlorination inactivation of Giardia in swimming pool water is an issue that demands attention. We simulated an indoor swimming pool disinfection scenario that followed common real-world disinfection practices. A quantitative microbial risk assessment coupled with a chemical exposure risk assessment was employed to compare the Giardia microbial exposure risk (MER) and the trihalomethane chemical exposure risk (CER) to humans. The results demonstrated a 22% decrease in MER- and CER-induced health exposure risk, from 8.45E-5 at 8:00 to 6.60E-5 at 19:00. Both the MER and CER decreased gradually, dropping to 3.26E-5 and 3.35E-5 at 19:00, respectively. However, the CER exceeded the MER after 18:30 and became the dominant factor affecting the total exposure risk. Past the 18 hr mark, the contribution of trihalomethane CER far exceeded the risk aversion from microbial inactivation, leading to a net increase in total exposure risk despite the declining MER. Swimmers may consider swimming after 19:00, when the total exposure risk is the lowest. Lowering water temperature and/or pH were identified as the most sensitive factors to minimize the overall health exposure risk.
Keywords	Giardia ; carcinogenicity ; chlorination ; chlorine ; disinfection ; microbiological risk assessment ; pH ; pathogenicity ; risk ; water temperature ; China
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0506
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	1092300-7
ISSN	1878-7320 ; 1001-0742
ISSN (online)	1878-7320
ISSN	1001-0742
DOI	10.1016/j.jes.2022.05.006
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Article ; Online: Persistence kinetics of a novel disinfectant peracetic acid for swimming pool disinfection.

Jia, Mingyang / Chen, Xiaohong / Liu, Bingjun / Hur, Kyu / Dong, Shengkun

Journal of hazardous materials

2023 Volume 457, Page(s) 131792

Abstract: Disinfection is essential to swimming pool water (SPW) quality. Peracetic acid (PAA) has attracted attention for water disinfection for advantages such as less formation of regulated DBPs. Persistence kinetics of disinfectants is difficult to elucidate ... ...

Abstract	Disinfection is essential to swimming pool water (SPW) quality. Peracetic acid (PAA) has attracted attention for water disinfection for advantages such as less formation of regulated DBPs. Persistence kinetics of disinfectants is difficult to elucidate in pools because of the complex water matrix stemming from body fluid loadings from swimmers and long residence times. In this research, the persistence kinetics of PAA was investigated in SPW benchmarked against free chlorine, use bench-scale experiments and model simulation. Kinetics models were developed to simulate the persistence of PAA and chlorine. The stability of PAA was less sensitive to swimmer loadings than chlorine. An average swimmer loading event reduced the apparent decay rate constant of PAA by 66 %, a phenomenon that diminished with increasing temperatures. L-histidine and citric acid from swimmers were identified as main retardation contributors. By contrast, a swimmer loading event instantaneously consumed 70-75 % of the residual free chlorine. The required total dose of PAA was 97 % less than chlorine under the 3-days cumulative disinfection mode. Temperature was positively correlated with disinfectant decay rate, with PAA being more sensitive than chlorine. These results shed light on the persistence kinetics of PAA and its influential factors in swimming pool settings.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-07
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1491302-1
ISSN	1873-3336 ; 0304-3894
ISSN (online)	1873-3336
ISSN	0304-3894
DOI	10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131792
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Article: Assessing microbial and chemical exposure risks of Giardia in indoor swimming pool water disinfected by chlorine.

Yin, Chenyue / Liu, Bingjun / Hur, Kyu / Dong, Shengkun

Journal of environmental sciences (China)

2022 Volume 117, Page(s) 276–284

Abstract	Swimming pools adopt chlorination to ensure microbial safety. Giardia has attracted attention in swimming pool water because of its occurrence, pathogenicity, and chlorine resistance. To control Giardia concentrations in pool water and reduce the microbial risk, higher chlorine doses are required during disinfection. Unfortunately, this process produces carcinogenic disinfection byproducts that increase the risk of chemical exposure. Therefore, quantitatively evaluating the comparative microbial vs. chemical exposure risks that stem from chlorination inactivation of Giardia in swimming pool water is an issue that demands attention. We simulated an indoor swimming pool disinfection scenario that followed common real-world disinfection practices. A quantitative microbial risk assessment coupled with a chemical exposure risk assessment was employed to compare the Giardia microbial exposure risk (MER) and the trihalomethane chemical exposure risk (CER) to humans. The results demonstrated a 22% decrease in MER- and CER-induced health exposure risk, from 8.45E-5 at 8:00 to 6.60E-5 at 19:00. Both the MER and CER decreased gradually, dropping to 3.26E-5 and 3.35E-5 at 19:00, respectively. However, the CER exceeded the MER after 18:30 and became the dominant factor affecting the total exposure risk. Past the 18 hr mark, the contribution of trihalomethane CER far exceeded the risk aversion from microbial inactivation, leading to a net increase in total exposure risk despite the declining MER. Swimmers may consider swimming after 19:00, when the total exposure risk is the lowest. Lowering water temperature and/or pH were identified as the most sensitive factors to minimize the overall health exposure risk.
MeSH term(s)	Chlorides ; Chlorine/analysis ; Disinfectants/analysis ; Disinfectants/toxicity ; Disinfection/methods ; Giardia ; Halogens ; Humans ; Swimming Pools ; Trihalomethanes/analysis ; Water ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/analysis
Chemical Substances	Chlorides ; Disinfectants ; Halogens ; Trihalomethanes ; Water Pollutants, Chemical ; Water (059QF0KO0R) ; Chlorine (4R7X1O2820)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-20
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1092300-7
ISSN	1878-7320 ; 1001-0742
ISSN (online)	1878-7320
ISSN	1001-0742
DOI	10.1016/j.jes.2022.05.006
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Article ; Online: Evidence-based identification of breast cancer and associated ovarian and uterus cancer risk components in source waters from high incidence area in the Pearl River Basin, China

Peng, Shuhan / Dong, Shengkun / Gong, Chang / Chen, Xiaohong / Du, Hongyu / Zhan, Yuehao / Yang, Zhifeng

Science of the Total Environment. 2023 Aug. 04, p.166060-

2023 , Page(s) 166060–

Abstract: Breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and uterus cancer are among the most common female cancers. They are suspected to associate with exposures to specific environmental pollutants, which remain unidentified in source waters. In this work, we focused on the ... ...

Abstract	Breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and uterus cancer are among the most common female cancers. They are suspected to associate with exposures to specific environmental pollutants, which remain unidentified in source waters. In this work, we focused on the Pearl River Basin region in China, which experienced a high incidence of breast, ovarian, and uterus cancers. Combining cancer patient data, mammalian cell cytotoxicity analyses, and exhaustive historical and current chemical assessments, we for the first time identified source water components that promoted proliferation of mammalian cells, and confirmed their association with these female cancers via the estrogen receptor mediated pathway. Therefore, the components that have previously been found to enhance the proliferation of estrogen receptor-containing cells through endocrine disruption could be the crucial factor. Based on this, components that matched with this toxicological characteristic (i.e., estrogen-like effect) were further identified in source waters, including (1) organic components: phthalates, bisphenol A, nonylphenols, and per-/polyfluoroalkyls; (2) inorganic components: Sb, Co, As, and nitrate. Moreover, these identified water components were present at levels comparable to other regions with high female cancer prevalence, suggesting that the potential risk of these components may not be exclusive to the study region. Together, multiple levels of evidence suggested that long-term co-exposures to source water estrogenic components may be important to the development of breast, ovarian, and uterus cancers.
Keywords	bisphenol A ; breast neoplasms ; breasts ; cytotoxicity ; environment ; estrogen receptors ; estrogens ; females ; mammals ; nitrates ; nonylphenols ; ovarian neoplasms ; patients ; phthalates ; risk ; rivers ; toxicology ; uterine neoplasms ; uterus ; watersheds ; China ; Source water ; Breast cancer ; Water component ; Estrogen receptor ; Endocrine-disrupting compound
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-0804
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166060
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Article ; Online: Persistence kinetics of a novel disinfectant peracetic acid for swimming pool disinfection

Jia, Mingyang / Chen, Xiaohong / Liu, Bingjun / Hur, Kyu / Dong, Shengkun

Journal of Hazardous Materials. 2023 Sept., v. 457, p. 131792

2023 , Page(s) 131792

Abstract	Disinfection is essential to swimming pool water (SPW) quality. Peracetic acid (PAA) has attracted attention for water disinfection for advantages such as less formation of regulated DBPs. Persistence kinetics of disinfectants is difficult to elucidate in pools because of the complex water matrix stemming from body fluid loadings from swimmers and long residence times. In this research, the persistence kinetics of PAA was investigated in SPW benchmarked against free chlorine, use bench-scale experiments and model simulation. Kinetics models were developed to simulate the persistence of PAA and chlorine. The stability of PAA was less sensitive to swimmer loadings than chlorine. An average swimmer loading event reduced the apparent decay rate constant of PAA by 66 %, a phenomenon that diminished with increasing temperatures. L-histidine and citric acid from swimmers were identified as main retardation contributors. By contrast, a swimmer loading event instantaneously consumed 70–75 % of the residual free chlorine. The required total dose of PAA was 97 % less than chlorine under the 3-days cumulative disinfection mode. Temperature was positively correlated with disinfectant decay rate, with PAA being more sensitive than chlorine. These results shed light on the persistence kinetics of PAA and its influential factors in swimming pool settings.
Keywords	body fluids ; chlorine ; citric acid ; disinfectants ; disinfection ; histidine ; peracetic acid ; simulation models ; temperature ; PAA ; Decay ; Model ; Body fluid analogs (BFA)
Language	English
Dates of publication	2023-09
Size	p. 131792
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	1491302-1
ISSN	1873-3336 ; 0304-3894
ISSN (online)	1873-3336
ISSN	0304-3894
DOI	10.1016/j.jhazmat.2023.131792
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Article ; Online: Evidence-based identification of breast cancer and associated ovarian and uterus cancer risk components in source waters from high incidence area in the Pearl River Basin, China.

Peng, Shuhan / Dong, Shengkun / Gong, Chang / Chen, Xiaohong / Du, Hongyu / Zhan, Yuehao / Yang, Zhifeng

The Science of the total environment

2023 Volume 903, Page(s) 166060

Abstract	Breast cancer, ovarian cancer, and uterus cancer are among the most common female cancers. They are suspected to associate with exposures to specific environmental pollutants, which remain unidentified in source waters. In this work, we focused on the Pearl River Basin region in China, which experienced a high incidence of breast, ovarian, and uterus cancers. Combining cancer patient data, mammalian cell cytotoxicity analyses, and exhaustive historical and current chemical assessments, we for the first time identified source water components that promoted proliferation of mammalian cells, and confirmed their association with these female cancers via the estrogen receptor mediated pathway. Therefore, the components that have previously been found to enhance the proliferation of estrogen receptor-containing cells through endocrine disruption could be the crucial factor. Based on this, components that matched with this toxicological characteristic (i.e., estrogen-like effect) were further identified in source waters, including (1) organic components: phthalates, bisphenol A, nonylphenols, and per-/polyfluoroalkyls; (2) inorganic components: Sb, Co, As, and nitrate. Moreover, these identified water components were present at levels comparable to other regions with high female cancer prevalence, suggesting that the potential risk of these components may not be exclusive to the study region. Together, multiple levels of evidence suggested that long-term co-exposures to source water estrogenic components may be important to the development of breast, ovarian, and uterus cancers.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-04
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166060
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Article ; Online: Hydrophile-lipophile balance solid phase extraction of surface water organics: Fluorescent elution preference and overlooked fractions.

Zhan, Yuehao / Zeng, Chunya / Chen, Xiaohong / Liu, Bingjun / Li, Yanqiu / Hur, Kyu / Dong, Shengkun

Chemosphere

2023 Volume 330, Page(s) 138770

Abstract: Fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in surface water has broad implications on water quality research and operations. Solid phase extraction (SPE) is the most widely used technique to extract FDOM. However, fluorescent elution preferences by ... ...

Abstract	Fluorescent dissolved organic matter (FDOM) in surface water has broad implications on water quality research and operations. Solid phase extraction (SPE) is the most widely used technique to extract FDOM. However, fluorescent elution preferences by common solvents and content of quantifiable chromophores in waste fraction remain largely unknown, both quantitatively and qualitatively. In this work, the preferential selection of various types of FDOM captured by and lost from SPE as characterized by the fluorescence excitation-emission matrix (EEM) were investigated. Three elution solvents (methanol, acetone, and dichloromethane) were adopted to elute the DOM that was enriched on a typical SPE sorbent. Results revealed that high polarity (methanol) and medium polarity (acetone) solvents eluted the highest variety and quantity of humic acid-like substances (Region V), while the low polarity (dichloromethane) elution solvent was more suitable for eluting tyrosine (Region I) and tryptophan (Region II). Compared to eluting only with methanol, sequential elution and recombination using the three aforementioned solvents demonstrated a significant increase in not only DOC recovery (by 7%), but fluorescence integral values and fluorescence characteristics covering collectively much larger fluorescence regions that more closely resembled raw water. For the first time, the fluorescence EEM of waste after loading the sample revealed a previously overlooked FDOM loss of 20%, caused by ineffective adsorption onto the solid phase resin. Substantial carbonaceous and nitrogenous FDOM were present in this fraction (the fluorescence intensity of aromatic protein in waste exceeds 20% of that in raw water), indicating possible underestimations of FDOM-related research in areas such as disinfection byproduct and toxicity work. The results of this study provide both a qualitative and quantitative characterization of the elution and lost products of SPE in capturing FDOM.
MeSH term(s)	Methanol ; Acetone ; Methylene Chloride ; Spectrometry, Fluorescence/methods ; Dissolved Organic Matter ; Coloring Agents ; Humic Substances/analysis ; Solid Phase Extraction ; Solvents
Chemical Substances	Methanol (Y4S76JWI15) ; Acetone (1364PS73AF) ; Methylene Chloride (588X2YUY0A) ; Dissolved Organic Matter ; Coloring Agents ; Humic Substances ; Solvents
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-04-22
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	120089-6
ISSN	1879-1298 ; 0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
ISSN (online)	1879-1298
ISSN	0045-6535 ; 0366-7111
DOI	10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.138770
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Article: Disinfection byproducts in indoor swimming pool water: Detection and human lifetime health risk assessment.

Zhang, Di / Dong, Shengkun / Chen, Li / Xiao, Rong / Chu, Wenhai

Journal of environmental sciences (China)

2022 Volume 126, Page(s) 378–386

Abstract: Quantification of regulated and emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pool water, as well as the assessment of their lifetime health risk are limited in China. In this study, the occurrence of regulated DBPs (e.g., trihalomethanes, ... ...

Abstract	Quantification of regulated and emerging disinfection byproducts (DBPs) in swimming pool water, as well as the assessment of their lifetime health risk are limited in China. In this study, the occurrence of regulated DBPs (e.g., trihalomethanes, haloacetic acids) and emerging DBPs (e.g., haloacetonitriles, haloacetaldehydes) in indoor swimming pool water and the corresponding source water at a city in Eastern China were determined. The concentrations of DBPs in swimming pool water were 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that in source water. Lifetime cancer and non-cancer risks of DBPs stemming from swimming pool water were also estimated. Inhalation and dermal exposure were the most significant exposure routes related to swimming pool DBP cancer and non-cancer risks. For the first time, buccal and aural exposure were considered, and were proven to be important routes of DBP exposure (accounting for 17.9%-38.9% of total risk). The cancer risks of DBPs for all swimmers were higher than 10
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-15
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1092300-7
ISSN	1878-7320 ; 1001-0742
ISSN (online)	1878-7320
ISSN	1001-0742
DOI	10.1016/j.jes.2022.05.003
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Article ; Online: Insights into the transformation of natural organic matter during UV/peroxydisulfate treatment by FT-ICR MS and machine learning: Non-negligible formation of organosulfates.

Li, Junfang / Qin, Wenlei / Zhu, Bao / Ruan, Ting / Hua, Zhechao / Du, Hongyu / Dong, Shengkun / Fang, Jingyun

Water research

2024 Volume 256, Page(s) 121564

Abstract: Natural organic matter (NOM) is a major sink of radicals in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and understanding the transformation of NOM is important in water treatment. By using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) ... ...

Abstract	Natural organic matter (NOM) is a major sink of radicals in advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) and understanding the transformation of NOM is important in water treatment. By using Fourier transform ion cyclotron resonance mass spectrometry (FT-ICR MS) in conjunction with machine learning, we comprehensively investigated the reactivity and transformation of NOM, and the formation of organosulfates during the UV/peroxydisulfate (PDS) process. After 60 min UV/PDS treatment, the CHO formula number and dissolved organic carbon concentration significantly decreased by 83.4 % and 74.8 %, respectively. Concurrently, the CHOS formula number increased substantially from 0.7 % to 20.5 %. Machine learning identifies DBE and AI
MeSH term(s)	Machine Learning ; Sulfates/chemistry ; Animals ; CHO Cells ; Ultraviolet Rays ; Cricetulus ; Mass Spectrometry ; Water Purification/methods ; Oxidation-Reduction
Chemical Substances	Sulfates
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-01
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	202613-2
ISSN	1879-2448 ; 0043-1354
ISSN (online)	1879-2448
ISSN	0043-1354
DOI	10.1016/j.watres.2024.121564
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Article: Dramatically increased disinfection byproducts in swimming pool water caused by commonly used urea degradants

Zhang, Di / Chen, Li / Dong, Shengkun / Luo, Jiayi / Xu, Zuxin / Chu, Wenhai

Water research. 2022 Sept. 01, v. 223

2022

Abstract: In China, urea degradants are often used in combination with chlorine in swimming pool water to remove urea. Here we report the first study about the impacts of urea degradants on urea degradation, disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation and estimated DBP- ...

Abstract	In China, urea degradants are often used in combination with chlorine in swimming pool water to remove urea. Here we report the first study about the impacts of urea degradants on urea degradation, disinfection byproduct (DBP) formation and estimated DBP-associated cytotoxicity and genotoxicity. Firstly, four groups of typical DBPs from six real indoor swimming pools were analyzed. The concentration of DBPs in swimming pool waters was about 1-2 orders of magnitude higher than that source tap water. Notably, a rapid increase in DBPs was observed after urea degradant treatment. Simulated processes of urea removal using three commonly used urea degradants were therefore conducted in laboratory. Neither urea degradant nor chlorine alone removed urea effectively within 48 h. When applied in combination, urea degradant with sufficient chlorine rapidly removed urea by 100% within 3 h, and anti-chlorourea oligomer in urea degradants was the main contributor. Meanwhile, a remarkable increase in DBPs, especially brominated DBPs, was observed due to bromide introduction by urea degradants. For this reason, bromine incorporation factor (BIF) of DBPs dramatically increased. For instance, the BIF of dihaloacetic acids increased by 2665%-4025% after applying three urea degradants. As the highly toxic brominated DBPs were generated, attention should be paid into the potential DBP-related health risks from the use of urea degradants together with chlorine.
Keywords	bromination ; bromine ; byproducts ; chlorine ; cytotoxicity ; disinfection ; genotoxicity ; research ; tap water ; urea ; water ; China
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0901
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	202613-2
ISSN	1879-2448 ; 0043-1354
ISSN (online)	1879-2448
ISSN	0043-1354
DOI	10.1016/j.watres.2022.118987
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