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Article ; Online: Anti-prostate cancer mechanism of black ginseng during the "nine steaming and nine sun-drying" process based on HPLC analysis combined with vector space network pharmacology.

Zhang, Youran / Huang, Ye / Dou, Deqiang

Discover. Oncology

2024 Volume 15, Issue 1, Page(s) 12

Abstract: HPLC analysis determined six small-molecule organic acids, maltol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 17 ginsenosides, four oligosaccharides, and 20 amino acids in black ginseng samples with different processing times. Based on the content determination ... ...

Abstract	HPLC analysis determined six small-molecule organic acids, maltol, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (5-HMF), 17 ginsenosides, four oligosaccharides, and 20 amino acids in black ginseng samples with different processing times. Based on the content determination results, the differential ingredients in the processing of black ginseng were screened by multivariate statistical analysis. Network pharmacological methods obtained the core targets and pathways of the above ingredients against prostate cancer. Finally, the entropy weight method was used to assign values to the above ingredients, targets, and pathways, and the vector space network pharmacology method was established to study the anti-prostate cancer mechanism of black ginseng in the process of "nine steaming and nine sun-drying". Based on principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA), fructose, glucose, dencichin, glutamate, ginsenoside 20 (S)-Rg3, 20 (R)-Rg3, 20 (S)-Rh2, Rg1, Re, and Rc were the main differential ingredients in various steaming and sun-drying cycle periods of black ginseng. The results of vector space network pharmacology showed that the main reason for the change in the anti-prostate cancer pathway of black ginseng with the number of steaming and sun-drying was the different regulatory ability of black ginseng on the PI3K-Akt signaling pathway and chemical carcinogenesis-receptor activation pathway. It gave researchers a fresh perspective for exploring the anti-prostate cancer active components of black ginseng and the change in the mechanism of the effect of traditional Chinese medicine in processing.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-18
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2730-6011
ISSN (online)	2730-6011
DOI	10.1007/s12672-024-00862-z
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Identifying biomarkers of ginseng medicines with different natures on heart failure.

Liu, Linlin / Jin, Mozhu / Han, Xueying / Dou, Deqiang

Journal of ethnopharmacology

2024 Volume 329, Page(s) 118134

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: The nature of Chinese medicine is a unique index to measure its efficacy. Generally, treating the hot syndrome with cold nature medicine and vice versa. Ginseng medicines, a renowned Chinese medicine known for its qi ... ...

Abstract	Ethnopharmacological relevance: The nature of Chinese medicine is a unique index to measure its efficacy. Generally, treating the hot syndrome with cold nature medicine and vice versa. Ginseng medicines, a renowned Chinese medicine known for its qi tonifying action, encompasses various herbal materials such as ginseng, red ginseng, and black ginseng (GS, RG, and BG, respectively), ginseng leaves (GL), and American ginseng (AG), which exhibited different natures, thought contained similar ginsenosides. This traditional effect of GS and RG "reinvigorate the pulse for relieving qi depletion". It is closely linked to anti-heart failure (HF), HF is a clinical manifestation of deficiency of "heart-qi". However, the elucidation of the mechanism underlying the anti-HF effects of ginseng medicines with different natures remains a significant challenge. Aim of the study: To elucidate pharmacological mechanisms underlying the effect of ginseng medicines on HF, and to identify biomarkers associated with their various natures. Furthermore, it provides the basis for the different applications of ginseng medicines with various natures. Materials and methods: This study established a rat model of HF induced by isoproterenol (ISO) combined with a specific diet. Four representative hot/cold herbs were selected as compared references for the medicine natures. The divergent effects of these herbs on the HF model were investigated by analyzing RNA-seq data to identify genes expressed differentially. Additionally, pathways associated with medicine natures were obtained using KEGG. Furthermore, UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS, as well as ELISA, were used to measure indexes associated with the nervous system, energy metabolisms, and endocrinology systems, such as BNP, CK, IL-1, T3, T4, cAMP, cGMP, AD, adrenal hormones (DOC, CORT, and COR), progestogens (pregnenolone, P, 17-OH-PR, and 17-OH-P), androgens (DHEA, A4, and T), and estrogens hormones (E2). Results: All ginseng medicines demonstrated varying levels of efficacy in alleviating HF and GS exhibited a significant protective effect on HF. The ginseng medicines with qi tonifying primarily achieve their effect by enhancing the levels of adrenal hormones (DOC, CORT, and COR), T4, elevation of cAMP/cGMP, and activation of AchE. Warm nature qi tonifying ginseng medicines increased the levels of 17-OH-PR and P while decreasing 17-OH-P and the ratio of E2/T. On the other hand, cold nature qi tonifying ginseng medicines decreased the levels of A4 and T while increasing the ratio of E2/T. Conclusion: Overall, the effects of warm nature ginseng medicines are stronger on HF compared to cold nature ginseng medicines. Our research firstly reported that the E2/T ratio, progestogens (17-OH-PR, 17-OH-P, and P), and androgens (A4 and T) have been identified as significant biomarkers for discerning the mechanism differences of ginseng medicines with differences natures in treatment of HF.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-02
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	134511-4
ISSN	1872-7573 ; 0378-8741
ISSN (online)	1872-7573
ISSN	0378-8741
DOI	10.1016/j.jep.2024.118134
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Article ; Online: Design, synthesis and activity evaluation of arctigenin derivatives with HDAC inhibition activity.

Jiang, Xinyue / Yan, Yuchao / Yang, Huali / Cheng, Maosheng / Dou, Deqiang / Liu, Yang

RSC advances

2024 Volume 14, Issue 13, Page(s) 9314–9325

Abstract: Arctigenin, a natural product with diverse pharmacological activities, can inhibit cell proliferation and survival and has shown promising potential in cancer research. In this study, we designed a series of arctigenin derivatives with HDAC inhibitory ... ...

Abstract	Arctigenin, a natural product with diverse pharmacological activities, can inhibit cell proliferation and survival and has shown promising potential in cancer research. In this study, we designed a series of arctigenin derivatives with HDAC inhibitory activity based on the synergistic effects between HDAC inhibitors and arctigenin. Among them, compound B7 exhibited significantly higher antiproliferative activity in the MV411 cell line compared to the positive control, tucidinostat. Additionally, enzymatic activity testing was performed with compound B7. Further mechanistic studies indicated that compound B7 induced apoptosis through the Caspase-3 pathway in MV411 cells and enhanced histone acetylation levels in the MV411 cell line. These findings highlight the broad potential application of these arctigenin derivatives in cancer therapy.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-20
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2046-2069
ISSN (online)	2046-2069
DOI	10.1039/d4ra00050a
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Article: The correlations of adverse effect and tonifying effect of ginseng medicines

Ran, Xiaoku / Dou, Deqiang / Chen, Hongyu / Ren, Guoqing

Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2022 June 12, v. 291

2022

Abstract: Ginseng has been used for thousands of years, it is described as both a tonic for restoration of strength and a panacea. However, the adverse effect is also reported clinically. In the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the occurrence of adverse ... ...

Abstract	Ginseng has been used for thousands of years, it is described as both a tonic for restoration of strength and a panacea. However, the adverse effect is also reported clinically. In the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the occurrence of adverse reactions is closely related to warm property of ginseng, which can easily lead to fireness (火, in Chinese). Several presumptions indicated that fireness of ginseng may be associated with the pathophysiology of inflammation, imbalance of metabolism, the disorder of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, and hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. The tonifying effect of ginseng medicines was always focused on with little attention for their adverse effects. We selected red ginseng (RG), ginseng (GS), American ginseng (AG), and ginseng leaves (GL) as typical ginseng medicines to clarify correlations of adverse effect and tonifying effect of ginseng medicines. The RG, GS, AG, and GL decoctions were orally administered to rats for 30 days consecutively. The appearance indicators such as saliva secretion, urinary output, fecal moisture, heart rate were determined, and hair condition, nose color were also observed. Furthermore, some biochemical indexes such as IL-6, T3, T4, TSH, ACTH, CORT, Ach, DA, EPI, NE, SP, VIP, cAMP, cGMP, AQP-5, AMPK, and the activity of SOD, GSH-PX, Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase were measured by biochemical reagent kits or enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The metabolites profile was analyzed by UPLC-QTOF-MS. Finally, the diversity of gut microbiota was also analyzed with the 16S rDNA sequencing. The study revealed the tonifying effects of ginseng medicines mainly on exciting nervous system, promoting immunity and antioxidative ability. While, the adverse effects were mainly associated with the abnormal nervous system, thyroid system, adrenal system, and oxidative stress. The GS group showed fireness symptoms, such as vertical and dirty hair, epistaxis, higher rectal temperature, lower salivary secretion, lower urinary output, lower fecal moisture. While the GL group showed the opposite symptoms. The levels of hormones, activities of the antioxidative enzyme, and Na⁺-K⁺-ATP enzyme were changed differently. From the second week to the fourth week, the levels of T3, T4, TSH, ACTH, CORT, and the activity of SOD, GSH-PX, Na⁺-K⁺-ATP enzymes were first increased, then decreased, and finally recovered to normal levels. We also found that the ginseng medicines mainly adjust the amino acid and TCA cycle metabolism exhibiting their tonifying and adverse effects. Meanwhile, GS and AG can modulate gut microbiota imbalance by increasing the gut microbial diversity as well as selectively promoting some probiotic populations, including Lactobacillus and Bifidobacterium. This is the first time to report the correlations between tonifying effects and adverse effects of four ginseng medicines. The present study demonstrated that the adverse effects of ginseng medicines mostly depended on their dosages, the higher dosage is, the more serious the adverse effects are. The adverse effects of ginseng and ginseng leaves are much more serious than red ginseng and American ginseng. The tendency of water regulation of ginseng and ginseng leaves was opposite may be related to their nature property.
Keywords	Bifidobacterium ; Lactobacillus ; Oriental traditional medicine ; Panax quinquefolius ; adverse effects ; amino acids ; antioxidant enzymes ; body temperature ; color ; enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay ; heart rate ; immunity ; inflammation ; interleukin-6 ; intestinal microorganisms ; metabolism ; metabolites ; nose ; oxidative stress ; pathophysiology ; probiotics ; saliva ; secretion ; tricarboxylic acid cycle
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0612
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	134511-4
ISSN	1872-7573 ; 0378-8741
ISSN (online)	1872-7573
ISSN	0378-8741
DOI	10.1016/j.jep.2022.115113
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Semen raphani weakened the action of ginseng under chronic fatigue condition

Wang, Yumeng / Ma, Chunyan / Dou, Deqiang

Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2022 Sept. 15, v. 295

2022

Abstract: Fatigue is a kind of subhealth status and people paid much more attention on it. Ginseng is used to treating fatigue as a kind of qi -tonifying drug in Chinese medicine. In the traditional applications, there is a viewpoint that ginseng could not be used ...

Abstract	Fatigue is a kind of subhealth status and people paid much more attention on it. Ginseng is used to treating fatigue as a kind of qi -tonifying drug in Chinese medicine. In the traditional applications, there is a viewpoint that ginseng could not be used with semen raphani and supposed that semen raphani is a kind of qi regulating drug, which will reduce the qi invigorating effect of ginseng. However, the underlying combination mechanism of the two drugs remained unclear. The aim of this study is to explore whether ginseng can be used with semen raphani or not to remedy acute and chronic fatigue conditions. We used normal and weight-bearing swimming method combined with appetite control animals. The biochemical indexes in energy metabolism, antioxidant, regulating endocrine system and immunity capacities were performed to explore the antagonism effect of semen raphani on ginseng under acute and chronic fatigue conditions. The serum and urine metabolomics were investigated using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS). Fecal flora was analyzed via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. The combination of ginseng with semen raphani have no influence on acute fatigue effect compared with ginseng alone. Both can improve the exhausted swimming time, the activity of GSH-Px, LDH and Na⁺-K⁺-ATPase. Furthermore, the combination of ginseng with semen raphani can increase the urine volume of rats and down-regulate the content of AQP-3, which can alleviate the “fireness” side-effect of ginseng. But the abundance and diversity of bacterial are decreased under acute fatigue experiment. Both the combination of ginseng with semen raphani and ginseng alone can remedy chronic-fatigue. They can also regulate the endocrine system, immune system, citric acid cycle metabolism, tryptophan metabolism, fatty acid metabolism, glycolysis/gluconeogenesis, etc. Furthermore, they can promote substance metabolism and energy metabolism in qi deficiency rats, and increase the abundance and diversities of the flora. While with the increased content of semen raphani, the combination of ginseng and semen raphani weaken the capacity of antioxidant, lactic acid metabolism, energy metabolism, flora diversity and regulation of endocrine system. Compared with ginseng alone, the combination of ginseng with semen raphani can weaken the qi invigorating ability under chronic fatigue condition. The more ratios of semen raphani is in the combination of the two drugs, the less the power of treating chronic fatigue is. Compared with ginseng alone, the combination of ginseng with semen raphani have no influence on the qi invigorating ability under actue fatigue experiment. But the combination of ginseng with semen raphani will benefit for the “fireness” side-effect of ginseng.
Keywords	Oriental traditional medicine ; Panax ; adverse effects ; antagonism ; antioxidants ; appetite ; blood serum ; drugs ; endocrine system ; energy metabolism ; fatty acid metabolism ; flora ; gluconeogenesis ; glycolysis ; immune system ; immunity ; intestinal microorganisms ; lactic acid ; liquid chromatography ; mass spectrometry ; metabolomics ; tricarboxylic acid cycle ; tryptophan ; urine
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0915
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	134511-4
ISSN	1872-7573 ; 0378-8741
ISSN (online)	1872-7573
ISSN	0378-8741
DOI	10.1016/j.jep.2022.115352
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Mechanism difference of ginseng medicines with different natures on hyperthyroidism.

Liu, Linlin / Han, Xueying / Shan, Guoshun / Fu, Li / Dou, Deqiang

Journal of ethnopharmacology

2023 Volume 319, Issue Pt 2, Page(s) 117194

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Medicinal nature is a unique index in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to measure the efficacy of Chinese medicines. Hyperthyroidism, qi-Yin deficiency syndrome in TCM was regarded as the classic heat syndrome category ... ...

Abstract	Ethnopharmacological relevance: Medicinal nature is a unique index in traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to measure the efficacy of Chinese medicines. Hyperthyroidism, qi-Yin deficiency syndrome in TCM was regarded as the classic heat syndrome category in Chinese medicine. Moreover, it is extensively employed to evaluate the medicinal nature of herbs within the framework of the 'hot/cold' nature theory. Ginseng, red and black ginseng (GS, RG, and BG, respectively), and ginseng leaves (GL) are qi-tonifying herbs with different medicinal natures and were just right used to examine the underlying mechanisms between the nature of ginseng medicines and their tonifying effect. Aim of the study: To examine the different mechanisms between different natures of ginseng medicines and their qi-tonifying action by comparison of their effects on hyperthyroidism and elucidate the nature of BG. Materials and methods: The hyperthyroidism model was induced through the oral administration of Euthyrox. Steroids belonging to hypothalamus pituitary adrenal (HPA) and hypothalamic pituitary gonadal (HPG) axes were determined with an ultra-performance liquid chromatography-triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-QqQ-MS/MS) method. Furthermore, the biochemical indexes associated with energy metabolism, including the serum cyclic nucleotide system and phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/protein kinase B (Akt) signaling pathways were examined. Additionally, the gut microbiota was subjected to 16 S rDNA sequencing, followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs). Results: GS, RG, and BG could treat hyperthyroidism rats by regulating the hypothalamus pituitary thyroid (HPT) axis. The RG also had a strong regulatory effect on the HPA and HPG axis. The BG has a regulatory effect on the HPG axis. GL had a strong regulatory effect on HPA, HPG, and HPT axes. GS had the ability to regulate Firmicutes/Bacteroides of the intestinal flora, and GS, RG, and BG ameliorated the decrease of SCFAs induced by hyperthyroidism. According to PCA, BG is similar to GS, indicating a mild-warm nature. Conclusion: The nature of BG was attributable to mild-warm and the GL with cold nature is best for the treatment of hyperthyroidism based on PCA analysis with all the bio-indices. In addition, the mechanism study indicated that the qi-tonifying effects of ginseng medicines are involved in HPT, HPA, and HPG axes to alleviate hyperthyroidism. In addition, the primary indexes reflected different natures of ginseng medicines are cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP)/cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP), AchE, and substance metabolism associated with Na
MeSH term(s)	Rats ; Animals ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt ; Panax/chemistry ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases ; Tandem Mass Spectrometry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/pharmacology ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/therapeutic use ; Hyperthyroidism/drug therapy
Chemical Substances	Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt (EC 2.7.11.1) ; Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinases (EC 2.7.1.-) ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-22
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	134511-4
ISSN	1872-7573 ; 0378-8741
ISSN (online)	1872-7573
ISSN	0378-8741
DOI	10.1016/j.jep.2023.117194
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Structure elucidation and NMR spectral assignments of one new dammarane-type triterpenoid saponin from black ginseng.

Zhao, Xue-Ting / Dou, De-Qiang / Qu, Yang / Zhang, Guo-Gang

Journal of Asian natural products research

2023 Volume 26, Issue 5, Page(s) 636–643

Abstract: New dammarane-type triterpenoid saponin, named 22( ...

Abstract	New dammarane-type triterpenoid saponin, named 22(
MeSH term(s)	Panax/chemistry ; Triterpenes/chemistry ; Triterpenes/isolation & purification ; Saponins/chemistry ; Saponins/isolation & purification ; Molecular Structure ; Dammaranes ; Nuclear Magnetic Resonance, Biomolecular ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/chemistry ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal/isolation & purification ; Ginsenosides/chemistry ; Ginsenosides/isolation & purification
Chemical Substances	Triterpenes ; Saponins ; Dammaranes ; Drugs, Chinese Herbal ; Ginsenosides
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-08
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2077926-4
ISSN	1477-2213 ; 1028-6020
ISSN (online)	1477-2213
ISSN	1028-6020
DOI	10.1080/10286020.2023.2253153
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Semen raphani weakened the action of ginseng under chronic fatigue condition.

Wang, Yumeng / Ma, Chunyan / Dou, Deqiang

Journal of ethnopharmacology

2022 Volume 295, Page(s) 115352

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Fatigue is a kind of subhealth status and people paid much more attention on it. Ginseng is used to treating fatigue as a kind of qi -tonifying drug in Chinese medicine. In the traditional applications, there is a ... ...

Abstract	Ethnopharmacological relevance: Fatigue is a kind of subhealth status and people paid much more attention on it. Ginseng is used to treating fatigue as a kind of qi -tonifying drug in Chinese medicine. In the traditional applications, there is a viewpoint that ginseng could not be used with semen raphani and supposed that semen raphani is a kind of qi regulating drug, which will reduce the qi invigorating effect of ginseng. However, the underlying combination mechanism of the two drugs remained unclear. Aim of the study: The aim of this study is to explore whether ginseng can be used with semen raphani or not to remedy acute and chronic fatigue conditions. Methods: We used normal and weight-bearing swimming method combined with appetite control animals. The biochemical indexes in energy metabolism, antioxidant, regulating endocrine system and immunity capacities were performed to explore the antagonism effect of semen raphani on ginseng under acute and chronic fatigue conditions. The serum and urine metabolomics were investigated using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LC-QTOF/MS). Fecal flora was analyzed via 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing. Results: The combination of ginseng with semen raphani have no influence on acute fatigue effect compared with ginseng alone. Both can improve the exhausted swimming time, the activity of GSH-Px, LDH and Na Conclusion: Compared with ginseng alone, the combination of ginseng with semen raphani can weaken the qi invigorating ability under chronic fatigue condition. The more ratios of semen raphani is in the combination of the two drugs, the less the power of treating chronic fatigue is. Compared with ginseng alone, the combination of ginseng with semen raphani have no influence on the qi invigorating ability under actue fatigue experiment. But the combination of ginseng with semen raphani will benefit for the "fireness" side-effect of ginseng.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antioxidants ; Fatigue Syndrome, Chronic ; Humans ; Panax/chemistry ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S ; Rats ; Seeds/chemistry
Chemical Substances	Antioxidants ; RNA, Ribosomal, 16S
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-19
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	134511-4
ISSN	1872-7573 ; 0378-8741
ISSN (online)	1872-7573
ISSN	0378-8741
DOI	10.1016/j.jep.2022.115352
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: The correlations of adverse effect and tonifying effect of ginseng medicines.

Ran, Xiaoku / Dou, Deqiang / Chen, Hongyu / Ren, Guoqing

Journal of ethnopharmacology

2022 Volume 291, Page(s) 115113

Abstract: Ethnopharmacological relevance: Ginseng has been used for thousands of years, it is described as both a tonic for restoration of strength and a panacea. However, the adverse effect is also reported clinically. In the theory of Traditional Chinese ... ...

Abstract	Ethnopharmacological relevance: Ginseng has been used for thousands of years, it is described as both a tonic for restoration of strength and a panacea. However, the adverse effect is also reported clinically. In the theory of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the occurrence of adverse reactions is closely related to warm property of ginseng, which can easily lead to fireness (, in Chinese). Several presumptions indicated that fireness of ginseng may be associated with the pathophysiology of inflammation, imbalance of metabolism, the disorder of hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal axis, and hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid axis. Aim of the study: The tonifying effect of ginseng medicines was always focused on with little attention for their adverse effects. We selected red ginseng (RG), ginseng (GS), American ginseng (AG), and ginseng leaves (GL) as typical ginseng medicines to clarify correlations of adverse effect and tonifying effect of ginseng medicines. Materials and methods: The RG, GS, AG, and GL decoctions were orally administered to rats for 30 days consecutively. The appearance indicators such as saliva secretion, urinary output, fecal moisture, heart rate were determined, and hair condition, nose color were also observed. Furthermore, some biochemical indexes such as IL-6, T3, T4, TSH, ACTH, CORT, Ach, DA, EPI, NE, SP, VIP, cAMP, cGMP, AQP-5, AMPK, and the activity of SOD, GSH-PX, Na Results: The study revealed the tonifying effects of ginseng medicines mainly on exciting nervous system, promoting immunity and antioxidative ability. While, the adverse effects were mainly associated with the abnormal nervous system, thyroid system, adrenal system, and oxidative stress. The GS group showed fireness symptoms, such as vertical and dirty hair, epistaxis, higher rectal temperature, lower salivary secretion, lower urinary output, lower fecal moisture. While the GL group showed the opposite symptoms. The levels of hormones, activities of the antioxidative enzyme, and Na Conclusions: This is the first time to report the correlations between tonifying effects and adverse effects of four ginseng medicines. The present study demonstrated that the adverse effects of ginseng medicines mostly depended on their dosages, the higher dosage is, the more serious the adverse effects are. The adverse effects of ginseng and ginseng leaves are much more serious than red ginseng and American ginseng. The tendency of water regulation of ginseng and ginseng leaves was opposite may be related to their nature property.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Gastrointestinal Microbiome ; Medicine, Chinese Traditional ; Oxidative Stress ; Panax/chemistry ; Plant Leaves ; Rats
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-22
Publishing country	Ireland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	134511-4
ISSN	1872-7573 ; 0378-8741
ISSN (online)	1872-7573
ISSN	0378-8741
DOI	10.1016/j.jep.2022.115113
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Comparative Study on Medicinal Natures (

Wan, Mei-Yu / Liu, Lin-Lin / Dou, De-Qiang

Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM

2022 Volume 2022, Page(s) 5194987

Abstract: To elucidate the medicinal nature of black ginseng (BG) by comparison of the effects of four Chinese herbs with different medicinal natures on the deficiency-heat syndrome rat model which was established by intragastric administration of traditional ... ...

Abstract	To elucidate the medicinal nature of black ginseng (BG) by comparison of the effects of four Chinese herbs with different medicinal natures on the deficiency-heat syndrome rat model which was established by intragastric administration of traditional Chinese drugs with hot nature, the appearance indexes, biochemical indexes, and pathological sections of thyroid and stomach were examined. In addition, the seven short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs) in rat feces were also determined by headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometry to reveal the action mechanism of the drugs with different natures. Results indicated that all the 4 drugs could exhibit similar actions in regulating the biochemical indexes of triiodothyronine (T3), thyroxine (T4), thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), and corticosterone (CORT) representing the hypothalamus-pituitary-thyroid (HPT) and hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axes of the animal. However, cold-natured cortex phellodendri (HB) and ginseng leaves (GLs) showed stronger downregulation of the AChE activity of the nervous system. Red ginseng (RG) and BG tested exhibited stronger upregulation of the liver Na
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2171158-6
ISSN	1741-4288 ; 1741-427X
ISSN (online)	1741-4288
ISSN	1741-427X
DOI	10.1155/2022/5194987
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