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  1. Article ; Online: The Uptake and Deconjugation of Androstenone Sulfate in the Adipose Tissue of the Boar

    Christine Bone / E. James Squires

    Animals, Vol 11, Iss 3158, p

    2021  Volume 3158

    Abstract: Boars express high testicular levels of sulfotransferase enzymes, and consequently, the boar taint causing compound androstenone predominantly circulates as a steroid sulfate. Androstenone sulfate is suspected to function as a steroid reservoir that can ... ...

    Abstract Boars express high testicular levels of sulfotransferase enzymes, and consequently, the boar taint causing compound androstenone predominantly circulates as a steroid sulfate. Androstenone sulfate is suspected to function as a steroid reservoir that can be deconjugated to provide a source of free androstenone for accumulation. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize the uptake and deconjugation of androstenone sulfate in the adipose tissue of the boar. Real-time PCR was used to quantify the expression of steroid sulfatase (STS) and several organic anion transporting polypeptides (OATPs) in the adipose tissue. Additionally, [ 3 H]-androstenone sulfate was incubated with adipocytes or supernatant from homogenized fat to assess steroid uptake and conversion, respectively. A positive correlation existed between OATP-B expression and androstenone sulfate uptake (r = 0.86, p = 0.03), as well as between STS expression and androstenone sulfate conversion (r = 0.76, p < 0.001). Moreover, fat androstenone concentrations were positively correlated (r = 0.85, p < 0.001) with androstenone sulfate conversion and tended to increase with STS expression in early maturing boars. This suggests that androstenone sulfate uptake and deconjugation are mediated by OATP-B and STS, respectively, which may influence the development of boar taint in early maturing animals.
    Keywords pig ; boar taint ; androstenone ; androstenone sulfate ; steroid uptake ; deconjugation ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
    Subject code 630
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-11-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: The Binding of Free and Sulfated Androstenone in the Plasma of the Boar

    Christine Bone / E. James Squires

    Animals, Vol 11, Iss 1464, p

    2021  Volume 1464

    Abstract: Androstenone circulates in the plasma bound to albumin before accumulating in the fat, resulting in the development of boar taint. Androstenone sulfate is more abundant in the circulation than free androstenone; however, it is unclear how androstenone ... ...

    Abstract Androstenone circulates in the plasma bound to albumin before accumulating in the fat, resulting in the development of boar taint. Androstenone sulfate is more abundant in the circulation than free androstenone; however, it is unclear how androstenone sulfate is transported in the plasma and if steroid transport affects the development of boar taint. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to characterize the binding of androstenone sulfate in boar plasma and determine if variability in steroid binding affects the accumulation of androstenone in the fat. [ 3 H]-androstenone sulfate was incubated with plasma and the steroid binding was quantified using gel filtration chromatography. Inter-animal variability was assessed by quantifying androstenone binding specificity in plasma obtained from boars that had high or low fat androstenone concentrations at slaughter. Androstenone sulfate bound minimally in the plasma and to isolated albumin, which suggests that it is transported primarily in solution. The specific binding of androstenone quantified in plasma and isolated albumin from low fat androstenone animals was significantly higher ( p = 0.01) than in high fat androstenone boars. These results indicate that the binding of androstenone to albumin varies amongst individual animals and affects the transport of androstenone in the plasma and accumulation in the fat of the boar.
    Keywords pig ; boar taint ; androstenone ; androstenone sulfate ; steroid transport ; binding affinity ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
    Subject code 630
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: Pork Production with Entire Males

    E. James Squires / Christine Bone / Jocelyn Cameron

    Animals, Vol 10, Iss 1665, p

    Directions for Control of Boar Taint

    2020  Volume 1665

    Abstract: Boar taint is caused by the accumulation of androstenone and skatole and other indoles in the fat; this is regulated by the balance between synthesis and degradation of these compounds and can be affected by a number of factors, including environment and ...

    Abstract Boar taint is caused by the accumulation of androstenone and skatole and other indoles in the fat; this is regulated by the balance between synthesis and degradation of these compounds and can be affected by a number of factors, including environment and management practices, sexual maturity, nutrition, and genetics. Boar taint can be controlled by immunocastration, but this practice has not been accepted in some countries. Genetics offers a long-term solution to the boar taint problem via selective breeding or genome editing. A number of short-term strategies to control boar taint have been proposed, but these can have inconsistent effects and there is too much variability between breeds and individuals to implement a blanket solution for boar taint. Therefore, we propose a precision livestock management approach to developing solutions for controlling taint. This involves determining the differences in metabolic processes and the genetic variations that cause boar taint in specific groups of pigs and using this information to design custom treatments based on the cause of boar taint. Genetic, proteomic or metabolomic profiling can then be used to identify and implement effective solutions for boar taint for specific populations of animals.
    Keywords boar taint ; androstenone ; skatole ; synthesis ; metabolism ; castration ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
    Subject code 630
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-09-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Dietary Fermentation Product of Aspergillus Oryzae Prevents Increases in Gastrointestinal Permeability (‘Leaky Gut’) in Horses Undergoing Combined Transport and Exercise

    Melissa McGilloway / Shannon Manley / Alyssa Aho / Keisha N. Heeringa / Lynsey Whitacre / Yanping Lou / E. James Squires / Wendy Pearson

    Animals, Vol 13, Iss 951, p

    2023  Volume 951

    Abstract: Equine leaky gut syndrome is characterized by gastrointestinal hyperpermeability and may be associated with adverse health effects in horses. The purpose was to evaluate the effects of a prebiotic Aspergillus oryzae product (SUPP) on stress-induced ... ...

    Abstract Equine leaky gut syndrome is characterized by gastrointestinal hyperpermeability and may be associated with adverse health effects in horses. The purpose was to evaluate the effects of a prebiotic Aspergillus oryzae product (SUPP) on stress-induced gastrointestinal hyperpermeability. Eight horses received a diet containing SUPP (0.02 g/kg BW) or an unsupplemented diet (CO) (n = 4 per group) for 28 days. On Days 0 and 28, horses were intubated with an indigestible marker of gastrointestinal permeability (iohexol). Half the horses from each feeding group underwent 60 min of transport by trailer immediately followed by a moderate-intensity exercise bout of 30 min (EX), and the remaining horses stayed in stalls as controls (SED). Blood was sampled before iohexol, immediately after trailering, and at 0, 1, 2, 4, and 8 h post-exercise. At the end of the feeding period, horses were washed out for 28 days before being assigned to the opposite feeding group, and the study was replicated. Blood was analyzed for iohexol (HPLC), lipopolysaccharide (ELISA), and serum amyloid A (latex agglutination assay). Data were analyzed using three-way and two-way ANOVA. On Day 0, the combined challenge of trailer transport and exercise significantly increased plasma iohexol in both feeding groups; this increase was not seen in SED horses. On Day 28, EX increased plasma iohexol only in the CO feeding group; this increase was completely prevented by the provision of SUPP. It is concluded that combined transport and exercise induce gastrointestinal hyperpermeability. Dietary SUPP prevents this and therefore may be a useful prophylactic for pathologies associated with gastrointestinal hyperpermeability in horses.
    Keywords leaky gut syndrome ; horses ; hyperpermeability ; prebiotics ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
    Subject code 630
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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    Inter-library loan at ZB MED

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  5. Article: Investigation of the dominant positive effect of porcine farnesoid X receptor (FXR) splice variant 1

    Gray, Matthew A / E. James Squires

    Gene. 2015 Apr. 10, v. 560

    2015  

    Abstract: Pigs are well recognized as a model for humans in research studies due to similarities in metabolism and physiology between the two species. The potential for pigs to model humans in studying metabolic diseases is highly dependent on similarities in ... ...

    Abstract Pigs are well recognized as a model for humans in research studies due to similarities in metabolism and physiology between the two species. The potential for pigs to model humans in studying metabolic diseases is highly dependent on similarities in hepatic metabolism between the two species, including similarities in the farnesoid X receptor (FXR; NR1H4) which regulate bile acid homeostasis. During initial cloning of porcine FXR (pFXR), an alternative splice variant (pFXR-SV1) was isolated which contained a four amino acid (MYTG) insert that exerted a dominant positive effect on the wild type receptor (pFXR-WT). The current study investigated the role of this insert in the dominant positive effect. Individual point mutations were made to the first three amino acids of the MYTG insert. Mutations of the methionine (M) or threonine (T) to alanine (A) reduced the dominant positive effect, while mutation of the tyrosine (Y) to either A or phenylalanine (F) completely abolished the dominant positive effect. Treatment with the tyrosine phosphatase inhibitor sodium orthovanadate (Na3VO4) increased the dominant positive effect of pFXR-SV1 by about 30%. These results suggest that the dominant positive effect may be dependent on the phosphorylation status of the tyrosine in the MYTG insert. The human variant hFXRα+ has the same MYTG insert as pFXR-SV1, but did not cause a dominant positive effect on hFXR-WT and significantly reduced the activity of hFXR-WT. Thus, although the MYTG insert is conserved in both human and pig, the effects of this insert are different in the two species.
    Keywords alanine ; alternative splicing ; bile acids ; homeostasis ; humans ; metabolic diseases ; metabolism ; methionine ; models ; phenylalanine ; phosphorylation ; point mutation ; swine ; threonine ; tyrosine
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2015-0410
    Size p. 71-76.
    Publishing place Elsevier B.V.
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 391792-7
    ISSN 1879-0038 ; 0378-1119
    ISSN (online) 1879-0038
    ISSN 0378-1119
    DOI 10.1016/j.gene.2015.01.046
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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    In stock of ZB MED Bonn / Germany

    Z 79/715: Show issues

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  6. Article ; Online: Supplemental Fiber Affects Body Temperature and Fecal Metabolites but Not Respiratory Rate or Body Composition in Mid-Distance Training Sled Dogs

    Emma Thornton / Eve Robinson / James R. Templeman / Lindy Bruggink / Michael Bower / John P. Cant / Graham P. Holloway / Kelly S. Swanson / E. James Squires / Anna K. Shoveller

    Frontiers in Veterinary Science, Vol

    2021  Volume 8

    Abstract: Dietary fiber affects canine physiology in many ways, such as increasing colonic absorption of water and improving gut health, both of which may positively impact exercise performance. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of ... ...

    Abstract Dietary fiber affects canine physiology in many ways, such as increasing colonic absorption of water and improving gut health, both of which may positively impact exercise performance. The objectives of this study were to investigate the effects of increased dietary soluble fiber and incremental training on respiratory rate (RR), internal body temperature (BT), body composition, and fecal metabolites in mid-distance training sled dogs. Fourteen dogs (12 Siberian and 2 Alaskan Huskies) were blocked by age, sex, and body weight (BW) and then randomly allocated into one of two diet groups. Seven dogs were fed a dry extruded control diet (Ctl) with an insoluble:soluble fiber ratio of 4:1 (0.74% soluble fiber on a dry-matter basis), and seven dogs were fed a dry extruded treatment diet (Trt) with an insoluble:soluble fiber ratio of 3:1 (2.12% soluble fiber on a dry-matter basis). Fecal samples were taken once a week. All dogs underwent 9 weeks of incremental exercise conditioning where the running distance was designed to increase each week. Every 3 weeks, external telemetry equipment was used to non-invasively measure and record RR and internal BT at resting, working, and post-exercise recovery states. Body composition was measured on weeks −1 and 9 using quantitative magnetic resonance. Body composition, RR, BT, and fecal metabolites were analyzed using a mixed model with dog as a random effect and week and diet group as fixed effects. Dogs on Trt had lower working and post-exercise BT than Ctl (P < 0.05). In addition, Trt dogs had lower recovery BT at weeks 2 and 5 than Ctl dogs (P < 0.05). Treatment dogs had greater fecal short-chain fatty acid concentrations than Ctl (P < 0.05). Diet had no effect on RR or body composition (P > 0.10), but exercise resulted in an overall 7% increase in lean and 3.5% decrease in fat mass (P < 0.05). These data suggest that increasing dietary soluble fiber may positively influence BT and gut health; however, it has no effect on RR or body composition. Soluble fiber did not negatively impact any measures of overall health and performance and should be considered for use in performance dogs.
    Keywords physiology ; canine ; exercise ; dietary fiber ; nutrition ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
    Subject code 796 ; 630
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-04-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Frontiers Media S.A.
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  7. Article: Response of Ross 308 and 708 broiler strains in growth performance and lipid metabolism to diets containing tributyrate glycerides

    Bedford, Andrea / Hai Yu / Marta Hernandez / E. James Squires / Steven Leeson / Yongqing Hou / Joshua Gong

    Canadian journal of animal science. 2017 July 14, v. 98, no. 1

    2017  

    Abstract: Tributyrin is a butyrate glyceride, shown to have positive effects on broiler performance. This study investigated the differences in growth performance between Ross 308 and Ross 708 birds, and compared how each strain responds to tributyrin ... ...

    Abstract Tributyrin is a butyrate glyceride, shown to have positive effects on broiler performance. This study investigated the differences in growth performance between Ross 308 and Ross 708 birds, and compared how each strain responds to tributyrin supplementation. Two-hundred-and-forty-day-old Ross 308 and 240-d-old Ross 708 chicks were divided and fed a basal diet, or diets supplemented with low or high levels of tributyrin for 35 d. Neither strain nor tributyrin supplementation had an effect on average daily gain or feed:gain (P > 0.05). All Ross 708 birds had significantly decreased relative abdominal fat weight at 3 and 5 wk of age compared with Ross 308 birds of the same treatment (P ≤ 0.05). Tributyrin supplementation only decreased relative abdominal fat weight compared with controls in Ross 708 birds at 5 wk of age (P ≤ 0.05). Ross 708 control birds had significantly higher breast muscle fat deposition than Ross 308 controls (P ≤ 0.05), and tributyrin lowered this deposition in both strains (P ≤ 0.05). Significant differences in hepatic expression of genes associated with lipid metabolism were observed between strains, and with tributyrin supplementation (P ≤ 0.05). These results support the modulation of lipid metabolism by tributyrin, and show different broiler strains responded uniquely to tributyrin supplementation.
    Keywords abdominal fat ; acylglycerols ; average daily gain ; birds ; breast muscle ; chicks ; dietary supplements ; gene expression ; growth performance ; lipid metabolism ; tributyrin
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2017-0714
    Size p. 98-108.
    Publishing place Canadian Science Publishing
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 417253-x
    ISSN 1918-1825 ; 0008-3984
    ISSN (online) 1918-1825
    ISSN 0008-3984
    DOI 10.1139/cjas-2017-0025
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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    In stock of ZB MED Bonn / Germany

    Z 800 c: Show issues

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