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Article ; Online: Climate change could threaten cocoa production

Lauranne Gateau-Rey / Edmund V J Tanner / Bruno Rapidel / Jean-Philippe Marelli / Stefan Royaert

PLoS ONE, Vol 13, Iss 7, p e

Effects of 2015-16 El Niño-related drought on cocoa agroforests in Bahia, Brazil.

2018 Volume 0200454

Abstract: Climate models predict a possible increase in the frequency of strong climate events such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which in parts of the tropics are the cause of exceptional droughts, these threaten global food production. Agroforestry ... ...

Abstract	Climate models predict a possible increase in the frequency of strong climate events such as El Niño-Southern Oscillation (ENSO), which in parts of the tropics are the cause of exceptional droughts, these threaten global food production. Agroforestry systems are often suggested as promising diversification options to increase farmers' resilience to extreme climatic events. In the Northeastern state of Bahia, where most Brazilian cocoa is grown in wildlife-friendly agroforests, ENSOs cause severe droughts which negatively affect forest and agriculture. Cocoa (Theobroma cacao) is described as being sensitive to drought but there are no field-studies of the effect of ENSO-related drought on adult cocoa trees in the America's; there is one study of an experimentally-imposed drought in Indonesia which resulted in 10 to 46% yield loss. In our study, in randomly chosen farms in Bahia, Brazil, we measured the effect of the 2015-16 severe ENSO, which caused an unprecedented drought in cocoa agroforests. We show that drought caused high cocoa tree mortality (15%) and severely decreased cocoa yield (89%); the drought also increased infection rate of the chronic fungal disease witches' broom (Moniliophthora perniciosa). Ours findings showed that Brazilian cocoa agroforests are at risk and that increasing frequency of strong droughts are likely to cause decreased cocoa yields in the coming decades. Furthermore, because cocoa, like many crops, is grown somewhat beyond its climatic limits, it and other crops could be the 'canaries in the coalmine' warning of forthcoming major drought effects on semi-natural and natural vegetation.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	571
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: (with research data) Decomposition of coarse woody debris in a long‐term litter manipulation experiment: A focus on nutrient availability

Gora, Evan M / Emma J. Sayer / Benjamin L. Turner / Edmund V. J. Tanner

Functional ecology. 2018 Apr., v. 32, no. 4

2018

Abstract: The majority of above‐ground carbon in tropical forests is stored in wood, which is returned to the atmosphere during decomposition of coarse woody debris. However, the factors controlling wood decomposition have not been experimentally manipulated over ... ...

Abstract	The majority of above‐ground carbon in tropical forests is stored in wood, which is returned to the atmosphere during decomposition of coarse woody debris. However, the factors controlling wood decomposition have not been experimentally manipulated over time scales comparable to the length of this process. We hypothesized that wood decomposition is limited by nutrient availability and tested this hypothesis in a long‐term litter addition and removal experiment in a lowland tropical forest in Panama. Specifically, we quantified decomposition using a 15‐year chronosequence of decaying boles, and measured respiration rates and nutrient limitation of wood decomposer communities. The long‐term probability that a dead tree completely decomposed was decreased in plots where litter was removed, but did not differ between litter addition and control treatments. Similarly, respiration rates of wood decomposer communities were greater in control treatments relative to litter removal plots; litter addition treatments did not differ from either of the other treatments. Respiration rates increased in response to nutrient addition (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) in the litter removal and addition treatments, but not in the controls. Established decreases in concentrations of soil nutrients in litter removal plots and increased respiration rates in response to nutrient addition suggest that reduced rates of wood decomposition after litter removal were caused by decreased nutrient availability. The effects of litter manipulations differed directionally from a previous short‐term decomposition study in the same plots, and reduced rates of bole decomposition in litter removal plots did not emerge until after more than 6 years of decomposition. These differences suggest that litter‐mediated effects on nutrient dynamics have complex interactions with decomposition over time. A plain language summary is available for this article.
Keywords	carbon ; cell respiration ; chronosequences ; coarse woody debris ; decayed wood ; nitrogen ; nutrient availability ; phosphorus ; potassium ; probability ; soil nutrients ; tree trunk ; tropical forests ; Panama
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-04
Size	p. 1128-1138.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2020307-X
ISSN	1365-2435 ; 0269-8463
ISSN (online)	1365-2435
ISSN	0269-8463
DOI	10.1111/1365-2435.13047
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Endemic trees in a tropical biodiversity hotspot imperilled by an invasive tree

Bellingham, Peter J / Edmund V.J. Tanner / Patrick H. Martin / John R. Healey / Olivia R. Burge

Biological conservation. 2018 Jan., v. 217

2018

Abstract: Non-native plants invade some tropical forests but there are few long-term studies of these invasions, and the consequences for plant richness and diversity are unclear. Repeated measurements of permanent plots in tropical montane rain forests in the ... ...

Abstract	Non-native plants invade some tropical forests but there are few long-term studies of these invasions, and the consequences for plant richness and diversity are unclear. Repeated measurements of permanent plots in tropical montane rain forests in the Blue and John Crow Mountains National Park in Jamaica over 24 to 40years coincided with invasion by a non-native tree, Pittosporum undulatum. By 2014, P. undulatum comprised, on average, 11.9% of stems≥3cm diameter and 10.4% of the basal area across 16 widespread plots within c. 250ha of the forests. Across these plots, the more P. undulatum increased in basal area over 24years, the greater the decline in local, plot-scale tree species richness, and the greater the reduction in the percentage of stems of endemic tree species. Plot-scale tree diversity (Shannon and Fisher's alpha) also declined the more P. undulatum basal area increased, but beta diversity across the plots was not reduced. Declines in local-scale tree species diversity and richness as the invasion progresses is especially concerning because Jamaica is a global biodiversity hotspot. Native birds disperse P. undulatum seeds widely, and future hurricanes will probably further increase its invasion by reducing canopy cover and therefore promoting growth rates of its established shade-tolerant seedlings. Remedial action is needed now to identify forest communities with greatest endemism, and to protect them through a continuing programme of control and removal of P. undulatum.
Keywords	Pittosporum ; basal area ; canopy ; forest communities ; hurricanes ; indigenous species ; introduced plants ; invasive species ; mountains ; national parks ; natural resources conservation ; rain forests ; seedlings ; seeds ; shade tolerance ; species diversity ; stems ; trees ; tropical forests ; Jamaica
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-01
Size	p. 47-53.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ISSN	0006-3207
DOI	10.1016/j.biocon.2017.10.028
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Evaluation of forest recovery over time and space using permanent plots monitored over 30 years in a Jamaican montane rain forest.

Shauna-Lee Chai / John R Healey / Edmund V J Tanner

PLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 11, p e

2012 Volume 48859

Abstract: Conservation of tropical forest biodiversity increasingly depends on its recovery following severe human disturbance. Our ability to measure recovery using current similarity indices suffers from two limitations: different sized individuals are treated ... ...

Abstract	Conservation of tropical forest biodiversity increasingly depends on its recovery following severe human disturbance. Our ability to measure recovery using current similarity indices suffers from two limitations: different sized individuals are treated as equal, and the indices are proportionate (a community with twice the individuals of every species as compared with the reference community would be assessed as identical). We define an alternative recovery index for trees - the Tanner index, as the mean of the quantitative Bray-Curtis similarity indices of species composition for stem density and for basal area. We used the new index to compare the original (pre-gap) and post-gap composition of five experimental gap plots (each 90-100 m(2)) and four control plots over 24-35 years in the Blue Mountains of Jamaica. After 24-35 years, these small gaps surrounded by undisturbed forest had recovered 68% of the sum of per species stem density and 29% of the sum of per species basal area, a recovery index of 47%. Four endemic species were especially reduced in density and basal area. With the incorporation of basal area and stem density, our index reduces over-estimations of forest recovery obtained using existing similarity indices (by 24%-41%), and thus yields more accurate estimates of forest conservation status. Finally, our study indicates that the two kinds of comparisons: 1) over time between pre-gap and post-gap composition and 2) over space between gap plots and spatial controls (space-for-time substitution) yield broadly similar results, which supports the value of using space-for-time substitutions in studying forest recovery, at least in this tropical montane forest.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Nitrogen and phosphorus constrain labile and stable carbon turnover in lowland tropical forest soils

Nottingham, Andrew T / Andrew W. Stott / Benjamin L. Turner / Edmund V.J. Tanner

Elsevier Ltd Soil biology & biochemistry. 2015 Jan., v. 80

2015

Abstract: Tropical forests contain a large stock of soil carbon, but the factors that constrain its mineralization remain poorly understood. Microorganisms, when stimulated by the presence of new inputs of labile organic carbon, can mineralize (‘prime’) soil ... ...

Abstract	Tropical forests contain a large stock of soil carbon, but the factors that constrain its mineralization remain poorly understood. Microorganisms, when stimulated by the presence of new inputs of labile organic carbon, can mineralize (‘prime’) soil organic matter to acquire nutrients. We used stable carbon isotopes to assess how nutrient demand and soil properties constrain mineralization of added labile (sucrose) carbon and pre-existing (primed) soil carbon in tropical forest soils. In a series of lowland tropical forest soils from Panama, we found that the mineralization of fresh labile carbon was accelerated foremost by phosphorus addition, whereas the mineralization of pre-existing soil carbon was constrained foremost by nitrogen addition. However, there was variation in the relative importance of these nutrients in different soils and the largest effects on the acceleration of sucrose metabolism and constraint of priming occurred following the addition of nitrogen and phosphorus together. The respiration responses due to sucrose or primed soil carbon mineralization were reduced at pH below 4.8 and above 6.0. We conclude that in these tropical forest soils, phosphorus availability is more important in promoting microbial mineralization of sucrose carbon, whereas nitrogen availability is more important in constraining the priming of pre-existing soil organic carbon. This response likely arises because nitrogen is more closely coupled to organic matter cycling, whereas phosphorus is abundant in both organic and inorganic forms. These results suggest that the greatest impact of priming on soil carbon stocks will occur in moderately acidic tropical forest soils of low nitrogen availability. Given long-term changes in both atmospheric carbon dioxide and nitrogen deposition, the impact of priming effects on soil carbon in tropical forest soils may be partially constrained by the abundance of nitrogen.
Keywords	carbon ; carbon dioxide ; carbon sinks ; forest soils ; metabolism ; microorganisms ; mineralization ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; organic matter ; pH ; phosphorus ; soil organic carbon ; soil properties ; stable isotopes ; sucrose ; tropical forests ; Panama
Language	English
Dates of publication	2015-01
Size	p. 26-33.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	280810-9
ISSN	0038-0717
ISSN	0038-0717
DOI	10.1016/j.soilbio.2014.09.012
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Decadal-scale litter manipulation alters the biochemical and physical character of tropical forest soil carbon

Cusack, Daniela F / Benjamin L. Turner / Edmund V.J. Tanner / Lee H. Dietterich / S. Joseph Wright / Sarah M. Halterman / William Hockaday

Elsevier Ltd Soil biology & biochemistry. 2018 Sept., v. 124

2018

Abstract: Climate change and rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations are likely to alter tropical forest net primary productivity (NPP), potentially affecting soil C storage. We examined biochemical and physical changes in soil C fractions in a ... ...

Abstract	Climate change and rising atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) concentrations are likely to alter tropical forest net primary productivity (NPP), potentially affecting soil C storage. We examined biochemical and physical changes in soil C fractions in a humid tropical forest where experimental litter manipulation changed total soil C stocks. We hypothesized that: (1.) low-density soil organic C (SOC) fractions are more responsive to altered litter inputs than mineral-associated SOC, because they cycle relatively rapidly. (2.) Any accumulation of mineral-associated SOC with litter addition is relatively stable (i.e. low leaching potential). (3.) Certain biomolecules, such as waxes (alkyl) and proteins (N-alkyl), form more stable mineral-associations than other biomolecules in strongly weathered soils. A decade of litter addition and removal affected bulk soil C content in the upper 5 cm by +32% and −31%, respectively. Most notably, C concentration in the mineral-associated SOC fraction was greater in litter addition plots relative to controls by 18% and 28% in the dry and wet seasons, respectively, accounting for the majority of greater bulk soil C stock. Radiocarbon and leaching analyses demonstrated that the greater mineral-associated SOC in litter addition plots consisted of new and relatively stable C, with only 3% of mineral-associated SOC leachable in salt solution. Solid-state 13C NMR spectroscopy indicated that waxes (alkyl C) and microbial biomass compounds (O-alkyl and N-alkyl C) in mineral-associated SOC are relatively stable, whereas plant-derived compounds (aromatic and phenolic C) are lost from mineral associations on decadal timescales. We conclude that changes in tropical forest NPP will alter the quantity, biochemistry, and stability of C stored in strongly weathered tropical soils.
Keywords	carbon dioxide ; carbon sequestration ; climate change ; forest soils ; leaching ; microbial biomass ; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy ; primary productivity ; proteins ; soil organic carbon ; tropical forests ; tropical soils ; waxes ; wet season
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-09
Size	p. 199-209.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	280810-9
ISSN	0038-0717
ISSN	0038-0717
DOI	10.1016/j.soilbio.2018.06.005
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungal community composition is altered by longâterm litter removal but not litter addition in a lowland tropical forest

Sheldrake, Merlin / Benjamin L. Turner / Daniel Revillini / Edmund V. J. Tanner / Emma J. Sayer / HÃ¥kan Wallander / Nicholas P. Rosenstock / PÃ¥l Axel Olsson / Scott Mangan

new phytologist. 2017 Apr., v. 214, no. 1

2017

Abstract: Tropical forest productivity is sustained by the cycling of nutrients through decomposing organic matter. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play a key role in the nutrition of tropical trees, yet there has been little experimental investigation into the ... ...

Abstract	Tropical forest productivity is sustained by the cycling of nutrients through decomposing organic matter. Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi play a key role in the nutrition of tropical trees, yet there has been little experimental investigation into the role of AM fungi in nutrient cycling via decomposing organic material in tropical forests. We evaluated the responses of AM fungi in a longâterm leaf litter addition and removal experiment in a tropical forest in Panama. We described AM fungal communities using 454âpyrosequencing, quantified the proportion of root length colonised by AM fungi using microscopy, and estimated AM fungal biomass using a lipid biomarker. AM fungal community composition was altered by litter removal but not litter addition. Root colonisation was substantially greater in the superficial organic layer compared with the mineral soil. Overall colonisation was lower in the litter removal treatment, which lacked an organic layer. There was no effect of litter manipulation on the concentration of the AM fungal lipid biomarker in the mineral soil. We hypothesise that reductions in organic matter brought about by litter removal may lead to AM fungi obtaining nutrients from recalcitrant organic or mineral sources in the soil, besides increasing fungal competition for progressively limited resources.
Keywords	biogeochemical cycles ; biomarkers ; community structure ; fungal communities ; lipids ; microbial biomass ; microscopy ; mineral soils ; mycorrhizal fungi ; nutrients ; nutrition ; organic matter ; plant litter ; trees ; tropical forests ; vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae ; Panama
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-04
Size	p. 455-467.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	208885-x
ISSN	1469-8137 ; 0028-646X
ISSN (online)	1469-8137
ISSN	0028-646X
DOI	10.1111/nph.14384
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Plant responses to fertilization experiments in lowland, species‐rich, tropical forests

Wright, S. Joseph / Benjamin L. Turner / Edmund V. J. Tanner / Eric A. Griffin / Jelena Bujan / Jordan R. Mayor / Joseph B. Yavitt / Kyle E. Harms / Merlin Sheldrake / Michael Kaspari / Milton N. Garcia / Sarah C. Pasquini

Ecology. 2018 May, v. 99, no. 5

2018

Abstract: We present a meta‐analysis of plant responses to fertilization experiments conducted in lowland, species‐rich, tropical forests. We also update a key result and present the first species‐level analyses of tree growth rates for a 15‐yr factorial nitrogen ( ...

Abstract	We present a meta‐analysis of plant responses to fertilization experiments conducted in lowland, species‐rich, tropical forests. We also update a key result and present the first species‐level analyses of tree growth rates for a 15‐yr factorial nitrogen (N), phosphorus (P), and potassium (K) experiment conducted in central Panama. The update concerns community‐level tree growth rates, which responded significantly to the addition of N and K together after 10 yr of fertilization but not after 15 yr. Our experimental soils are infertile for the region, and species whose regional distributions are strongly associated with low soil P availability dominate the local tree flora. Under these circumstances, we expect muted responses to fertilization, and we predicted species associated with low‐P soils would respond most slowly. The data did not support this prediction, species‐level tree growth responses to P addition were unrelated to species‐level soil P associations. The meta‐analysis demonstrated that nutrient limitation is widespread in lowland tropical forests and evaluated two directional hypotheses concerning plant responses to N addition and to P addition. The meta‐analysis supported the hypothesis that tree (or biomass) growth rate responses to fertilization are weaker in old growth forests and stronger in secondary forests, where rapid biomass accumulation provides a nutrient sink. The meta‐analysis found no support for the long‐standing hypothesis that plant responses are stronger for P addition and weaker for N addition. We do not advocate discarding the latter hypothesis. There are only 14 fertilization experiments from lowland, species‐rich, tropical forests, 13 of the 14 experiments added nutrients for five or fewer years, and responses vary widely among experiments. Potential fertilization responses should be muted when the species present are well adapted to nutrient‐poor soils, as is the case in our experiment, and when pest pressure increases with fertilization, as it does in our experiment. The statistical power and especially the duration of fertilization experiments conducted in old growth, tropical forests might be insufficient to detect the slow, modest growth responses that are to be expected.
Keywords	biomass production ; flora ; meta-analysis ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; old-growth forests ; pests ; phosphorus ; plant response ; potassium ; prediction ; secondary forests ; soil ; tree growth ; trees ; tropical forests ; Panama
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-05
Size	p. 1129-1138.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1797-8
ISSN	0012-9658
ISSN	0012-9658
DOI	10.1002/ecy.2193
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Increased litterfall in tropical forests boosts the transfer of soil CO2 to the atmosphere.

Emma J Sayer / Jennifer S Powers / Edmund V J Tanner

PLoS ONE, Vol 2, Iss 12, p e

2007 Volume 1299

Abstract: Aboveground litter production in forests is likely to increase as a consequence of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) concentrations, rising temperatures, and shifting rainfall patterns. As litterfall represents a major flux of carbon from ... ...

Abstract	Aboveground litter production in forests is likely to increase as a consequence of elevated atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO(2)) concentrations, rising temperatures, and shifting rainfall patterns. As litterfall represents a major flux of carbon from vegetation to soil, changes in litter inputs are likely to have wide-reaching consequences for soil carbon dynamics. Such disturbances to the carbon balance may be particularly important in the tropics because tropical forests store almost 30% of the global soil carbon, making them a critical component of the global carbon cycle; nevertheless, the effects of increasing aboveground litter production on belowground carbon dynamics are poorly understood. We used long-term, large-scale monthly litter removal and addition treatments in a lowland tropical forest to assess the consequences of increased litterfall on belowground CO(2) production. Over the second to the fifth year of treatments, litter addition increased soil respiration more than litter removal decreased it; soil respiration was on average 20% lower in the litter removal and 43% higher in the litter addition treatment compared to the controls but litter addition did not change microbial biomass. We predicted a 9% increase in soil respiration in the litter addition plots, based on the 20% decrease in the litter removal plots and an 11% reduction due to lower fine root biomass in the litter addition plots. The 43% measured increase in soil respiration was therefore 34% higher than predicted and it is possible that this 'extra' CO(2) was a result of priming effects, i.e. stimulation of the decomposition of older soil organic matter by the addition of fresh organic matter. Our results show that increases in aboveground litter production as a result of global change have the potential to cause considerable losses of soil carbon to the atmosphere in tropical forests.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	550
Language	English
Publishing date	2007-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Effects of aboveâ and belowground competition on growth and survival of rain forest tree seedlings

Lewis, Simon L / Edmund V. J. Tanner

Ecology. 2000 Sept., v. 81, no. 9

2000

Abstract: Because reducing aboveground competition for photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) increases growth and survival rates of tropical rain forest seedlings, belowground competition for nutrients is often assumed to be of little or no importance. We ... ...

Abstract	Because reducing aboveground competition for photosynthetically active radiation (PAR) increases growth and survival rates of tropical rain forest seedlings, belowground competition for nutrients is often assumed to be of little or no importance. We tested this assumption. We measured the growth, over one year, of seedlings of Aspidosperma carapanauba (shade tolerator) and Dinizia excelsa (light demander) transplanted into understory (high aboveground competition; 1% incoming photosynthetic photon flux density [PPFD]) and single treefall gap areas (lower aboveground competition; 6% PPFD in centers of gaps) without and with trenches cut around plots (high and low belowground competition). Over the wetter six months, location in gaps significantly increased relative height growth rates by 320% and 570%, and relative leaf production rates by 190% and 280%, while trenching significantly increased height by 330% and 520%, and leaf production by 170% and 260%, for Aspidosperma and Dinizia, respectively, with significant interactions between treatments. Trenching approximately doubled height growth in the understory. Leaf loss rates were unaffected by either treatment but were 3.7 times higher in Dinizia compared with Aspidosperma. Aspidosperma could persist in the understory, as leaf production and loss were balanced at 0.60% PPFD, whereas Dinizia could not, as it required 2.4% PPFD. Reducing either aboveground competition or belowground competition allowed Dinizia to persist as leaf production was increased above unchanging leaf loss rates. Gap and trenching treatments both significantly reduced mortality rates in Dinizia. Location in gaps significantly reduced mortality rates in Aspidosperma. Both species significantly increased allocation to leaves and significantly decreased allocation to roots in response to trenching. The increased growth in the wet season caused by trenching, and increased foliar nitrogen and phosphorus amount, showed that both species were probably competing with adult trees for nutrients as well as PAR. We deduced that phosphorus did not limit growth; however, we could not deduce which nutrient did limit growth. Given that 60â70% of the world's tropical rain forests occur on lowâfertility oxisols, intense adultâjuvenile competition both aboveground and belowground may be the norm, not the exception.
Keywords	Aspidosperma ; Dinizia excelsa ; forest trees ; leaves ; mature plants ; nitrogen ; nutrients ; Oxisols ; phosphorus ; photons ; photosynthesis ; photosynthetically active radiation ; roots ; seedlings ; survival rate ; trenching ; tropical rain forests ; understory ; wet season
Language	English
Dates of publication	2000-09
Size	p. 2525-2538.
Publishing place	Ecological Society of America
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	1797-8
ISSN	0012-9658
ISSN	0012-9658
DOI	10.1890/0012-9658(2000)081%5B2525:EOAABC%5D2.0.CO;2
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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