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Article: SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Antibody Response in a Symptomatic Cat from Italy with Intestinal B-Cell Lymphoma

Klaus, Julia / Palizzotto, Carlo / Zini, Eric / Meli, Marina L / Leo, Chiara / Egberink, Herman / Zhao, Shan / Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina

Viruses. 2021 Mar. 23, v. 13, no. 3

2021

Abstract: Since the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was first identified in early 2020, rare cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in pet cats have been reported worldwide. Some reports of cats with SARS-CoV-2 ... ...

Abstract	Since the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was first identified in early 2020, rare cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in pet cats have been reported worldwide. Some reports of cats with SARS-CoV-2 showed self-limiting respiratory or gastrointestinal disease after suspected human-to-feline transmission via close contact with humans with SARS-CoV-2. In the present study, we investigated a cat with SARS-CoV-2 that was presented to a private animal clinic in Northern Italy in May 2020 in a weak clinical condition due to an underlying intestinal B-cell lymphoma. The cat developed signs of respiratory tract disease, including a sneeze, a cough and ocular discharge, three days after an oropharyngeal swab tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA using two real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays for the envelope (E) and RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) gene. Thus, SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA was detectable prior to the onset of clinical signs. Five and six months after positive molecular results, the serological testing substantiated the presence of a SARS-CoV-2 infection in the cat with the detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 receptor binding domain (RBD) immunoglobulin (IgG) antibodies and neutralizing activity in a surrogate virus neutralization assay (sVNT). To the best of our knowledge, this extends the known duration of seropositivity of SARS-CoV-2 in a cat. Our study provides further evidence that cats are susceptible to SARS-CoV-2 under natural conditions and strengthens the assumption that comorbidities may play a role in the development of clinical disease.
Keywords	B-cell lymphoma ; COVID-19 infection ; RNA ; RNA-directed RNA polymerase ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; antibody formation ; cough ; gastrointestinal diseases ; genes ; intestines ; neutralization tests ; pandemic ; respiratory tract diseases ; reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction ; seroprevalence ; Italy
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0323
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-light
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v13030527
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Jaarlijkse hervaccinaties van gezelschapsdieren.

Egberink, Herman

Tijdschrift voor diergeneeskunde

2005 Volume 130, Issue 1, Page(s) 15–17

Title translation	Yearly revaccination of domestic animals.
MeSH term(s)	Animal Diseases/prevention & control ; Animals ; Animals, Domestic ; Immunization Schedule ; Netherlands ; Practice Guidelines as Topic ; Time Factors ; Vaccination/veterinary ; Vaccines/administration & dosage
Chemical Substances	Vaccines
Language	Dutch
Publishing date	2005-01-01
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	422558-2
ISSN	0040-7453
ISSN	0040-7453
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Efficient Direct and Limited Environmental Transmission of SARS-CoV-2 Lineage B.1.22 in Domestic Cats.

Gerhards, Nora M / Gonzales, Jose L / Vreman, Sandra / Ravesloot, Lars / van den Brand, Judith M A / Doekes, Harmen P / Egberink, Herman F / Stegeman, Arjan / Oreshkova, Nadia / van der Poel, Wim H M / de Jong, Mart C M

Microbiology spectrum

2023 Volume 11, Issue 3, Page(s) e0255322

Abstract: The susceptibility of domestic cats to infection with SARS-CoV-2 has been demonstrated by several experimental studies and field observations. We performed an extensive study to further characterize the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between cats, through ... ...

Abstract	The susceptibility of domestic cats to infection with SARS-CoV-2 has been demonstrated by several experimental studies and field observations. We performed an extensive study to further characterize the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 between cats, through both direct and indirect contact. To that end, we estimated the transmission rate parameter and the decay parameter for infectivity in the environment. Using four groups of pair-transmission experiment, all donor (inoculated) cats became infected, shed virus, and seroconverted, while three out of four direct contact cats got infected, shed virus, and two of those seroconverted. One out of eight cats exposed to a SARS-CoV-2-contaminated environment became infected but did not seroconvert. Statistical analysis of the transmission data gives a reproduction number
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cats ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19/veterinary ; Models, Theoretical ; Risk Assessment
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2807133-5
ISSN	2165-0497 ; 2165-0497
ISSN (online)	2165-0497
ISSN	2165-0497
DOI	10.1128/spectrum.02553-22
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Serological Screening for Coronavirus Infections in Cats

Zhao, Shan / Li, Wentao / Schuurman, Nancy / van Kuppeveld, Frank / Bosch, Berend-Jan / Egberink, Herman

Viruses. 2019 Aug. 13, v. 11, no. 8

2019

Abstract: Coronaviruses (CoVs) are widespread among mammals and birds and known for their potential for cross-species transmission. In cats, infections with feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) are common. Several non-feline coronaviruses have been reported to infect ... ...

Abstract	Coronaviruses (CoVs) are widespread among mammals and birds and known for their potential for cross-species transmission. In cats, infections with feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) are common. Several non-feline coronaviruses have been reported to infect feline cells as well as cats after experimental infection, supported by their ability to engage the feline receptor ortholog for cell entry. However, whether cats might become naturally infected with CoVs of other species is unknown. We analyzed coronavirus infections in cats by serological monitoring. In total 137 cat serum samples and 25 FCoV type 1 or type 2-specific antisera were screened for the presence of antibodies against the S1 receptor binding subunit of the CoV spike protein, which is immunogenic and possesses low amino acid sequence identity among coronavirus species. Seventy-eight sera were positive for antibodies that recognized one or more coronavirus S1s whereas 1 serum exclusively reacted with human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) and two sera exclusively reacted with porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV). We observed antigenic cross-reactivity between S1s of type 1 and type 2 FCoVs, and between FCoV type 1 and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Domain mapping of antibody epitopes indicated the presence of conserved epitope(s) particularly in the CD domains of S1. The cross-reactivity of FCoV type 1 and PEDV was also observed at the level of virus neutralization. To conclude, we provide the first evidence of antigenic cross-reactivity among S1 proteins of coronaviruses, which should be considered in the development of serological diagnoses. In addition, the potential role of cats in cross-species transmission of coronaviruses cannot be excluded.
Keywords	Coronavirus infections ; Deltacoronavirus ; Human coronavirus 229E ; Porcine epidemic diarrhea virus ; amino acid sequences ; animal viruses ; antibodies ; antiserum ; birds ; blood serum ; cat diseases ; cats ; cross reaction ; epitopes ; monitoring ; neutralization tests ; proteins ; screening ; sequence analysis ; swine ; covid19
Language	English
Dates of publication	2019-0813
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v11080743
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Serological Screening for Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Dutch Shelter Cats.

van der Leij, W J R / Broens, Els M / Hesselink, Jan Willem / Schuurman, Nancy / Vernooij, Johannes C M / Egberink, Herman F

Viruses

2021 Volume 13, Issue 8

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic raised concerns that companion animals might be infected with, and could become a reservoir of, SARS-CoV-2. As cats are popular pets and susceptible to Coronavirus, we investigated the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in ... ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic raised concerns that companion animals might be infected with, and could become a reservoir of, SARS-CoV-2. As cats are popular pets and susceptible to Coronavirus, we investigated the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in shelter cats housed in Dutch animal shelters during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this large-scale cross-sectional study, serum samples of shelter cats were collected during the second wave of human COVID-19 infections in The Netherlands. Seroprevalence was determined by using an indirect protein-based ELISA validated for cats, and a Virus Neutralization Test (VNT) as confirmation. To screen for feline SARS-CoV-2 shedding, oropharyngeal and rectal swabs of cats positive for ELISA and/or VNT were analyzed using PCR tests. In 28 Dutch animal shelters, 240 shelter cats were convenience sampled. Two of these cats (0.8%; CI 95%: 0.1-3.0%) were seropositive, as evidenced by the presence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. The seropositive animals tested PCR negative for SARS-CoV-2. Based on the results of this study, it is unlikely that shelter cats could be a reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 or pose a (significant) risk to public health.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/veterinary ; COVID-19 Nucleic Acid Testing/veterinary ; COVID-19 Serological Testing/veterinary ; Cat Diseases/epidemiology ; Cat Diseases/immunology ; Cats ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Female ; Housing, Animal ; Humans ; Male ; Netherlands/epidemiology ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/physiology ; Seroepidemiologic Studies ; Virus Shedding
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-18
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v13081634
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: SARS-CoV-2 Infection and Antibody Response in a Symptomatic Cat from Italy with Intestinal B-Cell Lymphoma.

Klaus, Julia / Palizzotto, Carlo / Zini, Eric / Meli, Marina L / Leo, Chiara / Egberink, Herman / Zhao, Shan / Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina

Viruses

2021 Volume 13, Issue 3

Abstract	Since the coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic was first identified in early 2020, rare cases of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infection in pet cats have been reported worldwide. Some reports of cats with SARS-CoV-2 showed self-limiting respiratory or gastrointestinal disease after suspected human-to-feline transmission via close contact with humans with SARS-CoV-2. In the present study, we investigated a cat with SARS-CoV-2 that was presented to a private animal clinic in Northern Italy in May 2020 in a weak clinical condition due to an underlying intestinal B-cell lymphoma. The cat developed signs of respiratory tract disease, including a sneeze, a cough and ocular discharge, three days after an oropharyngeal swab tested positive for SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA using two real-time reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) assays for the envelope (
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology ; Antibodies, Viral/immunology ; Antibody Formation ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/veterinary ; COVID-19/virology ; Cat Diseases/immunology ; Cat Diseases/virology ; Cats ; Immunoglobulin G/immunology ; Italy ; Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology ; Lymphoma, B-Cell/veterinary ; Lymphoma, B-Cell/virology ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral ; Immunoglobulin G ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Case Reports ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v13030527
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Serological Screening for Antibodies against SARS-CoV-2 in Dutch Shelter Cats

van der Leij, W. J. R. / Broens, Els M. / Hesselink, Jan Willem / Schuurman, Nancy / Vernooij, Johannes C. M. / Egberink, Herman F.

Viruses. 2021 Aug. 18, v. 13, no. 8

2021

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic raised concerns that companion animals might be infected with, and could become a reservoir of, SARS-CoV-2. As cats are popular pets and susceptible to Coronavirus, we investigated the seroprevalence of SARS-CoV-2 antibodies in shelter cats housed in Dutch animal shelters during the COVID-19 pandemic. In this large-scale cross-sectional study, serum samples of shelter cats were collected during the second wave of human COVID-19 infections in The Netherlands. Seroprevalence was determined by using an indirect protein-based ELISA validated for cats, and a Virus Neutralization Test (VNT) as confirmation. To screen for feline SARS-CoV-2 shedding, oropharyngeal and rectal swabs of cats positive for ELISA and/or VNT were analyzed using PCR tests. In 28 Dutch animal shelters, 240 shelter cats were convenience sampled. Two of these cats (0.8%; CI 95%: 0.1–3.0%) were seropositive, as evidenced by the presence of SARS-CoV-2 neutralizing antibodies. The seropositive animals tested PCR negative for SARS-CoV-2. Based on the results of this study, it is unlikely that shelter cats could be a reservoir of SARS-CoV-2 or pose a (significant) risk to public health.
Keywords	COVID-19 infection ; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 ; blood serum ; cats ; cross-sectional studies ; humans ; neutralization tests ; public health ; risk ; seroprevalence ; Netherlands
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0818
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v13081634
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Serological Screening for Coronavirus Infections in Cats.

Zhao, Shan / Li, Wentao / Schuurman, Nancy / van Kuppeveld, Frank / Bosch, Berend-Jan / Egberink, Herman

Viruses

2019 Volume 11, Issue 8

Abstract	Coronaviruses (CoVs) are widespread among mammals and birds and known for their potential for cross-species transmission. In cats, infections with feline coronaviruses (FCoVs) are common. Several non-feline coronaviruses have been reported to infect feline cells as well as cats after experimental infection, supported by their ability to engage the feline receptor ortholog for cell entry. However, whether cats might become naturally infected with CoVs of other species is unknown. We analyzed coronavirus infections in cats by serological monitoring. In total 137 cat serum samples and 25 FCoV type 1 or type 2-specific antisera were screened for the presence of antibodies against the S1 receptor binding subunit of the CoV spike protein, which is immunogenic and possesses low amino acid sequence identity among coronavirus species. Seventy-eight sera were positive for antibodies that recognized one or more coronavirus S1s whereas 1 serum exclusively reacted with human coronavirus 229E (HCoV-229E) and two sera exclusively reacted with porcine delta coronavirus (PDCoV). We observed antigenic cross-reactivity between S1s of type 1 and type 2 FCoVs, and between FCoV type 1 and porcine epidemic diarrhea virus (PEDV). Domain mapping of antibody epitopes indicated the presence of conserved epitope(s) particularly in the CD domains of S1. The cross-reactivity of FCoV type 1 and PEDV was also observed at the level of virus neutralization. To conclude, we provide the first evidence of antigenic cross-reactivity among S1 proteins of coronaviruses, which should be considered in the development of serological diagnoses. In addition, the potential role of cats in cross-species transmission of coronaviruses cannot be excluded.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antibodies, Viral/blood ; Cat Diseases/blood ; Cat Diseases/diagnosis ; Cat Diseases/virology ; Cats ; Coronavirus Infections/blood ; Coronavirus Infections/diagnosis ; Coronavirus Infections/veterinary ; Coronavirus Infections/virology ; Coronavirus, Feline/classification ; Coronavirus, Feline/genetics ; Coronavirus, Feline/immunology ; Coronavirus, Feline/isolation & purification ; Cross Reactions ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Viral ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-08-13
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v11080743
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Feline Infectious Peritonitis as a Systemic Inflammatory Disease: Contribution of Liver and Heart to the Pathogenesis.

Malbon, Alexandra J / Fonfara, Sonja / Meli, Marina L / Hahn, Shelley / Egberink, Herman / Kipar, Anja

Viruses

2019 Volume 11, Issue 12

Abstract: Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal immune-mediated disease of cats, induced by feline coronavirus (FCoV). A combination of as yet poorly understood host and viral factors combine to cause a minority of FCoV-infected cats to develop FIP. ... ...

Abstract	Feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal immune-mediated disease of cats, induced by feline coronavirus (FCoV). A combination of as yet poorly understood host and viral factors combine to cause a minority of FCoV-infected cats to develop FIP. Clinicopathological features include fever, vasculitis, and serositis, with or without effusions; all of which indicate a pro-inflammatory state with cytokine release. As a result, primary immune organs, as well as circulating leukocytes, have thus far been of most interest in previous studies to determine the likely sources of these cytokines. Results have suggested that these tissues alone may not be sufficient to induce the observed inflammation. The current study therefore focussed on the liver and heart, organs with a demonstrated ability to produce cytokines and therefore with huge potential to exacerbate inflammatory processes. The IL-12:IL-10 ratio, a marker of the immune system's inflammatory balance, was skewed towards the pro-inflammatory IL-12 in the liver of cats with FIP. Both organs were found to upregulate mRNA expression of the inflammatory triad of cytokines IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α in FIP. This amplifying step may be one of the missing links in the pathogenesis of this enigmatic disease.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cats ; Coronavirus, Feline/pathogenicity ; Cytokines/genetics ; Cytokines/metabolism ; Feline Infectious Peritonitis/metabolism ; Feline Infectious Peritonitis/pathology ; Feline Infectious Peritonitis/virology ; Female ; Hepatocytes/metabolism ; Liver/metabolism ; Liver/pathology ; Male ; Myocardium/metabolism ; Myocardium/pathology ; Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/metabolism ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/pathology ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/veterinary ; Systemic Inflammatory Response Syndrome/virology
Chemical Substances	Cytokines
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-10
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v11121144
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Vaccination and Antibody Testing in Cats

Egberink, Herman / Frymus, Tadeusz / Hartmann, Katrin / Möstl, Karin / Addie, Diane D. / Belák, Sándor / Boucraut-Baralon, Corine / Hofmann-Lehmann, Regina / Lloret, Albert / Marsilio, Fulvio / Pennisi, Maria Grazia / Tasker, Séverine / Thiry, Etienne / Truyen, Uwe / Hosie, Margaret J.

Viruses. 2022 July 22, v. 14, no. 8

2022

Abstract: Vaccines protect cats from serious diseases by inducing antibodies and cellular immune responses. Primary vaccinations and boosters are given according to vaccination guidelines provided by industry and veterinary organizations, based on minimal duration ...

Abstract	Vaccines protect cats from serious diseases by inducing antibodies and cellular immune responses. Primary vaccinations and boosters are given according to vaccination guidelines provided by industry and veterinary organizations, based on minimal duration of immunity (DOI). For certain diseases, particularly feline panleukopenia, antibody titres correlate with protection. For feline calicivirus and feline herpesvirus, a similar correlation is absent, or less clear. In this review, the European Advisory Board on Cat Diseases (ABCD) presents current knowledge and expert opinion on the use of antibody testing in different situations. Antibody testing can be performed either in diagnostic laboratories, or in veterinary practice using point of care (POC) tests, and can be applied for several purposes, such as to provide evidence that a successful immune response was induced following vaccination. In adult cats, antibody test results can inform the appropriate re-vaccination interval. In shelters, antibody testing can support the control of FPV outbreaks by identifying potentially unprotected cats. Antibody testing has also been proposed to support decisions on optimal vaccination schedules for the individual kitten. However, such testing is still expensive and it is considered impractical to monitor the decline of maternally derived antibodies.
Keywords	Felid alphaherpesvirus 1 ; Feline calicivirus ; adults ; antibodies ; expert opinion ; feline panleukopenia ; immune response ; industry ; kittens ; point-of-care systems ; vaccination ; veterinary clinics
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0722
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14081602
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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