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Article: From Producers to Consumers: The Challenges and Opportunities of Agricultural Development in Iraqi Kurdistan

Eklund, Lina

Land, 6(2):44

2017

Abstract: Agriculture and rural life in the Middle East have gone through several changes in the past few decades. The region is characterized by high population growth, urbanization, and water scarcity, which poses a challenge to maintaining food security and ... ...

Abstract	Agriculture and rural life in the Middle East have gone through several changes in the past few decades. The region is characterized by high population growth, urbanization, and water scarcity, which poses a challenge to maintaining food security and production. This paper investigates agricultural and rural challenges in the Duhok governorate of Iraqi Kurdistan from biophysical, political, and socio-economic perspectives. Satellite data is used to study land use and productivity, while a review of government policies and interview data show the perspectives of the government and the local population. Our results reveal that these perspectives are not necessarily in line with each other, nor do they correspond well with the biophysical possibilities. While the government has been trying to increase agricultural productivity, satellite data show that yields have been declining since 2000. Furthermore, a lack of services in rural areas is driving people to cities to seek better opportunities, which means that the local population’s incentive to increase agricultural activity is low. Governmental plans suggest land extensification to increase production and self-sufficiency, but the land use classification shows little available land. Instead, we recommend supporting small-scale traditional agriculture development as a more sustainable and feasible alternative. Additionally, more resources need to be focused on improving rural infrastructure and services to increase access to education and health care as a means of gaining support from the local population.
Keywords	food production ; Kurdistan Region of Iraq ; land use ; land productivity
Language	English
Document type	Article
Database	Repository for Life Sciences

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Article ; Online: The Association Between Sexual Harassment and Mental Health Among Chinese College Students: Do Gender and Social Support Matter?

Wang, Sasa / Eklund, Lisa / Yang, Xueyan

International journal of public health

2022 Volume 67, Page(s) 1604922

Abstract: Objectives: ...

Abstract	Objectives:
MeSH term(s)	China/epidemiology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mental Health ; Sexual Harassment/psychology ; Social Support ; Students/psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-01
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2274130-6
ISSN	1661-8564 ; 1661-8556
ISSN (online)	1661-8564
ISSN	1661-8556
DOI	10.3389/ijph.2022.1604922
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Article ; Online: Cooperation of Angiopoietin-2 and Angiopoietin-4 in Schlemm's Canal Maintenance.

Kapiainen, Emmi / Elamaa, Harri / Miinalainen, Ilkka / Izzi, Valerio / Eklund, Lauri

Investigative ophthalmology & visual science

2022 Volume 63, Issue 11, Page(s) 1

Abstract: Purpose: Defects in the iridocorneal angle tissues, including the trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal (SC), impair aqueous humor flow and increase the intraocular pressure (IOP), eventually resulting in glaucoma. Activation of endothelial ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: Defects in the iridocorneal angle tissues, including the trabecular meshwork (TM) and Schlemm's canal (SC), impair aqueous humor flow and increase the intraocular pressure (IOP), eventually resulting in glaucoma. Activation of endothelial tyrosine kinase receptor Tie2 by angiopoietin-1 (Angpt1) has been demonstrated to be essential for SC formation, but roles of the other two Tie2 ligands, Angpt2 and Angpt4, have been controversial or not yet characterized, respectively. Methods: Angpt4 expression was investigated using genetic cell fate mapping and reporter mice. Congenital deletion of Angpt2 and Angpt4 and tamoxifen-inducible deletion of Angpt1 in mice were used to study the effects of Angpt4 deletion alone and in combination with the other angiopoietins. SC morphology was examined with immunofluorescent staining. IOP measurements, electron microscopy, and histologic evaluation were used to study glaucomatous changes. Results: Angpt4 was postnatally expressed in the TM. While Angpt4 deletion alone did not affect SC and Angpt4 deletion did not aggravate Angpt1 deletion phenotype, absence of Angpt4 combined with Angpt2 deletion had detrimental effects on SC morphology in adult mice. Consequently, Angpt2-/-;Angpt4-/- mice displayed glaucomatous changes in the eye. Mice with Angpt2 deletion alone showed only moderate SC defects, but Angpt2 was necessary for proper limbal vasculature development. Mechanistically, analysis of Tie2 phosphorylation suggested that Angpt2 and Angpt4 cooperate as agonistic Tie2 ligands in maintaining SC integrity. Conclusions: Our results indicated an additive effect of Angpt4 in SC maintenance and Tie2 activation and a spatiotemporally regulated interplay between the angiopoietins in the mouse iridocorneal angle.
MeSH term(s)	Angiopoietin-1/genetics ; Angiopoietin-1/metabolism ; Angiopoietin-2/genetics ; Angiopoietin-2/metabolism ; Angiopoietins/genetics ; Animals ; Aqueous Humor/metabolism ; Glaucoma/pathology ; Intraocular Pressure ; Mice ; Tamoxifen ; Trabecular Meshwork/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Angiopoietin-1 ; Angiopoietin-2 ; Angiopoietins ; Angpt2 protein, mouse ; angiopoietin 4 ; Tamoxifen (094ZI81Y45)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-17
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	391794-0
ISSN	1552-5783 ; 0146-0404
ISSN (online)	1552-5783
ISSN	0146-0404
DOI	10.1167/iovs.63.11.1
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Article ; Online: Blood pressure lowering enhances cerebrospinal fluid efflux to the systemic circulation primarily via the lymphatic vasculature.

Jukkola, Jari / Kaakinen, Mika / Singh, Abhishek / Moradi, Sadegh / Ferdinando, Hany / Myllylä, Teemu / Kiviniemi, Vesa / Eklund, Lauri

Fluids and barriers of the CNS

2024 Volume 21, Issue 1, Page(s) 12

Abstract: Background: Inside the incompressible cranium, the volume of cerebrospinal fluid is directly linked to blood volume: a change in either will induce a compensatory change in the other. Vasodilatory lowering of blood pressure has been shown to result in ... ...

Abstract	Background: Inside the incompressible cranium, the volume of cerebrospinal fluid is directly linked to blood volume: a change in either will induce a compensatory change in the other. Vasodilatory lowering of blood pressure has been shown to result in an increase of intracranial pressure, which, in normal circumstances should return to equilibrium by increased fluid efflux. In this study, we investigated the effect of blood pressure lowering on fluorescent cerebrospinal fluid tracer absorption into the systemic blood circulation. Methods: Blood pressure lowering was performed by an i.v. administration of nitric oxide donor (sodium nitroprusside, 5 µg kg Results: Nicardipine and sodium nitroprusside reduced blood pressure by 32.0 ± 19.6% and 24.0 ± 13.3%, while temporarily elevating intracranial pressure by 14.0 ± 7.0% and 18.2 ± 15.0%, respectively. Blood pressure lowering significantly increased tracer accumulation into dorsal dura, deep cervical lymph nodes and systemic circulation, but reduced perivascular inflow along penetrating arteries in the brain. The enhanced tracer efflux by blood pressure lowering into the systemic circulation was markedly reduced (- 66.7%) by ligation of lymphatic vessels draining into deep cervical lymph nodes. Conclusions: This is the first study showing that cerebrospinal fluid clearance can be improved with acute hypotensive treatment and that the effect of the treatment is reduced by ligation of a lymphatic drainage pathway. Enhanced cerebrospinal fluid clearance by blood pressure lowering may have therapeutic potential in diseases with dysregulated cerebrospinal fluid flow.
MeSH term(s)	Blood Pressure ; Nitroprusside/pharmacology ; Nitroprusside/metabolism ; Nicardipine/metabolism ; Lymphatic Vessels/metabolism ; Brain/blood supply ; Cerebrospinal Fluid/physiology
Chemical Substances	Nitroprusside (169D1260KM) ; Nicardipine (CZ5312222S)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2595406-4
ISSN	2045-8118 ; 2045-8118
ISSN (online)	2045-8118
ISSN	2045-8118
DOI	10.1186/s12987-024-00509-9
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Article ; Online: 'Gendercide', abortion policy, and the disciplining of prenatal sex-selection in neoliberal Europe.

Purewal, Navtej / Eklund, Lisa

Global public health

2017 Volume 13, Issue 6, Page(s) 724–741

Abstract: This article examines the contours of how sex-selective abortion (SSA) and 'gendercide' have been problematically combined within contemporary debates on abortion in Europe. Analysing the development of policies on the topic, we identify three 'turns' ... ...

Abstract	This article examines the contours of how sex-selective abortion (SSA) and 'gendercide' have been problematically combined within contemporary debates on abortion in Europe. Analysing the development of policies on the topic, we identify three 'turns' which have become integral to the biopolitics of SSA in Europe: the biomedical turn, the 'gendercide' turn, and the Asian demographic turn. Recent attempts to discipline SSA in the UK and Sweden are examined as a means of showing how the neoliberal state in Europe is becoming increasingly open to manoeuvres to undermine the right to abortion, even where firm laws exist.
MeSH term(s)	Abortion, Induced/legislation & jurisprudence ; Europe ; Female ; Health Policy ; Humans ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Sex Preselection/legislation & jurisprudence
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-02-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2234129-8
ISSN	1744-1706 ; 1744-1692
ISSN (online)	1744-1706
ISSN	1744-1692
DOI	10.1080/17441692.2017.1289230
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Article ; Online: Understanding the spatial non-stationarity in the relationships between malaria incidence and environmental risk factors using Geographically Weighted Random Forest: A case study in Rwanda.

Nduwayezu, Gilbert / Zhao, Pengxiang / Kagoyire, Clarisse / Eklund, Lina / Bizimana, Jean Pierre / Pilesjo, Petter / Mansourian, Ali

Geospatial health

2023 Volume 18, Issue 1

Abstract: As found in the health studies literature, the levels of climate association between epidemiological diseases have been found to vary across regions. Therefore, it seems reasonable to allow for the possibility that relationships might vary spatially ... ...

Abstract	As found in the health studies literature, the levels of climate association between epidemiological diseases have been found to vary across regions. Therefore, it seems reasonable to allow for the possibility that relationships might vary spatially within regions. We implemented the geographically weighted random forest (GWRF) machine learning method to analyze ecological disease patterns caused by spatially non-stationary processes using a malaria incidence dataset for Rwanda. We first compared the geographically weighted regression (WGR), the global random forest (GRF), and the geographically weighted random forest (GWRF) to examine the spatial non-stationarity in the non-linear relationships between malaria incidence and their risk factors. We used the Gaussian areal kriging model to disaggregate the malaria incidence at the local administrative cell level to understand the relationships at a fine scale since the model goodness of fit was not satisfactory to explain malaria incidence due to the limited number of sample values. Our results show that in terms of the coefficients of determination and prediction accuracy, the geographical random forest model performs better than the GWR and the global random forest model. The coefficients of determination of the geographically weighted regression (R2), the global RF (R2), and the GWRF (R2) were 4.74, 0.76, and 0.79, respectively. The GWRF algorithm achieves the best result and reveals that risk factors (rainfall, land surface temperature, elevation, and air temperature) have a strong non-linear relationship with the spatial distribution of malaria incidence rates, which could have implications for supporting local initiatives for malaria elimination in Rwanda.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Incidence ; Rwanda/epidemiology ; Random Forest ; Malaria/epidemiology ; Risk Factors
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-25
Publishing country	Italy
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2276179-2
ISSN	1970-7096 ; 1827-1987
ISSN (online)	1970-7096
ISSN	1827-1987
DOI	10.4081/gh.2023.1184
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Article ; Online: Gender in relation to work motivation, satisfaction and use of day center services among people with psychiatric disabilities.

Eklund, Mona / Eklund, Lisa

Scandinavian journal of occupational therapy

2017 Volume 24, Issue 3, Page(s) 214–221

Abstract: Background: Day centres can prepare for open-market employment, and attendees' work motivation is key in this.: Aims: Adopting a gender perspective, this study investigated (1) motivation for day centre attendance, satisfaction with the day centre ... ...

Abstract	Background: Day centres can prepare for open-market employment, and attendees' work motivation is key in this. Aims: Adopting a gender perspective, this study investigated (1) motivation for day centre attendance, satisfaction with the day centre services, number of hours spent there, and number and type of occupations performed; and (2) whether those factors were related with motivation for open-market employment. Methods: Women (n = 164) and men (n = 160) with psychiatric disabilities completed self-report questionnaires. Results: There were no gender differences regarding satisfaction with the day centre services or number of hours spent there, but women engaged in more occupations. More women than men performed externally-oriented services and textile work, while men were in the majority in workshops. Externally oriented services, working in workshops, and low satisfaction with the day centre services were associated with higher motivation for employment. Women and men were equally motivated for employment. Women scored higher on motivation for attending the day centre, something that may deter transition into open-market employment. For men, less motivation for attending day centres may reduce their possibilities of gaining skills that can facilitate transitioning to open-market employment. Conclusion: Thus, the possibility for transitioning from day centre activities to open-market employment may be gendered.
MeSH term(s)	Community Mental Health Centers/organization & administration ; Day Care, Medical ; Disabled Persons/psychology ; Disabled Persons/rehabilitation ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Motivation ; Occupational Therapy ; Personal Satisfaction ; Self Report ; Sex Factors ; Surveys and Questionnaires ; Work/psychology
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2144132-7
ISSN	1651-2014 ; 1103-8128
ISSN (online)	1651-2014
ISSN	1103-8128
DOI	10.1080/11038128.2016.1220619
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Article: Using geographical information systems to analyse accessibility to health services in the West Bank, occupied Palestinian territory.

Eklund, L / Mårtensson, U

Eastern Mediterranean health journal = La revue de sante de la Mediterranee orientale = al-Majallah al-sihhiyah li-sharq al-mutawassit

2012 Volume 18, Issue 8, Page(s) 796–802

Abstract: Accessibility to adequate health services is a basic human right. Israeli road blocks and checkpoints inhibit access to health care for the Palestinian population. While other studies have dealt with the impact of the barriers, few are based on actual ... ...

Abstract	Accessibility to adequate health services is a basic human right. Israeli road blocks and checkpoints inhibit access to health care for the Palestinian population. While other studies have dealt with the impact of the barriers, few are based on actual measurements of transport times between locations. Geographical information systems (GIS) and network analysis were used to generate different estimations of accessibility based on the existing road network and transport barriers. The population negatively affected were mainly people living outside urban centres and in governorates with no general hospital. Quantitative measurements using GIS can be used to confirm qualitative studies based on interviews and questionnaires and improve the understanding of the results. Working with a spatial analysis tool also helps to pinpoint weaknesses in the current infrastructure, thus improving the efficiency of future investments to improve health care in the West Bank.
MeSH term(s)	Arabs ; Geographic Information Systems ; Health Services Accessibility/statistics & numerical data ; Health Services Needs and Demand ; Humans ; Middle East ; Time Factors ; Transportation/statistics & numerical data
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-10-09
Publishing country	Egypt
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1291071-5
ISSN	1687-1634 ; 1020-3397
ISSN (online)	1687-1634
ISSN	1020-3397
DOI	10.26719/2012.18.8.796
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Article ; Online: Synchronous functional magnetic resonance eye imaging, video ophthalmoscopy, and eye surface imaging reveal the human brain and eye pulsation mechanisms.

Ebrahimi, Seyed-Mohsen / Tuunanen, Johanna / Saarela, Ville / Honkamo, Marja / Huotari, Niko / Raitamaa, Lauri / Korhonen, Vesa / Helakari, Heta / Järvelä, Matti / Kaakinen, Mika / Eklund, Lauri / Kiviniemi, Vesa

Scientific reports

2024 Volume 14, Issue 1, Page(s) 2250

Abstract: The eye possesses a paravascular solute transport pathway that is driven by physiological pulsations, resembling the brain glymphatic pathway. We developed synchronous multimodal imaging tools aimed at measuring the driving pulsations of the human eye, ... ...

Abstract	The eye possesses a paravascular solute transport pathway that is driven by physiological pulsations, resembling the brain glymphatic pathway. We developed synchronous multimodal imaging tools aimed at measuring the driving pulsations of the human eye, using an eye-tracking functional eye camera (FEC) compatible with magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) for measuring eye surface pulsations. Special optics enabled integration of the FEC with MRI-compatible video ophthalmoscopy (MRcVO) for simultaneous retinal imaging along with functional eye MRI imaging (fMREye) of the BOLD (blood oxygen level dependent) contrast. Upon optimizing the fMREye parameters, we measured the power of the physiological (vasomotor, respiratory, and cardiac) eye and brain pulsations by fast Fourier transform (FFT) power analysis. The human eye pulsated in all three physiological pulse bands, most prominently in the respiratory band. The FFT power means of physiological pulsation for two adjacent slices was significantly higher than in one-slice scans (RESP1 vs. RESP2; df = 5, p = 0.045). FEC and MRcVO confirmed the respiratory pulsations at the eye surface and retina. We conclude that in addition to the known cardiovascular pulsation, the human eye also has respiratory and vasomotor pulsation mechanisms, which are now amenable to study using non-invasive multimodal imaging of eye fluidics.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging/methods ; Brain/physiology ; Ophthalmoscopy ; Retina/diagnostic imaging ; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2615211-3
ISSN	2045-2322 ; 2045-2322
ISSN (online)	2045-2322
ISSN	2045-2322
DOI	10.1038/s41598-023-51069-1
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Article ; Online: Reacting to social discrimination? Men's individual and social risk behaviors in the context of a male marriage squeeze in rural China.

Yang, Xueyan / Wang, Sasa / Eklund, Lisa

Social science & medicine (1982)

2019 Volume 246, Page(s) 112729

Abstract: Rationale: In China, a large number of men are being squeezed out of the marriage market due to a shortage of marriageable women. Previous research has largely discussed the consequences of gender imbalances and focused on the behavior of marriage- ... ...

Abstract	Rationale: In China, a large number of men are being squeezed out of the marriage market due to a shortage of marriageable women. Previous research has largely discussed the consequences of gender imbalances and focused on the behavior of marriage-squeezed men that threatens public safety. No empirical studies explored the impact of the social environment on risky behaviors of marriage-squeezed men. Objective: The main objective of this paper is to examine whether social discrimination is associated with marriage-squeezed men's engagement in the behaviors that threaten their own wellbeing and community safety. Method: Using individual-level data collected in Chaohu City, Anhui, this study employed binary logistic regression and linear regression to examine the impacts of discrimination on alcohol use disorder and suicidal ideation, respectively. Ordinary least squares regression was performed to predict the effects of discrimination on gambling and verbal conflict based on village-level data collected in 380 villages across 18 provinces in China. Results: The results showed that self-reported discrimination was positively associated with incidence of alcohol use disorder and suicidal ideation among marriage-squeezed men; villagers' discrimination was also positively associated with the number of marriage-squeezed men in the village who often gambled or were in conflict with others. Conclusions: Evidence suggests that social discrimination is one important mechanism that triggers marriage-squeezed men to engage in risky behaviors that threaten self- and community safety. Commonly held stereotypes about rural bachelors is one of the reasons that causes marriage-squeezed men to pose a threat to public safety. It is necessary to develop and implement policies aimed at creating a friendly and tolerant social environment for marriage-squeezed men.
MeSH term(s)	China ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Marriage ; Risk-Taking ; Rural Population ; Social Discrimination
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	4766-1
ISSN	1873-5347 ; 0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
ISSN (online)	1873-5347
ISSN	0037-7856 ; 0277-9536
DOI	10.1016/j.socscimed.2019.112729
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