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Article ; Online: Stakeholder perspectives on electronic prescribing in primary care: A scoping review.

Yazdi, Farzan Bolouki / Barraclough, Frances / Collins, Jack Charles / Chen, Jenny / El-Den, Sarira

Journal of the American Pharmacists Association : JAPhA

2024 , Page(s) 102054

Abstract: Background: Electronic prescribing (e-prescribing) provides a convenient, efficient, paperless mechanism for the legal transfer of prescriptions between service users, prescribers, and dispensers. There have been advances in e-prescribing processes and ... ...

Abstract	Background: Electronic prescribing (e-prescribing) provides a convenient, efficient, paperless mechanism for the legal transfer of prescriptions between service users, prescribers, and dispensers. There have been advances in e-prescribing processes and increased uptake of e-prescribing globally, in recent years. Objective: To explore stakeholder perspectives on e-prescribing in primary care settings. Methods: A scoping review was conducted by systematically searching Medline, EMBASE, Scopus, and International Pharmaceutical Abstracts databases, using the key concepts "primary care", "e-prescribing", and "perspectives". Publications were selected by screening for eligibility against inclusion and exclusion criteria, whereby any publication written in English exploring e-prescribing in primary care settings from the perspective(s) of at least one type of stakeholder was eligible for inclusion. Following a systematic screening process, relevant data were extracted, collated, and synthesized. Results: Two thousand publications were identified and systematically screened, rendering 44 publications (e.g., primary research articles, abstracts) eligible for inclusion in this review. Most publications reported on studies conducted in the USA, the UK, and Europe and explored the views of pharmacists, pharmacy technicians, and pharmacy staff. Barriers to e-prescribing included system design and technical issues, lack of adequate training and communication issues between stakeholders. Enablers for e-prescribing included time savings, convenience, and increased legibility of prescriptions. Conclusions: This review highlights many benefits of e-prescribing such as time efficiency, convenience, increased legibility, and less mishandling. Despite this, key barriers to e-prescribing within primary care settings were also recognized, including system design, technical issues, and lack of adequate training. As such, forcing functions, prescription tracking technologies, and better training have been identified as potential ways to address these barriers. While some negative experiences were reported, stakeholders were generally satisfied and had positive experiences with e-prescribing.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-23
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2118585-2
ISSN	1544-3450 ; 1544-3191 ; 1086-5802
ISSN (online)	1544-3450
ISSN	1544-3191 ; 1086-5802
DOI	10.1016/j.japh.2024.102054
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Zs.A 1042: Show issues

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Article ; Online: The Use of Gamification and Incentives in Mobile Health Apps to Improve Medication Adherence: Scoping Review.

Tran, Steven / Smith, Lorraine / El-Den, Sarira / Carter, Stephen

JMIR mHealth and uHealth

2022 Volume 10, Issue 2, Page(s) e30671

Abstract: Background: Emerging health care strategies addressing medication adherence include the use of direct-to-patient incentives or elements adapted from computer games. However, there is currently no published evidence synthesis on the use of gamification ... ...

Abstract	Background: Emerging health care strategies addressing medication adherence include the use of direct-to-patient incentives or elements adapted from computer games. However, there is currently no published evidence synthesis on the use of gamification or financial incentives in mobile apps to improve medication adherence. Objective: The aim of this scoping review is to synthesize and appraise the literature pertaining to the use of mobile apps containing gamification or financial incentives for medication adherence. There were two objectives: to explore the reported effectiveness of these features and to describe and appraise the design and development process, including patient involvement. Methods: The following databases were searched for relevant articles published in English from database inception to September 24, 2020: Embase, MEDLINE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, and Web of Science. The framework by Arksey and O'Malley and the PRISMA-ScR (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses extension for Scoping Reviews) checklist guided this scoping review. Using a systematic screening process, studies were included if incentives or game features were used within mobile apps to specifically address medication adherence. An appraisal using risk of bias tools was also applied to their respective study design. Results: A total of 11 studies from the initial 691 retrieved articles were included in this review. Across the studies, gamification alone (9/11, 82%) was used more than financial incentives (1/11, 9%) alone or a combination of the two (1/11, 9%). The studies generally reported improved or sustained optimal medication adherence outcomes; however, there was significant heterogeneity in the patient population, methodology such as outcome measures, and reporting of these studies. There was considerable variability in the development process and evaluation of the apps, with authors opting for either the waterfall or agile methodology. App development was often guided by a theory, but across the reviewed studies, there were no common theories used. Patient involvement was not commonly evident in predevelopment phases but were generally reserved for evaluations of feasibility, acceptance, and effectiveness. Patient perspectives on gamified app features indicated a potential to motivate positive health behaviors such as medication adherence along with critical themes of repetitiveness and irrelevance of certain features. The appraisal indicated a low risk of bias in most studies, although concerns were identified in potential confounding. Conclusions: To effectively address medication adherence via gamified and incentivized mobile apps, an evidence-based co-design approach and agile methodology should be used. This review indicates some adoption of an agile approach in app development; however, patient involvement is lacking in earlier stages. Further research in a generalized cohort of patients living with chronic conditions would facilitate the identification of barriers, potential opportunities, and the justification for the use of gamification and financial incentives in mobile apps for medication adherence.
MeSH term(s)	Gamification ; Humans ; Medication Adherence ; Mobile Applications ; Motivation ; Telemedicine/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-21
Publishing country	Canada
Document type	Journal Article ; Review ; Systematic Review
ZDB-ID	2719220-9
ISSN	2291-5222 ; 2291-5222
ISSN (online)	2291-5222
ISSN	2291-5222
DOI	10.2196/30671
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Article ; Online: Are SMART goals fit-for-purpose? Goal planning with mental health service-users in Australian community pharmacies.

Stewart, Victoria / McMillan, Sara S / Hu, Jie / Collins, Jack C / El-Den, Sarira / O'Reilly, Claire L / Wheeler, Amanda J

International journal for quality in health care : journal of the International Society for Quality in Health Care

2024 Volume 36, Issue 1

Abstract: Goal planning is an important element in brief health interventions provided in primary healthcare settings, with specific, measurable, achievable, realistic/relevant, and timed (SMART) goals recommended as best practice. This study examined the use of ... ...

Abstract	Goal planning is an important element in brief health interventions provided in primary healthcare settings, with specific, measurable, achievable, realistic/relevant, and timed (SMART) goals recommended as best practice. This study examined the use of SMART goals by Australian community pharmacists providing a brief goal-oriented wellbeing intervention with service-users experiencing severe and persistent mental illnesses (SPMIs), in particular, which aspects of SMART goal planning were incorporated into the documented goals. Goal data from the PharMIbridge Randomized Controlled Trial (RCT) were used to investigate how community pharmacists operationalized SMART goals, goal quality, and which SMART goal planning format aspects were most utilized. Goals were evaluated using the SMART Goal Evaluation Method (SMART-GEM) tool to determine how closely each documented goal met the SMART criteria. Goals were also categorized into five domains describing their content or purpose. Descriptive analysis was used to describe the SMART-GEM evaluation results, and the Kruskal-Wallis H test was used to compare the evaluation results across the goal domains. All goals (n = 512) co-designed with service-users (n = 156) were classified as poor quality when assessed against the SMART guidelines for goal statements, although most goals contained information regarding a specific behaviour and/or action (71.3% and 86.3%, respectively). Less than 25% of goals identified how goal achievement would be measured, with those related to lifestyle and wellbeing behaviours most likely to include measurement information. Additionally, the majority (93.5%) of goals lacked details regarding monitoring goal progress. Study findings raise questions regarding the applicability of the SMART goal format in brief health interventions provided in primary healthcare settings, particularly for service-users experiencing SPMIs. Further research is recommended to identify which elements of SMART goals are most relevant for brief interventions. Additionally, further investigation is needed regarding the impact of SMART goal training or support tools on goal quality.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Australia ; Chronic Disease ; Goals ; Mental Health Services ; Pharmacies ; Pharmacists ; Randomized Controlled Trials as Topic
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-21
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1194150-9
ISSN	1464-3677 ; 1353-4505
ISSN (online)	1464-3677
ISSN	1353-4505
DOI	10.1093/intqhc/mzae009
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Article ; Online: Community pharmacists' views and experiences of delivering in-pharmacy medication reviews for people living with severe and persistent mental illness: a qualitative study.

Ng, Ricki / El-Den, Sarira / Collins, Jack C / McMillan, Sara S / Hu, Jie / Wheeler, Amanda J / O'Reilly, Claire L

International journal of clinical pharmacy

2024

Abstract: Background: People living with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) often take multiple medications and are at risk of experiencing medication related problems. Medication review services have the potential to reduce inappropriate use of ... ...

Abstract	Background: People living with severe and persistent mental illness (SPMI) often take multiple medications and are at risk of experiencing medication related problems. Medication review services have the potential to reduce inappropriate use of psychotropic medications and improve adherence. However, there is limited research regarding pharmacists' perspectives when providing such services. Aim: To explore community pharmacists' views and experiences of providing an in-pharmacy medication review (MedsCheck) for people living with SPMI. Method: Semi-structured interviews were conducted between November 2021 and May 2022 with community pharmacists participating in the comparator group of the PharMIbridge Randomised Controlled Trial (RCT), which aimed to improve medication adherence and manage physical health concerns for people living with SPMI. Interviews were recorded, transcribed, and analysed using inductive thematic analysis. Results: Fifteen semi-structured interviews were conducted with community pharmacists including pharmacy owners, managers and employee pharmacists. Most pharmacist participants who were interviewed (n = 10) were aged under 39 and more than half (n = 8) had 10 or more years of pharmacy experience. Five key themes were identified: 1) Pharmacists' roles in the management of SPMI in community pharmacy; 2) Mental health education and training; 3) Pharmacy resources; 4) Challenges with interprofessional collaboration and 5) Impact on professional relationships and consumer outcomes. Conclusion: Pharmacists are motivated to support people living with SPMI. Mental health training, as well as arrangements regarding pharmacy workflow and appropriate remuneration are needed to enable pharmacists to better support people living with SPMI. Referral pathways should be directly accessible by community pharmacists to assist interprofessional collaboration.
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-03-29
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2601204-2
ISSN	2210-7711 ; 2210-7703 ; 0928-1231
ISSN (online)	2210-7711
ISSN	2210-7703 ; 0928-1231
DOI	10.1007/s11096-024-01720-2
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Article ; Online: Guidance on the Conduct of Clinical Research within OECD Countries during the Early Stages of the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Systematic Review.

Bhutkar, Renu / Collins, Jack C / O'Reilly, Claire L / El-Den, Sarira

Pharmacy (Basel, Switzerland)

2023 Volume 11, Issue 1

Abstract: Background: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) rapidly published guidance regarding the conduct of clinical research. A systematic review was conducted to explore ... ...

Abstract	Background: In response to the COVID-19 pandemic, member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) rapidly published guidance regarding the conduct of clinical research. A systematic review was conducted to explore the recommendations issued in relation to the commencement, continuation and termination of clinical research during the early phases of the pandemic. Methods: Searches consisting of the terms "COVID-19", "clinical research", and "guidance", were conducted in PubMed, Embase, MEDLINE, Trip, Guidelines International Network, and Google in April-May 2021 (up to 4 May 2021). Data were extracted from guidance published from OECD member countries and mapped to inductively-developed categories. Results: 9419 references were systematically screened, resulting in the inclusion of 46 publications from 27 OECD countries. Thirty-three sources made recommendations regarding monitoring, risk-benefit assessments and information technology. There was limited specific recommendations made in relation to personal protective equipment (PPE) in the included guidance. Findings demonstrate that guidance differed by publication date demonstrating the rapidly evolving environment within which research was conducted. Importantly, many organisations opted to endorse existing guidance published by the United States' Food and Drug Administration and the European Medicines Agency rather than develop their own recommendations. Conclusions: Given the rapidly evolving nature of the pandemic, particularly in the early stages, findings demonstrate the global response in relation to clinical research conduct, thereby providing important insights for future public health emergencies.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-12
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2737194-3
ISSN	2226-4787 ; 2226-4787
ISSN (online)	2226-4787
ISSN	2226-4787
DOI	10.3390/pharmacy11010015
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Article ; Online: Healthcare professionals' knowledge, confidence and attitudes in relation to psychosis care: A systematic review.

Chen, Jenny / El-Den, Sarira / Pham, Lily / O'Reilly, Claire L / Collins, Jack C

The International journal of social psychiatry

2023 Volume 69, Issue 8, Page(s) 1856–1868

Abstract: Background: Psychosis is a mental disorder that, despite its low prevalence, causes high disease and economic burden. Inadequate knowledge, lack of confidence and stigmatising attitudes of healthcare professionals (HCPs) may lead to suboptimal care.: ... ...

Abstract	Background: Psychosis is a mental disorder that, despite its low prevalence, causes high disease and economic burden. Inadequate knowledge, lack of confidence and stigmatising attitudes of healthcare professionals (HCPs) may lead to suboptimal care. Aim: To review the literature exploring HCPs' knowledge, confidence and attitudes in relation to psychosis care. Method: A systematic search was undertaken across three databases (MEDLINE, Embase, PsycINFO) using a search strategy encompassing the concepts: 'healthcare professionals', 'knowledge, attitude, and confidence in care' and 'psychotic illnesses and symptoms' to identify relevant records published from 1st January 2002 to 18th March 2022. Results were screened against predetermined inclusion and exclusion criteria by title and abstract, followed by full text. Data were extracted into tables and synthesised narratively. Results: Initially, 7,397 studies were identified. Following two-stage screening, 24 studies were eligible for inclusion. Of these studies, 16 explored attitudes, four explored knowledge and attitudes, one explored knowledge, one explored confidence, one explored attitudes and confidence in care and one explored all three constructs. Most HCPs in the included studies demonstrated stigmatising attitudes towards people with psychosis. Furthermore, certain HCPs, including nurses and general practitioners, demonstrated low levels of knowledge, while psychiatrists, occupational therapists, psychologists and nurses had low levels of confidence in caring for people with psychosis. Conversely, positive attitudes were also observed in some HCPs resulting from having acquaintances with lived experience of psychosis. The need for additional education and training to improve HCPs' knowledge and confidence in relation to caring for people living with psychosis was identified. Conclusions: Most attitudes identified were negative and stemmed from stigma, while some were positive due to HCPs' compassion and familiarity with psychosis. The level of knowledge and confidence identified were mostly suboptimal, and so further research is required to develop and evaluate tailored interventions to address this gap.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Health Personnel ; Attitude of Health Personnel ; Health Knowledge, Attitudes, Practice ; Psychotic Disorders/therapy ; Social Stigma ; General Practitioners
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-10
Publishing country	England
Document type	Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	3062-4
ISSN	1741-2854 ; 0020-7640
ISSN (online)	1741-2854
ISSN	0020-7640
DOI	10.1177/00207640231194490
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Article ; Online: Simulated psychosis care role-plays for pharmacy curricula: a qualitative exploration of student experiences.

Ung, Tina X / El-Den, Sarira / Moles, Rebekah J / O'Reilly, Claire L

Social psychiatry and psychiatric epidemiology

2023

Abstract: Purpose: Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) training is embedded in various tertiary healthcare curricula. However, opportunities for students to practise their newly acquired MHFA skills before entering the clinical practice workforce are lacking. The ... ...

Abstract	Purpose: Mental Health First Aid (MHFA) training is embedded in various tertiary healthcare curricula. However, opportunities for students to practise their newly acquired MHFA skills before entering the clinical practice workforce are lacking. The purpose of this study was to explore pharmacy students' experiences of MHFA training and post-MHFA simulated psychosis care role-plays. Methods: Final-year pharmacy students received MHFA training, after which they were invited to participate in simulated patient role-plays with trained actors, whilst being observed by peers, pharmacy tutors and mental health consumer educators (MHCEs). Immediately after each role-play, the role-playing student engaged in self-assessment, followed by performance feedback and debrief discussions with the tutor, MHCE and observing peers. All MHFA-trained students were invited to participate in audio-recorded focus groups to explore their experiences. Audio-recordings were transcribed verbatim and thematically analysed. Results: MHFA training was delivered to 209 students, of which 86 participated in a simulated patient role-play as a role-player and the remaining students observed. Seven focus groups were conducted with 36 students (mean duration 40 min, SD 11 min). Five themes emerged: scenario reactions, realistic but not real, mental health confidence, MHFA skills application, feedback and self-reflection. Conclusion: Students enjoyed the post-MHFA simulated psychosis care role-plays, which provided opportunities to apply and reflect on their newly-acquired MHFA skills in a safe learning environment. These experiences enhanced students' confidence to support people in the community, experiencing mental health symptoms or crises, and could be an add-on to MHFA training in the future.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-16
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	623071-4
ISSN	1433-9285 ; 0037-7813 ; 0933-7954
ISSN (online)	1433-9285
ISSN	0037-7813 ; 0933-7954
DOI	10.1007/s00127-023-02598-7
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Article ; Online: The Use of Mental Health Simulation in Pharmacy Practice and Education: A Systematic Review.

Ung, Tina X / El-Den, Sarira / Moles, Rebekah J / O'Reilly, Claire L

American journal of pharmaceutical education

2023 Volume 87, Issue 6, Page(s) 100058

Abstract: Objectives: To explore how mental health simulation has been used in the context of pharmacy practice and education, specifically what types of simulation techniques have been used, and which mental health-related content has been simulated.: Findings! ...

Abstract	Objectives: To explore how mental health simulation has been used in the context of pharmacy practice and education, specifically what types of simulation techniques have been used, and which mental health-related content has been simulated. Findings: A literature search retrieved 449 reports, from which 26 articles pertaining to 23 studies were eligible for inclusion. Most studies were conducted in Australia. The most common type of simulation utilized was live simulated/standardized patient, followed by pre-recorded scenarios, role-play, and auditory simulation. While many study interventions included content relating to multiple mental illnesses and included activities other than simulation, the most simulated mental health content was enacting a person living with depression (with or without suicidal thoughts), mental health communication, followed by stress-induced insomnia, then hallucinations. Key outcomes from included studies were significantly improved student outcomes such as mental health knowledge, attitudes, social distance, and empathy scores, as well as highlighting the potential to further improve the mental healthcare skills of community pharmacists. Summary: This review demonstrates a varied use of techniques to simulate mental health in pharmacy practice and education. Future research is suggested to consider other simulation methods such as virtual reality and computer simulation, and to investigate how lesser-simulated mental health content such as psychosis could be incorporated. It is also recommended that future research provides greater detail on the development of the simulated content, such as involving people with lived experience of mental illness and mental health stakeholders in the development process to improve the authenticity of simulation training.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Mental Health ; Computer Simulation ; Education, Pharmacy ; Educational Status ; Pharmacy
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	603807-4
ISSN	1553-6467 ; 0002-9459
ISSN (online)	1553-6467
ISSN	0002-9459
DOI	10.1016/j.ajpe.2023.100058
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Article ; Online: Co-designing psychosis simulated patient scenarios with mental health stakeholders for pharmacy curricula.

Ung, Tina X / O'Reilly, Claire L / Moles, Rebekah J / El-Den, Sarira

International journal of clinical pharmacy

2023 Volume 45, Issue 5, Page(s) 1184–1191

Abstract: Background: Pharmacists need knowledge and confidence to support people living with mental illness. Evidence-based educational materials for pharmacy students to provide psychosis care is limited.: Aim: To co-design, content validate and pilot-test, ... ...

Abstract	Background: Pharmacists need knowledge and confidence to support people living with mental illness. Evidence-based educational materials for pharmacy students to provide psychosis care is limited. Aim: To co-design, content validate and pilot-test, with mental health stakeholders, simulated patient scenarios to educate and assess students in providing psychosis care. Method: Mental health consumers were invited to co-design three simulated patient scenarios (first-episode psychosis, carer of someone living with schizophrenia, non-adherence to antipsychotics), guided by published and psychometrically-tested materials. A panel of mental health stakeholders participated in two rounds of content validation (RAND/UCLA appropriateness model). Round 1 involved individual survey completion to calculate item content validity index (I-CVI) for relevance/clarity, content validity ratio for essentiality and overall scale content validity index (S-CVI/Ave and S-CVI/UA) scores for each scenario. Scores analyses and feedback comments informed revisions. Round 2 involved a panel meeting to discuss revisions and finalise content. The scenarios were then pilot-tested with pharmacy students. Results: Two consumers participated in co-design, nine stakeholders in content validation. All items showed excellent content validity for relevance/clarity. Eleven items were revised for essentiality, discussed, then re-rated at the panel meeting for consensus. The scenarios were pilot-tested with pharmacy students (n = 15) and reported to be realistic and relevant to future practice, contributing to students' confidence in supporting people experiencing mental health symptoms or crises. Conclusion: Partnering with mental health stakeholders has enabled co-design of authentic, content valid educational materials for pharmacy students to provide psychosis care, in preparation for future provision of mental health support.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Mental Health ; Psychotic Disorders/drug therapy ; Pharmacy ; Schizophrenia ; Curriculum ; Students, Pharmacy
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-07-28
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2601204-2
ISSN	2210-7711 ; 2210-7703 ; 0928-1231
ISSN (online)	2210-7711
ISSN	2210-7703 ; 0928-1231
DOI	10.1007/s11096-023-01622-9
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Article: The impact of COVID-19 on clinical research at Australian and New Zealand universities: A qualitative study.

Bhutkar, Renu / El-Den, Sarira / O'Reilly, Claire L / Collins, Jack C

Collegian (Royal College of Nursing, Australia)

2023

Abstract: Background: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the implementation of social distancing measures, travel restrictions, and infection control measures that introduced a myriad of disruptions in the conduct of clinical research worldwide. As a result, many ... ...

Abstract	Background: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in the implementation of social distancing measures, travel restrictions, and infection control measures that introduced a myriad of disruptions in the conduct of clinical research worldwide. As a result, many aspects of clinical research were variably impacted. Aim: To explore the impact of the first 18 months of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical research across accredited nursing, pharmacy, and medicine program providers in Australian and New Zealand universities. Methods: Representatives from all program providers across Australian and New Zealand universities, with publicly available contact information, were invited to participate in this qualitative study, whereby semi-structured interviews were completed with participants who held senior research or leadership positions within their institution. Interviews were transcribed verbatim and inductively analysed using thematic content analysis. Findings: Interviews were conducted with 16 participants between August and October 2021. Two major themes were identified ( Discussion: The impact on clinical research in Australian and New Zealand universities included changes to data collection methods, a perceived decreased quality of research, changes to collaboration, neglect of basic disease research, and loss of the research workforce. Conclusion: This study highlights the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on clinical research within the Australian and New Zealand university context. Implications of these impacts should be considered to ensure long-term sustainability of research and preparedness for future disruptions.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-05-08
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2019493-6
ISSN	1322-7696
ISSN	1322-7696
DOI	10.1016/j.colegn.2023.05.002
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