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  1. Article ; Online: Comparison of Electrochemically Deposited Bi and Sn Catalysts onto Gas Diffusion Electrodes for the Electrochemical CO 2 Reduction Reaction to Formate

    Mila Manolova / Joachim Hildebrand / Sebastian Hertle / Şeniz Sörgel / Holger Kassner / Elias Klemm

    Applied Sciences, Vol 13, Iss 7471, p

    2023  Volume 7471

    Abstract: In this publication, we report about the selectivity and stability of bismuth (Bi)- and tin (Sn)-based electrocatalysts for the electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction (eCO 2 RR) for formate production. Bismuth and tin were successfully electrodeposited ... ...

    Abstract In this publication, we report about the selectivity and stability of bismuth (Bi)- and tin (Sn)-based electrocatalysts for the electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction (eCO 2 RR) for formate production. Bismuth and tin were successfully electrodeposited using the pulse plating technique on top of and inside of the gas diffusion layers (GDLs). The distribution of the catalyst throughout the thickness of the gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) was investigated by using scanning electron microscopy and computer tomography; it was found that the catalyst morphology determines the performance of the electrode. Inhomogeneous deposits, with their enlarged catalyst surface area, provide more active centres for the eCO 2 RR, resulting in increased Faraday efficiency (FE) for formate. The initial electrochemical characterisation tests of the bismuth- and tin-loaded GDEs were carried out under laboratory operating conditions at an industrially relevant current density of 200 mA·cm −2

    complete Sn dissolution with a subsequent deformation of the GDL was observed. In contrast to these results, no leaching of the electrodeposited Bi catalyst was observed. An FE of 94.2% towards formate was achieved on these electrodes. Electrodes based on an electrodeposited Bi catalyst on an in-house prepared GDL are stable after 23 h time-on-stream at 200 mA·cm −2 and have very good selectivity for formate.
    Keywords electrochemical deposition ; Sn ; Bi ; gas diffusion electrodes (GDE) ; electrochemical CO 2 reduction reaction (eCO 2 RR) ; Technology ; T ; Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ; TA1-2040 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Physics ; QC1-999 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
    Subject code 660
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher MDPI AG
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: Solvents and Supporting Electrolytes in the Electrocatalytic Reduction of CO2

    Maximilian König / Jan Vaes / Elias Klemm / Deepak Pant

    iScience, Vol 19, Iss , Pp 135-

    2019  Volume 160

    Abstract: Different electrolytes applied in the aqueous electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) considerably influence the catalyst performance. Their concentration, species, buffer capacity, and pH value influence the local reaction conditions and impact ... ...

    Abstract Different electrolytes applied in the aqueous electrocatalytic CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) considerably influence the catalyst performance. Their concentration, species, buffer capacity, and pH value influence the local reaction conditions and impact the product distribution of the electrocatalyst. Relevant properties of prospective solvents include their basicity, CO2 solubility, conductivity, and toxicity, which affect the CO2RR and the applicability of the solvents. The complexity of an electrochemical system impedes the direct correlation between a single parameter and cell performance indicators such as the Faradaic efficiency; thus the effects of different electrolytes are often not fully comprehended. For an industrial application, a deeper understanding of the effects described in this review can help with the prediction of performance, as well as the development of scalable electrolyzers. In this review, the application of supporting electrolytes and different solvents in the CO2RR reported in the literature are summarized and discussed. : Catalysis; Organic Reaction; Electrochemical Engineering Subject Areas: Catalysis, Organic Reaction, Electrochemical Engineering
    Keywords Science ; Q
    Subject code 660
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-09-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Elsevier
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: Electrochemical CO2 reduction toward multicarbon alcohols - The microscopic world of catalysts & process conditions

    Theresa Jaster / Alina Gawel / Daniel Siegmund / Johannes Holzmann / Heiko Lohmann / Elias Klemm / Ulf-Peter Apfel

    iScience, Vol 25, Iss 4, Pp 104010- (2022)

    2022  

    Abstract: Summary: Tackling climate change is one of the undoubtedly most important challenges at the present time. This review deals mainly with the chemical aspects of the current status for converting the greenhouse gas CO2 via electrochemical CO2 reduction ... ...

    Abstract Summary: Tackling climate change is one of the undoubtedly most important challenges at the present time. This review deals mainly with the chemical aspects of the current status for converting the greenhouse gas CO2 via electrochemical CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR) to multicarbon alcohols as valuable products. Feasible reaction routes are presented, as well as catalyst synthesis methods such as electrodeposition, precipitation, or sputtering. In addition, a comprehensive overview of the currently achievable selectivities for multicarbon alcohols in CO2RR is given. It is also outlined to what extent, for example, modifications of the catalyst surfaces or the use of bifunctional compounds the product distribution is shifted. In addition, the influence of varying electrolyte, temperature, and pressure is described and discussed.
    Keywords Catalysis ; Electrochemistry ; Science ; Q
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Elsevier
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  4. Article ; Online: Electrochemical CO2 reduction - The macroscopic world of electrode design, reactor concepts & economic aspects

    Alina Gawel / Theresa Jaster / Daniel Siegmund / Johannes Holzmann / Heiko Lohmann / Elias Klemm / Ulf-Peter Apfel

    iScience, Vol 25, Iss 4, Pp 104011- (2022)

    2022  

    Abstract: Summary: For the efficient electrochemical conversion of CO2 into valuable chemical feedstocks, a well-coordinated interaction of all electrolyzer compartments is required. In addition to the catalyst, whose role is described in detail in the part “ ... ...

    Abstract Summary: For the efficient electrochemical conversion of CO2 into valuable chemical feedstocks, a well-coordinated interaction of all electrolyzer compartments is required. In addition to the catalyst, whose role is described in detail in the part “Electrochemical CO2 Reduction toward Multicarbon Alcohols - The Microscopic World of Catalysts & Process Conditions” of this divided review, the general cell setups, design and manufacture of the electrodes, membranes used, and process parameters must be optimally matched. The authors' goal is to provide a comprehensive review of the current literature on how these aspects affect the overall performance of CO2 electrolysis. To be economically competitive as an overall process, the framework conditions, i.e., CO2 supply and reaction product treatment must also be considered. If the key indicators for current density, selectivity, cell voltage, and lifetime of a CO2 electrolyzer mentioned in the techno-economic consideration of this review are met, electrochemical CO2 reduction can make a valuable contribution to the creation of closed carbon cycles and to a sustainable energy economy.
    Keywords Catalysis ; Electrochemistry ; Economics ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 660
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Elsevier
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  5. Article ; Online: Selective oxidation of ethanol to ethylene oxide with a dual-layer concept

    Robin Himmelmann / Robin Otterstaetter / Oliver Franke / Stefan Brand / Olaf Wachsen / Gerhard Mestl / Franz Effenberger / Elias Klemm

    Catalysis Communications, Vol 167, Iss , Pp 106424- (2022)

    2022  

    Abstract: Ethylene oxide is mainly produced from fossil-based ethylene. Only minor amounts of EO are based on renewable ethanol in a three-step process consisting of an ethanol dehydration step, an ethylene purification step, and an epoxidation step. We herein ... ...

    Abstract Ethylene oxide is mainly produced from fossil-based ethylene. Only minor amounts of EO are based on renewable ethanol in a three-step process consisting of an ethanol dehydration step, an ethylene purification step, and an epoxidation step. We herein present a new one-step process for the selective oxidation of ethanol to ethylene oxide by a novel dual-layer concept without intermediate ethylene purification. Ethanol is dehydrated in one reactor on a first catalyst bed to ethylene which is subsequently epoxidized over a silver catalyst. The dual-layer arrangement allowed stable operation over more than 60 h and state-of-the-art conversions and selectivities were obtained.
    Keywords Green ethylene oxide ; Bio-based ethylene oxide ; Ethanol to ethylene oxide ; Dual-layer concept ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-07-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Elsevier
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  6. Article: Determination of the Kinetics of the Ethoxylation of Octanol in Homogeneous Phase

    Hermann, Pascal D / Dirk Ziegenbalg / Elias Klemm / Toine Cents

    Industrial & engineering chemistry process design and development. 2017 May 31, v. 56, no. 21

    2017  

    Abstract: A two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model was utilized to test different kinetic models for the description of the anionic polymerization of octanol with ethylene oxide in a microreactor. The reaction was performed as a continuous reaction ... ...

    Abstract A two-dimensional computational fluid dynamics model was utilized to test different kinetic models for the description of the anionic polymerization of octanol with ethylene oxide in a microreactor. The reaction was performed as a continuous reaction under elevated pressure and temperatures in a one-phase system. The kinetic parameters were determined with numerical methods by reducing the deviation to experimental data based on the Nelder–Mead method. Four different reaction models with one, two, three, and four different rates for the first propagation steps were tested. The best agreement with the experimental data was found for the four rate model, with a prediction accuracy close to the experimental error. The gathered data suggests an increasing reaction rate for the first four propagation steps, which is in agreement with the Weibull–Törnquist effect [Weibull and Törnquist. Berichte vom VI. Internationalen Kongress für Grenzflächenaktive Stoffe, Zürich, vom 11. bis 15. September 1972; Carl Hanser Verlag: Munich, 1972; p 125; Sallay et al. Tenside Deterg. 1980, 17, 298].
    Keywords dynamic models ; ethoxylation ; ethylene oxide ; fluid mechanics ; kinetics ; octanol ; polymerization ; prediction ; process design ; temperature ; Weibull statistics
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2017-0531
    Size p. 6176-6185.
    Publishing place American Chemical Society
    Document type Article
    ZDB-ID 1484436-9
    ISSN 1520-5045 ; 0888-5885
    ISSN (online) 1520-5045
    ISSN 0888-5885
    DOI 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b00948
    Database NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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