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  1. Article ; Online: Diagnostic accuracy of the screenings Sniffin' Sticks Test (SST-12) in COVID-19 induced olfactory disorders.

    Emma J A Schepens / Inge Stegeman / Digna M A Kamalski

    PLoS ONE, Vol 19, Iss 1, p e

    2024  Volume 0295911

    Abstract: Objective olfactory function can be assessed using validated olfactory tests like the Sniffin' Sticks Test (SST). However, their extensive nature makes them less suitable for clinical practice. To address this, shorter olfactory tests like the screenings ...

    Abstract Objective olfactory function can be assessed using validated olfactory tests like the Sniffin' Sticks Test (SST). However, their extensive nature makes them less suitable for clinical practice. To address this, shorter olfactory tests like the screenings Sniffin' Sticks Test (SST-12) can be used for screening purposes and reduce testing time. The SST-12 serves as a diagnostic tool for screening olfaction in cases unrelated to COVID-19. However, these screening tests are uncertain regarding their accuracy in detecting olfactory dysfunction in patients with COVID-19 as the plausible cause. We aim to determine the diagnostic accuracy of the SST-12 in adults with post-COVID-19 olfactory dysfunction. We performed a diagnostic accuracy study with data from 113 consecutive COVID-19 diagnosed patients who experienced objectified smell loss ever since. At approximately 6 months after their diagnosis, all participants underwent the SST (reference standard), part of the SST was the SST-12 (index test). Diagnostic accuracy of the SST-12 is measured as negative predictive value (NPV), positive predictive value (PPV), sensitivity, and specificity. The SST-12 detected smell loss in 85 patients among 91 patients with smell loss and ruled out smell loss in 15 patients among the 22 patients without smell loss based on the reference standard. Making sensitivity 93.4% (CI 0.87-0.97), and specificity 68.2% (CI 0.48-0.85). Out of the 92 patients with a positive test result on SST-12, 85 patients had indeed smell loss (PPV 92.4% CI 0.86-0.97), and out of the 21 patients with a negative test result, 15 patients had no smell loss regarding the reference standard (NPV 71.4% CI 0.50-0.88). The findings suggest that the SST-12 holds promise as a useful tool for identifying individuals with smell loss, also in individuals with COVID-19 as cause, but it is important to have a good understanding of the interpretation of the results of the SST-12 when considering its implementation in clinical practice.
    Keywords Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Subject code 610
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  2. Article ; Online: One-year psychophysical evaluation of COVID-19-induced olfactory disorders

    Emma J. A. Schepens / Wilbert M. Boek / Sanne Boesveldt / Robert J. Stokroos / Inge Stegeman / Digna M. A. Kamalski

    BMC Medicine, Vol 21, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    a prospective cohort study

    2023  Volume 9

    Abstract: Abstract Background Olfactory disorders are common in COVID-19. While many patients recover within weeks, a notable number of patients suffer from prolonged olfactory disorders. Much research has focused on the acute phase of olfactory disorders in COVID- ...

    Abstract Abstract Background Olfactory disorders are common in COVID-19. While many patients recover within weeks, a notable number of patients suffer from prolonged olfactory disorders. Much research has focused on the acute phase of olfactory disorders in COVID-19; however, there is still inconsistency regarding the prognosis. We aim to assess both objective and subjective olfactory function in patients with persisting olfactory disorders following COVID-19, 1 year after diagnosis. Methods We objectively measured olfactory function in 77 patients who initially had COVID-19-induced smell disorders, 1 year after confirmed diagnosis. These patients previously underwent two objective measurements at approximately 3 and 6 months after COVID-19, in the context of the COCOS trial (COrticosteroids for COvid-19-induced loss of Smell). The main outcome measurement was TDI score (threshold-discrimination-identification) on Sniffin’ Sticks Test (SST). Secondary outcomes included objective gustatory function on Taste Strip Test (TST), self-reported olfactory, gustatory and trigeminal function on a visual analogue scale (VAS) and outcomes on questionnaires about quality of life, and nasal symptoms. Results The findings of this study show that 1 year following COVID-19, the median TDI score increased to 30.75 (IQR 27.38–33.5), regarded as normosmia. The median TDI score started at 21.25 (IQR 18.25–24.75) at baseline and increased to 27.5 (IQR 23.63–30.0) at 6 months following COVID-19. The increase of 9.5 points on the TDI score between baseline and 1 year after COVID-19 marks a clinically relevant improvement. Regarding the self-reported VAS score (1–10) on sense of smell, it increased from 1.2 (IQR 0.4–3.0) at baseline to 3.2 (IQR 1.4–6.0) at 6 months and further improved up to 6.1 (IQR 2.7–7.5) after 1 year. Objective gustatory function increased with 2 points on TST a year after diagnosis. Self-reported olfactory, gustatory, and trigeminal functions also improved over time, as did quality of life. Conclusions Objective and ...
    Keywords Olfactory disorders ; Smell ; COVID-19 ; Prognosis ; Medicine ; R
    Subject code 150
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher BMC
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  3. Article ; Online: COCOS trial

    Sanne Boesveldt / Inge Stegeman / Robert J Stokroos / Digna M A Kamalski / Emma J A Schepens / Wilbert M Boek

    BMJ Open, Vol 12, Iss

    COrticosteroids for COVID-19-induced loss of Smell–protocol for a single-centred, double-blind, randomised, placebo-controlled trial

    2022  Volume 8

    Abstract: Introduction Hyposmia and anosmia are common in COVID-19. Most patients regain normal smell within 4 weeks, but severe loss of smell persists roughly in 20% after 2 months and may last up to a year or longer. These persistent smell disorders greatly ... ...

    Abstract Introduction Hyposmia and anosmia are common in COVID-19. Most patients regain normal smell within 4 weeks, but severe loss of smell persists roughly in 20% after 2 months and may last up to a year or longer. These persistent smell disorders greatly influence daily life. It is hypothesised that COVID-19 induces inflammation around the olfactory nerve and in the olfactory pathway, leading to smell disorders. Corticosteroids might reduce this local inflammatory response and improve smell.Methods and analysis We will conduct a single-centre, randomised, placebo-controlled trial to determine the efficacy of a short high-dose treatment of oral prednisolone for persistent loss of smell after COVID-19 in the early phase. We will include 116 patients with persistent (>4 weeks) loss of smell within 12 weeks of COVID-19 diagnosis, based on a positive PCR/antigen test. One group receives 40 mg of prednisolone for 10 days and the other group receives matching placebo treatment. In addition, all patients will perform smell training for 12 weeks. The primary outcome is objective olfactory function measured by means of sniffin’ sticks test. Secondary outcomes are objective gustatory function by means of taste strips test and subjective taste and smell ability, trigeminal sensations, quality of life and nasal symptoms, measured by three questionnaires. These outcomes will be measured at inclusion before treatment and 12 weeks later.Ethics and dissemination The Institutional Review Board of the University Medical Center Utrecht approved the research protocol (21-635/G-D, October 2021). The trial results will be shared in peer-reviewed medical journals and scientific conferences.Trial registration number NL9635. EUCTR2021-004021-71-NL.
    Keywords Medicine ; R
    Subject code 610
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-08-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher BMJ Publishing Group
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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    Inter-library loan at ZB MED

    Your chosen title can be delivered directly to ZB MED Cologne location if you are registered as a user at ZB MED Cologne.

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