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  1. Article ; Online: Accelerating therapeutics development during a pandemic: population pharmacokinetics of the long-acting antibody combination AZD7442 (tixagevimab/cilgavimab) in the prophylaxis and treatment of COVID-19.

    Clegg, Lindsay E / Stepanov, Oleg / Schmidt, Henning / Tang, Weifeng / Zhang, Huixia / Webber, Chris / Cohen, Taylor S / Esser, Mark T / Någård, Mats

    Antimicrobial agents and chemotherapy

    2024  Volume 68, Issue 5, Page(s) e0158723

    Abstract: AZD7442 is a combination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-neutralizing antibodies, tixagevimab and cilgavimab, developed for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Using data ... ...

    Abstract AZD7442 is a combination of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-neutralizing antibodies, tixagevimab and cilgavimab, developed for pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) and treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). Using data from eight clinical trials, we describe a population pharmacokinetic (popPK) model of AZD7442 and show how modeling of "interim" data accelerated decision-making during the COVID-19 pandemic. The final model was a two-compartmental distribution model with first-order absorption and elimination, including standard allometric exponents for the effect of body weight on clearance and volume. Other covariates included were as follows: sex, age >65 years, body mass index ≥30 kg/m
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; SARS-CoV-2/drug effects ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment ; Female ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/pharmacokinetics ; Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized/therapeutic use ; Aged ; Adult ; COVID-19/prevention & control ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacokinetics ; Antiviral Agents/therapeutic use ; Young Adult ; Adolescent ; Antibodies, Neutralizing/blood
    Chemical Substances Antibodies, Monoclonal, Humanized ; Antiviral Agents ; Antibodies, Neutralizing
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-03-27
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 217602-6
    ISSN 1098-6596 ; 0066-4804
    ISSN (online) 1098-6596
    ISSN 0066-4804
    DOI 10.1128/aac.01587-23
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  2. Article ; Online: Cardiac and vascular serious adverse events following tixagevimab-cilgavimab - Author's reply.

    Maselkar, Sheetal / Kiazand, Alexandre / Templeton, Alison / Montgomery, Hugh / Esser, Mark T

    The Lancet. Respiratory medicine

    2022  Volume 11, Issue 1, Page(s) e7–e8

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Antibodies, Monoclonal
    Chemical Substances tixagevimab ; cilgavimab (1KUR4BN70F) ; Antibodies, Monoclonal
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-12-12
    Publishing country England
    Document type Letter ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 2686754-0
    ISSN 2213-2619 ; 2213-2600
    ISSN (online) 2213-2619
    ISSN 2213-2600
    DOI 10.1016/S2213-2600(22)00450-7
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  3. Article: Safety, Efficacy and Pharmacokinetics of AZD7442 (Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab) for Treatment of Mild-to-Moderate COVID-19: 15-Month Final Analysis of the TACKLE Trial.

    Hobbs, F D Richard / Montgomery, Hugh / Padilla, Francisco / Simón-Campos, Jesus Abraham / Arbetter, Douglas / Seegobin, Seth / Kiazand, Alexandre / Streicher, Katie / Martinez-Alier, Nuria / Cohen, Taylor S / Esser, Mark T

    Infectious diseases and therapy

    2024  Volume 13, Issue 3, Page(s) 521–533

    Abstract: Introduction: In the phase 3 TACKLE study, outpatient treatment with AZD7442 (tixagevimab/cilgavimab) was well tolerated and significantly reduced progression to severe disease or death through day 29 in adults with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: In the phase 3 TACKLE study, outpatient treatment with AZD7442 (tixagevimab/cilgavimab) was well tolerated and significantly reduced progression to severe disease or death through day 29 in adults with mild-to-moderate coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) at the primary analysis. Here, we report data from the final analysis of the TACKLE study, performed after approximately 15 months' follow-up.
    Methods: Eligible participants were randomized 1:1 and dosed within 7 days of symptom onset with 600 mg intramuscular AZD7442 (n = 456; 300 mg tixagevimab/300 mg cilgavimab) or placebo (n = 454).
    Results: Severe COVID-19 or death through day 29 occurred in 4.4% and 8.8% of participants who received AZD7442 or placebo, a relative risk reduction (RRR) of 50.4% [95% confidence interval (CI) 14.4, 71.3; p = 0.0096]; among participants dosed within 5 days of symptom onset, the RRR was 66.9% (95% CI 31.1, 84.1; p = 0.002). Death from any cause or hospitalization for COVID-19 complications or sequelae through day 169 occurred in 5.0% of participants receiving AZD7442 versus 9.7% receiving placebo, an RRR of 49.2% (95% CI 14.7, 69.8; p = 0.009). Adverse events occurred in 55.5% and 55.9% of participants who received AZD7442 or placebo, respectively, and were mostly mild or moderate in severity. Serious adverse events occurred in 10.2% and 14.4% of participants who received AZD7442 or placebo, respectively, and deaths occurred in 1.8% of participants in both groups. Serum concentration-time profiles recorded over 457 days were similar for AZD7442, tixagevimab, and cilgavimab, and were consistent with the extended half-life reported for AZD7442 (approx. 90 days).
    Conclusions: AZD7442 reduced the risk of progression to severe COVID-19, hospitalization, and death, was well tolerated through 15 months, and exhibited predictable pharmacokinetics in outpatients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19. These data support the long-term safety of using long-acting monoclonal antibodies to treat COVID-19.
    Trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04723394. ( https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT04723394 .
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-25
    Publishing country New Zealand
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2701611-0
    ISSN 2193-6382 ; 2193-8229
    ISSN (online) 2193-6382
    ISSN 2193-8229
    DOI 10.1007/s40121-024-00931-4
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  4. Article: Efficacy, Safety, and Pharmacokinetics of AZD7442 (Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab) for Prevention of Symptomatic COVID-19: 15-Month Final Analysis of the PROVENT and STORM CHASER Trials.

    Levin, Myron J / Ustianowski, Andrew / De Wit, Stephane / Beavon, Rohini / Thissen, Jesse / Seegobin, Seth / Dey, Kanika / Near, Karen A / Streicher, Katie / Kiazand, Alexandre / Esser, Mark T

    Infectious diseases and therapy

    2024  

    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-05-04
    Publishing country New Zealand
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2701611-0
    ISSN 2193-6382 ; 2193-8229
    ISSN (online) 2193-6382
    ISSN 2193-8229
    DOI 10.1007/s40121-024-00970-x
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  5. Article ; Online: Author Correction: Durability of neutralizing RSV antibodies following nirsevimab administration and elicitation of the natural immune response to RSV infection in infants.

    Wilkins, Deidre / Yuan, Yuan / Chang, Yue / Aksyuk, Anastasia A / Núñez, Beatriz Seoane / Wählby-Hamrén, Ulrika / Zhang, Tianhui / Abram, Michael E / Leach, Amanda / Villafana, Tonya / Esser, Mark T

    Nature medicine

    2024  

    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-04-22
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Published Erratum
    ZDB-ID 1220066-9
    ISSN 1546-170X ; 1078-8956
    ISSN (online) 1546-170X
    ISSN 1078-8956
    DOI 10.1038/s41591-024-03006-6
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  6. Article ; Online: Durability of neutralizing RSV antibodies following nirsevimab administration and elicitation of the natural immune response to RSV infection in infants.

    Wilkins, Deidre / Yuan, Yuan / Chang, Yue / Aksyuk, Anastasia A / Núñez, Beatriz Seoane / Wählby-Hamrén, Ulrika / Zhang, Tianhui / Abram, Michael E / Leach, Amanda / Villafana, Tonya / Esser, Mark T

    Nature medicine

    2023  Volume 29, Issue 5, Page(s) 1172–1179

    Abstract: Nirsevimab is an extended half-life monoclonal antibody specific for the prefusion conformation of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F protein, which has been studied in preterm and full-term infants in the phase 2b and phase 3 MELODY trials. We ... ...

    Abstract Nirsevimab is an extended half-life monoclonal antibody specific for the prefusion conformation of the respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) F protein, which has been studied in preterm and full-term infants in the phase 2b and phase 3 MELODY trials. We analyzed serum samples collected from 2,143 infants during these studies to characterize baseline levels of RSV-specific immunoglobulin G antibodies and neutralizing antibodies (NAbs), duration of RSV NAb levels following nirsevimab administration, the risk of RSV exposure during the first year of life and the infant's adaptive immune response to RSV following nirsevimab administration. Baseline RSV antibody levels varied widely; consistent with reports that maternal antibodies are transferred late in the third trimester, preterm infants had lower baseline RSV antibody levels than full-term infants. Nirsevimab recipients had RSV NAb levels >140-fold higher than baseline at day 31 and remained >50-fold higher at day 151 and >7-fold higher at day 361. Similar seroresponse rates to the postfusion form of RSV F protein in nirsevimab recipients (68-69%) compared with placebo recipients (63-70%; not statistically significant) suggest that while nirsevimab protects from RSV disease, it still allows an active immune response. In summary, nirsevimab provided sustained, high levels of NAb throughout an infant's first RSV season and prevented RSV disease while allowing the development of an immune response to RSV.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Infant, Premature ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/drug therapy ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus Infections/metabolism ; Antibodies, Viral ; Respiratory Syncytial Virus, Human ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Immunity
    Chemical Substances nirsevimab (VRN8S9CW5V) ; Antibodies, Viral ; Antibodies, Neutralizing
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-04-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 1220066-9
    ISSN 1546-170X ; 1078-8956
    ISSN (online) 1546-170X
    ISSN 1078-8956
    DOI 10.1038/s41591-023-02316-5
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  7. Article: Outpatient Treatment with AZD7442 (Tixagevimab/Cilgavimab) Prevented COVID-19 Hospitalizations over 6 Months and Reduced Symptom Progression in the TACKLE Randomized Trial.

    Hobbs, F D Richard / Montgomery, Hugh / Padilla, Francisco / Simón-Campos, Jesus Abraham / Kim, Kenneth / Arbetter, Douglas / Padilla, Kelly W / Reddy, Venkatesh Pilla / Seegobin, Seth / Streicher, Katie / Templeton, Alison / Viani, Rolando M / Johnsson, Eva / Koh, Gavin C K W / Esser, Mark T

    Infectious diseases and therapy

    2023  Volume 12, Issue 9, Page(s) 2269–2287

    Abstract: Introduction: We assessed effects of AZD7442 (tixagevimab/cilgavimab) on deaths from any cause or hospitalizations due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and symptom severity and longer-term safety in the TACKLE adult outpatient treatment study.: ... ...

    Abstract Introduction: We assessed effects of AZD7442 (tixagevimab/cilgavimab) on deaths from any cause or hospitalizations due to coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and symptom severity and longer-term safety in the TACKLE adult outpatient treatment study.
    Methods: Participants received 600 mg AZD7442 (n = 452) or placebo (n = 451) ≤ 7 days of COVID-19 symptom onset.
    Results: Death from any cause or hospitalization for COVID-19 complications or sequelae through day 169 (key secondary endpoint) occurred in 20/399 (5.0%) participants receiving AZD7442 versus 40/407 (9.8%) receiving placebo [relative risk reduction (RRR) 49.1%; 95% confidence interval (CI) 14.5, 69.7; p = 0.009] or 50.7% (95% CI 17.5, 70.5; p = 0.006) after excluding participants unblinded before day 169 for consideration of vaccination). AZD7442 reduced progression of COVID-19 symptoms versus placebo through to day 29 (RRR 12.5%; 95% CI 0.5, 23.0) and improved most symptoms within 1-2 weeks. Over median safety follow-up of 170 days, adverse events occurred in 174 (38.5%) and 196 (43.5%) participants receiving AZD7442 or placebo, respectively. Cardiac serious adverse events occurred in two (0.4%) and three (0.7%) participants receiving AZD7442 or placebo, respectively.
    Conclusions: AZD7442 was well tolerated and reduced hospitalization and mortality through 6 months, and symptom burden through 29 days, in outpatients with mild-to-moderate COVID-19.
    Clinical trial registration: Clinicaltrials.gov, NCT04723394. ( https://beta.
    Clinicaltrials: gov/study/NCT04723394 ).
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-26
    Publishing country New Zealand
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2701611-0
    ISSN 2193-6382 ; 2193-8229
    ISSN (online) 2193-6382
    ISSN 2193-8229
    DOI 10.1007/s40121-023-00861-7
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  8. Article ; Online: Safety, Tolerability and Pharmacokinetics of Half-Life Extended Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 Neutralizing Monoclonal Antibodies AZD7442 (Tixagevimab-Cilgavimab) in Healthy Adults.

    Forte-Soto, Pablo / Albayaty, Muna / Brooks, Dennis / Arends, Rosalinda H / Tillinghast, John / Aksyuk, Anastasia A / Bouquet, Jerome / Chen, Cecil / Gebre, Asfiha / Kubiak, Robert J / Pilla Reddy, Venkatesh / Seegobin, Seth / Streicher, Katie / Templeton, Alison / Esser, Mark T

    The Journal of infectious diseases

    2023  Volume 227, Issue 10, Page(s) 1153–1163

    Abstract: Background: AZD7442 is a combination of extended half-life, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (tixagevimab and cilgavimab).: Methods: This phase 1, first-in-human, randomized, ... ...

    Abstract Background: AZD7442 is a combination of extended half-life, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)-specific neutralizing monoclonal antibodies (tixagevimab and cilgavimab).
    Methods: This phase 1, first-in-human, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, dose-escalation study evaluated AZD7442 administered intramuscularly (300 mg) or intravenously (300, 1000, or 3000 mg) in healthy adults (aged 18-55 years). The primary end point was safety and tolerability. Secondary end points included pharmacokinetics and antidrug antibodies.
    Results: Between 18 August and 16 October 2020, a total of 60 participants were enrolled; 50 received AZD7442, and 10 received placebo. Adverse events (all of mild or moderate intensity) occurred in 26 participants (52.0%) in the AZD7442 groups and 8 (80.0%) in the placebo group. No infusion or injection site or hypersensitivity reactions occurred. Tixagevimab and cilgavimab had mean half-lives of approximately 90 days (range, 87.0-95.3 days for tixagevimab and 79.8--91.1 days for cilgavimab) and similar pharmacokinetic profiles over the 361-day study period. SARS-CoV-2-specific neutralizing antibody titers provided by AZD7442 were maintained above those in plasma from convalescent patients with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19).
    Conclusions: AZD7442 was well tolerated in healthy adults, showing a favorable safety profile across all doses. Depending on the SARS-CoV-2 variant, pharmacokinetic analyses suggest the AZD7442 could offer protection for ≥6 months against symptomatic COVID-19 after a single 300-mg intramuscular administration.
    Clinical trials registration: NCT04507256.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Adult ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 ; Half-Life ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Double-Blind Method ; Antibodies, Viral
    Chemical Substances tixagevimab ; cilgavimab and tixagevimab drug combination ; cilgavimab (1KUR4BN70F) ; Antibodies, Monoclonal ; Antibodies, Neutralizing ; Antibodies, Viral
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-02-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Randomized Controlled Trial ; Clinical Trial, Phase I ; Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 3019-3
    ISSN 1537-6613 ; 0022-1899
    ISSN (online) 1537-6613
    ISSN 0022-1899
    DOI 10.1093/infdis/jiad014
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  9. Article: Validation and performance of a multiplex serology assay to quantify antibody responses following SARS-CoV-2 infection or vaccination.

    Wilkins, Deidre / Aksyuk, Anastasia A / Ruzin, Alexey / Tuffy, Kevin M / Green, Tina / Greway, Rebecca / Fikes, Brittany / Bonhomme, Cyrille J / Esser, Mark T / Kelly, Elizabeth J

    Clinical & translational immunology

    2022  Volume 11, Issue 4, Page(s) e1385

    Abstract: Objectives: Robust, quantitative serology assays are required to accurately measure antibody levels following vaccination and natural infection. We present validation of a quantitative, multiplex, SARS-CoV-2, electrochemiluminescent (ECL) serology assay; ...

    Abstract Objectives: Robust, quantitative serology assays are required to accurately measure antibody levels following vaccination and natural infection. We present validation of a quantitative, multiplex, SARS-CoV-2, electrochemiluminescent (ECL) serology assay; show correlation with two established SARS-CoV-2 immunoassays; and present calibration results for two SARS-CoV-2 reference standards.
    Methods: Precision, dilutional linearity, ruggedness, analytical sensitivity and specificity were evaluated. Clinical sensitivity and specificity were assessed using serum from prepandemic and SARS-CoV-2 polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-positive patient samples. Assay concordance to the established Roche Elecsys® Anti-SARS-CoV-2 immunoassay and a live-virus microneutralisation (MN) assay was evaluated.
    Results: Standard curves demonstrated the assay can quantify SARS-CoV-2 antibody levels over a broad range. Assay precision (10.2-15.1% variability), dilutional linearity (≤ 1.16-fold bias per 10-fold increase in dilution), ruggedness (0.89-1.18 overall fold difference), relative accuracy (107-118%) and robust selectivity (102-104%) were demonstrated. Analytical sensitivity was 7, 13 and 7 arbitrary units mL
    Conclusions: The multiplex SARS-CoV-2 ECL serology assay is suitable for efficient, reproducible measurement of antibodies to SARS-CoV-2 antigens in human sera, supporting its use in clinical trials and sero-epidemiology studies.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-26
    Publishing country Australia
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2694482-0
    ISSN 2050-0068
    ISSN 2050-0068
    DOI 10.1002/cti2.1385
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  10. Article ; Online: Generalized ROC methods for immunogenicity data analysis of vaccine phase I studies in a seropositive population.

    Yu, Li / Esser, Mark T / Falloon, Judith / Villafana, Tonya / Yang, Harry

    Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics

    2018  Volume 14, Issue 11, Page(s) 2692–2700

    Abstract: Immunogenicity data from phase 1 vaccine studies can be difficult to interpret, especially in seropositive populations and when multiple assays are used. We developed 3 statistical methods (Youden index [YI] threshold, receiver-operating characteristic ... ...

    Abstract Immunogenicity data from phase 1 vaccine studies can be difficult to interpret, especially in seropositive populations and when multiple assays are used. We developed 3 statistical methods (Youden index [YI] threshold, receiver-operating characteristic relative to baseline [ROC-B], and ROC of postdose levels [ROC-P]) to characterize complex immunogenicity data by assessing the proportion of a study population that achieved values above thresholds. The YI method calculates a single threshold per assay. Both ROC methods construct ROC curves for individual assays and surfaces for assay combinations to assess degree of separation of postdose values from a reference distribution; the ROC-B method uses overall predose values as the reference distribution and the ROC-P method uses pooled postdose values. All methods are applicable to a seropositive population with overlapping distributions of baseline and postdose measurements and can evaluate results of multiple assays jointly. The ROC-P method is also applicable when postdose levels are fully separated from baseline levels, as is common in a seronegative population. These methods were demonstrated using data from a phase 1a study of respiratory syncytial virus vaccines formulated with and without an adjuvant in a seropositive population of adults aged ≥60 years. All 3 methods provided a comprehensive assessment of vaccine immunogenicity effects with results presented in easily interpretable formats. In the example data, the methods demonstrated antigen dose response trend and contribution of adjuvant to response in multiple assays individually and jointly where optimal responses in assay combinations (humoral and cellular) are important.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-07-12
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2664176-8
    ISSN 2164-554X ; 2164-5515
    ISSN (online) 2164-554X
    ISSN 2164-5515
    DOI 10.1080/21645515.2018.1489191
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