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Article: Development of Serological Assays and Seroprevalence Studies of the New Coronavirus 2019 (COVID-19): Reports from Saudi Arabia.

Alandijany, Thamir A / Faizo, Arwa A

2021 Volume 9, Issue 12

Abstract: Serological assays are valuable tools for tracking COVID-19 spread, estimation of herd immunity, and evaluation of vaccine effectiveness. Several reports from Saudi Arabia describe optimized in-house protocols that enable detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific ...

Abstract	Serological assays are valuable tools for tracking COVID-19 spread, estimation of herd immunity, and evaluation of vaccine effectiveness. Several reports from Saudi Arabia describe optimized in-house protocols that enable detection of SARS-CoV-2 specific antibodies and measurement of their neutralizing activity. Notably, there were variations in the approaches utilized to develop and validate these immunoassays in term of sample size, validation methodologies, and statistical analyses. The developed enzyme-linked immunoassays (ELISAs) were based on the viral full-length spike (S), S1 subunit, and nucleocapsid (NP), and enabled detection of IgM and/or IgG. ELISAs were evaluated and validated against a microneutralization assay utilizing a local SARS-CoV-2 clinical isolate, FDA-approved commercially available immunoassays, and/or real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Overall, the performance of the described assays was high, reaching up to 100% sensitivity and 98.9% specificity with no cross-reactivity with other coronaviruses. In-house immunoassays, along with commercially available kits, were subsequently applied in a number of sero-epidemiological studies aiming to estimate sero-positivity status among local populations including healthcare workers, COVID-19 patients, non-COVID-19 patients, and healthy blood donors. The reported seroprevalence rates differed widely among these studies, ranging from 0.00% to 32.2%. These variations are probably due to study period, targeted population, sample size, and performance of the immunoassays utilized. Indeed, lack of sero-positive cases were reported among healthy blood donors during the lockdown, while the highest rates were reported when the number of COVID-19 cases peaked in the country, particularly among healthcare workers working in referral hospitals and quarantine sites. In this review, we aim to (1) provide a critical discussion about the developed in-house immunoassays, and (2) summarize key findings of the sero-epidemiological studies and highlight strengths and weaknesses of each study.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-14
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2721009-1
ISSN	2227-9032
ISSN	2227-9032
DOI	10.3390/healthcare9121730
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries: Current status and management practices.

Alandijany, Thamir A / Faizo, Arwa A / Azhar, Esam I

Journal of infection and public health

2020 Volume 13, Issue 6, Page(s) 839–842

Abstract: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is currently a global threat to human population. The numbers of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 are escalating daily, putting health ... ...

Abstract	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is currently a global threat to human population. The numbers of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 are escalating daily, putting health care systems worldwide under tremendous pressure. Policymakers in the affected countries have adopted varying strategies to deal with this crisis. As a result, the current COVID-19 status in terms of number of cases and deaths hugely varies between countries. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries have managed to limit the massive spread of the infection among their populations by implementing proactive plans and timely decisions in response to COVID-19 outbreak; measures taken included suspension of flights, closure of educational institutes, curfew and lockdown of major cities, and provision of free-of-charge healthcare to patients. This review summarizes the COVID-19 status as of 18 May 2020 and highlights prevention and control measures applied in the GCC countries.
MeSH term(s)	Betacoronavirus ; COVID-19 ; Communicable Disease Control/methods ; Coronavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Coronavirus Infections/prevention & control ; Health Plan Implementation ; Humans ; Middle East/epidemiology ; Pandemics/prevention & control ; Pneumonia, Viral/epidemiology ; Pneumonia, Viral/prevention & control ; SARS-CoV-2
Keywords	covid19
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-05-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2467587-8
ISSN	1876-035X ; 1876-0341
ISSN (online)	1876-035X
ISSN	1876-0341
DOI	10.1016/j.jiph.2020.05.020
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Repositioning of anti-dengue compounds against SARS-CoV-2 as viral polyprotein processing inhibitor.

Bajrai, Leena H / Faizo, Arwa A / Alkhaldy, Areej A / Dwivedi, Vivek Dhar / Azhar, Esam I

PloS one

2022 Volume 17, Issue 11, Page(s) e0277328

Abstract: A therapy for COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains elusive due to the lack of an effective antiviral therapeutic molecule. The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), which plays a ... ...

Abstract	A therapy for COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 19) caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) remains elusive due to the lack of an effective antiviral therapeutic molecule. The SARS-CoV-2 main protease (Mpro), which plays a vital role in the viral life cycle, is one of the most studied and validated drug targets. In Several prior studies, numerous possible chemical entities were proposed as potential Mpro inhibitors; however, most failed at various stages of drug discovery. Repositioning of existing antiviral compounds accelerates the discovery and development of potent therapeutic molecules. Hence, this study examines the applicability of anti-dengue compounds against the substrate binding site of Mpro for disrupting its polyprotein processing mechanism. An in-silico structure-based virtual screening approach is applied to screen 330 experimentally validated anti-dengue compounds to determine their affinity to the substrate binding site of Mpro. This study identified the top five compounds (CHEMBL1940602, CHEMBL2036486, CHEMBL3628485, CHEMBL200972, CHEMBL2036488) that showed a high affinity to Mpro with a docking score > -10.0 kcal/mol. The best-docked pose of these compounds with Mpro was subjected to 100 ns molecular dynamic (MD) simulation followed by MM/GBSA binding energy. This showed the maximum stability and comparable ΔG binding energy against the reference compound (X77 inhibitor). Overall, we repurposed the reported anti-dengue compounds against SARS-CoV-2-Mpro to impede its polyprotein processing for inhibiting SARS-CoV-2 infection.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Drug Repositioning ; Polyproteins ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolism ; Cysteine Endopeptidases/metabolism ; Protease Inhibitors/chemistry ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Antiviral Agents/chemistry ; Molecular Dynamics Simulation ; Peptide Hydrolases/metabolism ; Molecular Docking Simulation ; COVID-19 Drug Treatment
Chemical Substances	Polyproteins ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins ; Cysteine Endopeptidases (EC 3.4.22.-) ; Protease Inhibitors ; Antiviral Agents ; Peptide Hydrolases (EC 3.4.-)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-11-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0277328
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Pharmacophore-Model-Based Drug Repurposing for the Identification of the Potential Inhibitors Targeting the Allosteric Site in Dengue Virus NS5 RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase.

Kumar, Sanjay / Bajrai, Leena H / Faizo, Arwa A / Khateb, Aiah M / Alkhaldy, Areej A / Rana, Rashmi / Azhar, Esam I / Dwivedi, Vivek Dhar

Viruses

2022 Volume 14, Issue 8

Abstract: Dengue virus (DENV) is the causative agent of DENV infection. To tackle DENV infection, the development of therapeutic molecules as direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has been demonstrated as a truly effective approach. Among various DENV drug targets, non- ... ...

Abstract	Dengue virus (DENV) is the causative agent of DENV infection. To tackle DENV infection, the development of therapeutic molecules as direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has been demonstrated as a truly effective approach. Among various DENV drug targets, non-structural protein 5 (NS5)-a highly conserved protein among the family Flaviviridae-carries the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (DENV
MeSH term(s)	Allosteric Site ; Antiviral Agents/chemistry ; Antiviral Agents/pharmacology ; Dengue Virus/genetics ; Drug Repositioning ; Hepatitis C, Chronic ; Humans ; RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Antiviral Agents ; Viral Nonstructural Proteins ; RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase (EC 2.7.7.48)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-20
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915 ; 1999-4915
ISSN (online)	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14081827
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries: Current status and management practices

Alandijany, Thamir A / Faizo, Arwa A / Azhar, Esam I

J Infect Public Health

Abstract	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is currently a global threat to human population. The numbers of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 are escalating daily, putting health care systems worldwide under tremendous pressure. Policymakers in the affected countries have adopted varying strategies to deal with this crisis. As a result, the current COVID-19 status in terms of number of cases and deaths hugely varies between countries. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries have managed to limit the massive spread of the infection among their populations by implementing proactive plans and timely decisions in response to COVID-19 outbreak; measures taken included suspension of flights, closure of educational institutes, curfew and lockdown of major cities, and provision of free-of-charge healthcare to patients. This review summarizes the COVID-19 status as of 18 May 2020 and highlights prevention and control measures applied in the GCC countries.
Keywords	covid19
Publisher	WHO
Document type	Article
Note	WHO #Covidence: #437440
Database	COVID19

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Article ; Online: Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries

Alandijany, Thamir A. / Faizo, Arwa A. / Azhar, Esam I.

reponame:Expeditio Repositorio Institucional UJTL ; instname:Universidad de Bogotá Jorge Tadeo Lozano

Current status and management practices

2020

Abstract	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is currently a global threat to human population. The numbers of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 are escalating daily, putting health care systems worldwide under tremendous pressure. Policymakers in the affected countries have adopted varying strategies to deal with this crisis. As a result, the current COVID-19 status in terms of number of cases and deaths hugely varies between countries. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries have managed to limit the massive spread of the infection among their populations by implementing proactive plans and timely decisions in response to COVID-19 outbreak; measures taken included suspension of flights, closure of educational institutes, curfew and lockdown of major cities, and provision of free-of-charge healthcare to patients. This review summarizes the COVID-19 status as of 18 May 2020 and highlights prevention and control measures applied in the GCC countries
Keywords	COVID-19 ; SARS-CoV-2 ; Viral respiratory infections ; Public health ; Síndrome respiratorio agudo grave ; Coronavirus ; covid19
Publisher	Science Direct
Publishing country	co
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries

Alandijany, Thamir A. / Faizo, Arwa A. / Azhar, Esam I.

Journal of infection and public health, 13(6):839-842

Current status and management practices

2020

Abstract	Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is currently a global threat to human population. The numbers of cases and deaths due to COVID-19 are escalating daily, putting health care systems worldwide under tremendous pressure. Policymakers in the affected countries have adopted varying strategies to deal with this crisis. As a result, the current COVID-19 status in terms of number of cases and deaths hugely varies between countries. The Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries have managed to limit the massive spread of the infection among their populations by implementing proactive plans and timely decisions in response to COVID-19 outbreak; measures taken included suspension of flights, closure of educational institutes, curfew and lockdown of major cities, and provision of free-of-charge healthcare to patients. This review summarizes the COVID-19 status as of 18 May 2020 and highlights prevention and control measures applied in the GCC countries.
Keywords	Viral respiratory infections ; COVID-19 ; Public health ; SARS-CoV-2 ; covid19
Language	English
Publishing country	de
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Coronavirus disease of 2019 (COVID-19) in the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) countries

Alandijany, Thamir A. / Faizo, Arwa A. / Azhar, Esam I.

Journal of Infection and Public Health

Current status and management practices

2020 Volume 13, Issue 6, Page(s) 839–842

Keywords	Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ; Infectious Diseases ; General Medicine ; covid19
Language	English
Publisher	Elsevier BV
Publishing country	us
Document type	Article ; Online
ISSN	1876-0341
DOI	10.1016/j.jiph.2020.05.020
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Pharmacophore-Model-Based Drug Repurposing for the Identification of the Potential Inhibitors Targeting the Allosteric Site in Dengue Virus NS5 RNA-Dependent RNA Polymerase

Kumar, Sanjay / Bajrai, Leena H. / Faizo, Arwa A. / Khateb, Aiah M. / Alkhaldy, Areej A. / Rana, Rashmi / Azhar, Esam I. / Dwivedi, Vivek Dhar

Viruses. 2022 Aug. 20, v. 14, no. 8

2022

Abstract	Dengue virus (DENV) is the causative agent of DENV infection. To tackle DENV infection, the development of therapeutic molecules as direct-acting antivirals (DAAs) has been demonstrated as a truly effective approach. Among various DENV drug targets, non-structural protein 5 (NS5)—a highly conserved protein among the family Flaviviridae—carries the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (DENVᴿᵈᴿᵖ) domain at the C-terminal, and its “N-pocket” allosteric site is widely considered for anti-DENV drug development. Therefore, in this study, we developed a pharmacophore model by utilising 41 known inhibitors of the DENVᴿᵈᴿᵖ domain, and performed model screening against the FDA’s approved drug database for drug repurposing against DENVᴿᵈᴿᵖ. Herein, drugs complying with the pharmacophore hypothesis were further processed through standard-precision (SP) and extra-precision (XP) docking scores (DSs) and binding pose refinement based on MM/GBSA binding energy (BE) calculations. This resulted in the identification of four potential potent drugs: (i) desmopressin (DS: −10.52, BE: −69.77 kcal/mol), (ii) rutin (DS: −13.43, BE: −67.06 kcal/mol), (iii) lypressin (DS: −9.84, BE: −67.65 kcal/mol), and (iv) lanreotide (DS: −8.72, BE: −64.7 kcal/mol). The selected drugs exhibited relevant interactions with the allosteric N-pocket of DENVᴿᵈᴿᵖ, including priming-loop and entry-point residues (i.e., R729, R737, K800, and E802). Furthermore, 100 ns explicit-solvent molecular dynamics simulations and end-point binding free energy assessments support the considerable stability and free energy of the selected drugs in the targeted allosteric pocket of DENVᴿᵈᴿᵖ. Hence, these four drugs, repurposed as potent inhibitors of the allosteric site of DENVᴿᵈᴿᵖ, are recommended for further validation using experimental assays.
Keywords	Dengue virus ; Gibbs free energy ; RNA-directed RNA polymerase ; antiviral agents ; databases ; drug development ; energy ; etiological agents ; models ; molecular dynamics ; rutin ; therapeutics ; viral nonstructural proteins
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0820
Publishing place	Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2516098-9
ISSN	1999-4915
ISSN	1999-4915
DOI	10.3390/v14081827
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article: Lack of Evidence on Association between Iron Deficiency and COVID-19 Vaccine-Induced Neutralizing Humoral Immunity.

Faizo, Arwa A / Bawazir, Asma A / Almashjary, Majed N / Hassan, Ahmed M / Qashqari, Fadi S / Barefah, Ahmed S / El-Kafrawy, Sherif A / Alandijany, Thamir A / Azhar, Esam I

Vaccines

2023 Volume 11, Issue 2

Abstract: Iron is a crucial micronutrient for immunity induction in response to infections and vaccinations. This study aimed to investigate the effect of iron deficiency on COVID-19-vaccine-induced humoral immunity. We investigated the effectiveness of COVID-19 ... ...

Abstract	Iron is a crucial micronutrient for immunity induction in response to infections and vaccinations. This study aimed to investigate the effect of iron deficiency on COVID-19-vaccine-induced humoral immunity. We investigated the effectiveness of COVID-19 vaccines (BNT162b2, mRNA-1273, and ChAdOx nCov-2019) in iron-deficient individuals (
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-01
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2703319-3
ISSN	2076-393X
ISSN	2076-393X
DOI	10.3390/vaccines11020327
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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