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Article ; Online: Arginine deprivation as a treatment approach targeting cancer cell metabolism and survival: A review of the literature.

Assi, Ghaith / Faour, Wissam H

2023 Volume 953, Page(s) 175830

Abstract: Amino acid requirement of metabolically active cells is a key element in cellular survival. Of note, cancer cells were shown to have an abnormal metabolism and high-energy requirements including the high amino acid requirement needed for growth factor ... ...

Abstract	Amino acid requirement of metabolically active cells is a key element in cellular survival. Of note, cancer cells were shown to have an abnormal metabolism and high-energy requirements including the high amino acid requirement needed for growth factor synthesis. Thus, amino acid deprivation is considered a novel approach to inhibit cancer cell proliferation and offer potential treatment prospects. Accordingly, arginine was proven to play a significant role in cancer cell metabolism and therapy. Arginine depletion induced cell death in various types of cancer cells. Also, the various mechanisms of arginine deprivation, e.g., apoptosis and autophagy were summarized. Finally, the adaptive mechanisms of arginine were also investigated. Several malignant tumors had high amino acid metabolic requirements to accommodate their rapid growth. Antimetabolites that prevent the production of amino acids were also developed as anticancer therapies and are currently under clinical investigation. The aim of this review is to provide a concise literature on arginine metabolism and deprivation, its effects in different tumors, its different modes of action, as well as the related cancerous escape mechanisms.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Arginine/metabolism ; Neoplasms/drug therapy ; Neoplasms/metabolism ; Apoptosis ; Amino Acids/pharmacology ; Cell Death ; Cell Line, Tumor
Chemical Substances	Arginine (94ZLA3W45F) ; Amino Acids
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-03
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	80121-5
ISSN	1879-0712 ; 0014-2999
ISSN (online)	1879-0712
ISSN	0014-2999
DOI	10.1016/j.ejphar.2023.175830
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Article: Analysis of G-quadruplex forming sequences in podocytes-marker genes and their potential roles in inherited glomerular diseases.

Saad, Mona / Mehawej, Cybel / Faour, Wissam H

Heliyon

2023 Volume 9, Issue 9, Page(s) e20233

Abstract: Nephrotic Syndrome is the most widespread pediatric kidney disorder. Genetic alterations in podocyte genes are thought to be responsible for the disease. G-quadruplexes are non-conventional guanine-rich DNA and RNA structures, which are commonly found in ...

Abstract	Nephrotic Syndrome is the most widespread pediatric kidney disorder. Genetic alterations in podocyte genes are thought to be responsible for the disease. G-quadruplexes are non-conventional guanine-rich DNA and RNA structures, which are commonly found in regulatory regions. This study examined the potential G-quadruplexes forming sequences in the promoters and gene bodies of podocyte-marker genes. High G-quadruplexes density was found in the
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-15
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2835763-2
ISSN	2405-8440
ISSN	2405-8440
DOI	10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20233
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Article ; Online: Ghrelin hormone a new molecular modulator between obesity and glomerular damage.

Ibrahim, Maroun / Khalife, Lynn / Abdel-Latif, Rania / Faour, Wissam H

Molecular biology reports

2023 Volume 50, Issue 12, Page(s) 10525–10533

Abstract: The incidence of glomerular diseases is increasing worldwide due to increased prevalence of obesity which is a major risk factor for type-2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disorders.Ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide hormone, has been implicated in ... ...

Abstract	The incidence of glomerular diseases is increasing worldwide due to increased prevalence of obesity which is a major risk factor for type-2 diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disorders.Ghrelin, an orexigenic peptide hormone, has been implicated in obesity, and its impact on the pathology and function of the kidneys was found to be significant. Ghrelin known to regulate energy homeostasis and growth hormone release, has been shown to modulate critical signaling pathways involved in the health and survival of podocytes. These derangements directly affect glomerular function and manifest as impaired glomerular filtration barrier and leakage of albumin into urine. Although the pathological features of the above-mentioned disorders are different, they interestingly lead to similar clinical features of glomerular damage. The pathological events are majorly initiated by endocrine imbalance leading to abnormal activation of downstream signaling pathways involved in the development of glomerulosclerosis. In fact, obesity increases the risk of developing chronic kidney disease by altering the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokines and adipokines, activating the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system (RAAS), promoting lipotoxicity, oxidative stress and fibrosis within the kidneys. Whilst these bioregulators are well described, their direct involvement in renal homeostasis is still mostly elusive. This review summarized previous and recent evidence on the endocrine properties of ghrelin and perivascular adipose tissue involved in modulating kidney physiology.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Ghrelin ; Kidney Diseases/etiology ; Kidney Glomerulus ; Kidney ; Obesity/complications
Chemical Substances	Ghrelin
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-04
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	186544-4
ISSN	1573-4978 ; 0301-4851
ISSN (online)	1573-4978
ISSN	0301-4851
DOI	10.1007/s11033-023-08866-8
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Article ; Online: VIP modulates human macrophages phenotype via FPRL1 via activation of RhoA-GTPase and PLC pathways.

Harhous, Zeina / Faour, Wissam H / El Zein, Nabil

Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.

2021 Volume 70, Issue 3, Page(s) 309–321

Abstract: Objective and design: This study is aimed at uncovering the signaling pathways activated by vasoactive intestinal peptide in human macrophages MATERIALS: Human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages were used for the in vitro ... ...

Abstract	Objective and design: This study is aimed at uncovering the signaling pathways activated by vasoactive intestinal peptide in human macrophages MATERIALS: Human peripheral blood mononuclear cell-derived macrophages were used for the in vitro investigation of the VIP-activated signaling pathways. Methods and treatment: Time-course and dose-response experiments and siRNA were used in human macrophages co-challenged with various concentrations of VIP and different MAPK pharmacologic inhibitors to investigate signaling pathways activated by VIP. Flow analysis was performed to assess the levels of CD11b, CD35 and CD66. Luminescence spectrometry was used to measure the levels of the released hydrogen peroxide and the intracellular calcium levels in the media. Results: Macrophages incubated with VIP showed increased phospho-AKT and phospho-ERK1/2 levels in a GTP-RhoA-GTPase-dependent manner. Similarly, VIP increased intracellular release of H Conclusion: VIP/FPRL1/VPAC/GTP-RhoA-GTPase signaling modulated macrophages phenotype through activation of multiple signaling pathways including ERK1/2, AKT, P38, ROS, cAMP and calcium.
MeSH term(s)	Calcium/metabolism ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases/metabolism ; Humans ; Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism ; Macrophages/metabolism ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9/metabolism ; Phenotype ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism ; Receptors, Formyl Peptide/genetics ; Receptors, Formyl Peptide/metabolism ; Receptors, Lipoxin/genetics ; Receptors, Lipoxin/metabolism ; Signal Transduction ; Type C Phospholipases/metabolism ; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide/metabolism ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism ; rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/genetics ; rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
Chemical Substances	FPR2 protein, human ; Receptors, Formyl Peptide ; Receptors, Lipoxin ; RHOA protein, human (124671-05-2) ; Vasoactive Intestinal Peptide (37221-79-7) ; Hydrogen Peroxide (BBX060AN9V) ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt (EC 2.7.11.1) ; Extracellular Signal-Regulated MAP Kinases (EC 2.7.11.24) ; p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases (EC 2.7.11.24) ; Type C Phospholipases (EC 3.1.4.-) ; MMP9 protein, human (EC 3.4.24.35) ; Matrix Metalloproteinase 9 (EC 3.4.24.35) ; rhoA GTP-Binding Protein (EC 3.6.5.2) ; Calcium (SY7Q814VUP)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-27
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1221794-3
ISSN	1420-908X ; 1023-3830
ISSN (online)	1420-908X
ISSN	1023-3830
DOI	10.1007/s00011-021-01436-3
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Article ; Online: G-quadruplex forming sequences in the genes coding for cytochrome P450 enzymes and their potential roles in drug metabolism.

Saad, Mona / Zhang, Rongxin / Cucchiarini, Anne / Mehawej, Cybel / Mergny, Jean-Louis / Mroueh, Mohamad / Faour, Wissam H

Biochimie

2023 Volume 214, Issue Pt A, Page(s) 45–56

Abstract: The majority of drugs are metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, primarily belonging to the CYP1, CYP2 and CYP3 families. Genetic variations are the main cause of inter-individual differences in drug response, which constitutes a major concern in ... ...

Abstract	The majority of drugs are metabolized by cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, primarily belonging to the CYP1, CYP2 and CYP3 families. Genetic variations are the main cause of inter-individual differences in drug response, which constitutes a major concern in pharmacotherapy. G-quadruplexes (G4s), are non-canonical DNA and RNA secondary structures formed by guanine-rich sequences. G4s have been implicated in cancer and gene regulation. In this study, we investigated putative G4-forming sequences (PQSs) in the CYP genes. Our findings reveal a high density of PQSs in the full genes of CYP family 2. Moreover, we observe an increased density of PQSs in the promoters of CYP family 1 genes compared to non-CYP450 genes. Importantly, stable PQSs were also identified in all studied CYP genes. Subsequently, we assessed the impact of the most frequently reported genetic mutations in the selected genes and the possible effect of these mutations on G4 formation as well as on the thermodynamic stability of predicted G4s. We found that 4 SNPs overlap G4 sequences and lead to mutated DNA and RNA G4 forming sequences in their context. Notably, the mutation in the CYP2C9 gene, which is associated with impaired (S)-warfarin metabolism in patients, alters a G4 sequence. We then demonstrated that at least 10 of the 13 chosen cytochrome P450 G4 candidates form G-quadruplex structures in vitro, using a combination of spectroscopic methods. In conclusion, our findings indicate the potential role of G-quadruplexes in the regulation of cytochrome genes, and emphasize the importance of G-quadruplexes in drug metabolism.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; G-Quadruplexes ; Promoter Regions, Genetic ; DNA ; RNA ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System/genetics
Chemical Substances	DNA (9007-49-2) ; RNA (63231-63-0) ; Cytochrome P-450 Enzyme System (9035-51-2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-09-01
Publishing country	France
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	120345-9
ISSN	1638-6183 ; 0300-9084
ISSN (online)	1638-6183
ISSN	0300-9084
DOI	10.1016/j.biochi.2023.08.014
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Uc I Zs.135: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stromal/Stem Cells and Their Interplay with Th-17 Cell Response Pathway.

Najar, Mehdi / Rahmani, Saida / Faour, Wissam H / Alsabri, Sami G / Lombard, Catherine A / Fayyad-Kazan, Hussein / Sokal, Etienne M / Merimi, Makram / Fahmi, Hassan

Cells

2024 Volume 13, Issue 2

Abstract: As a form of immunomodulatory therapeutics, mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) from umbilical cord (UC) tissue were assessed for their dynamic interplay with the Th-17 immune response pathway. UC-MSCs were able to modulate lymphocyte response by ... ...

Abstract	As a form of immunomodulatory therapeutics, mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) from umbilical cord (UC) tissue were assessed for their dynamic interplay with the Th-17 immune response pathway. UC-MSCs were able to modulate lymphocyte response by promoting a Th-17-like profile. Such modulation depended on the cell ratio of the cocultures as well as the presence of an inflammatory setting underlying their plasticity. UC-MSCs significantly increased the expression of IL-17A and RORγt but differentially modulated T cell expression of IL-23R. In parallel, the secretion profile of the fifteen factors (IL1β, IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A, IL-17F, IL-22, IL-21, IL-23, IL-25, IL-31, IL-33, INF-γ, sCD40, and TNF-α) involved in the Th-17 immune response pathway was substantially altered during these cocultures. The modulation of these factors demonstrates the capacity of UC-MSCs to sense and actively respond to tissue challenges. Protein network and functional enrichment analysis indicated that several biological processes, molecular functions, and cellular components linked to distinct Th-17 signaling interactions are involved in several trophic, inflammatory, and immune network responses. These immunological changes and interactions with the Th-17 pathway are likely critical to tissue healing and may help to identify molecular targets that will improve therapeutic strategies involving UC-MSCs.
MeSH term(s)	Interleukin-17 ; Th17 Cells ; Mesenchymal Stem Cells ; Coculture Techniques ; Immunomodulation
Chemical Substances	Interleukin-17
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-16
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2661518-6
ISSN	2073-4409 ; 2073-4409
ISSN (online)	2073-4409
ISSN	2073-4409
DOI	10.3390/cells13020169
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Article ; Online: fMLP-dependent activation of Akt and ERK1/2 through ROS/Rho A pathways is mediated through restricted activation of the FPRL1 (FPR2) receptor.

Faour, Wissam H / Fayyad-Kazan, Hussein / El Zein, Nabil

Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.

2018 Volume 67, Issue 8, Page(s) 711–722

Abstract: Objective and design: The objective of this study is to uncover the signal transduction pathways of N-formyl methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) in monocyte.: Materials or subjects: Freshly isolated human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC) were used ...

Abstract	Objective and design: The objective of this study is to uncover the signal transduction pathways of N-formyl methionyl-leucyl-phenylalanine (fMLP) in monocyte. Materials or subjects: Freshly isolated human peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC) were used for in vitro assessment of signal transduction pathways activated by fMLP. Treatment: Time-course and dose-response experiments were used to evaluate the effect of fMLP along with the specific inhibitors/stimulators on the activation of downstream signaling kinases. Methods: Freshly isolated human PBMC were stimulated with fMLP for the desired time. Western blot and siRNA analysis were used to evaluate the activated intracellular signaling kinases, and flow analysis was performed to assess the levels of CD11b. Furthermore, luminescence spectrometry was performed to measure the levels of released hydrogen peroxide in the media. Results: fMLP strongly stimulated the activation of AKT and ERK1/2 through a RhoA-GTPase-dependent manner and also induced H Conclusion: Collectively, these data suggested that fMLP-activated ERK1/2 and Akt pathways through specific activation of the FPRL1/ROS/RoA-GTPase pathway.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; Hydrogen Peroxide/metabolism ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/drug effects ; Leukocytes, Mononuclear/metabolism ; MAP Kinase Signaling System/drug effects ; N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine/pharmacology ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt/metabolism ; Rats ; Receptors, Formyl Peptide/metabolism ; Receptors, Lipoxin/metabolism ; rhoA GTP-Binding Protein/metabolism
Chemical Substances	FPR2 protein, human ; Receptors, Formyl Peptide ; Receptors, Lipoxin ; RHOA protein, human (124671-05-2) ; N-Formylmethionine Leucyl-Phenylalanine (59880-97-6) ; Hydrogen Peroxide (BBX060AN9V) ; Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-akt (EC 2.7.11.1) ; rhoA GTP-Binding Protein (EC 3.6.5.2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-06-19
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1221794-3
ISSN	1420-908X ; 1023-3830
ISSN (online)	1420-908X
ISSN	1023-3830
DOI	10.1007/s00011-018-1163-6
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Article ; Online: Transforming growth factor-β1 inhibits interleukin-1β-induced expression of inflammatory genes and Cathepsin S activity in human vascular smooth muscle cells.

Dhaouadi, Nedra / Nehme, Ali / Faour, Wissam H / Feugier, Patrick / Cerutti, Catherine / Kacem, Kamel / Eid, Ali H / Li, Jacques-Yuan / Zibara, Kazem

Fundamental & clinical pharmacology

2021 Volume 35, Issue 6, Page(s) 979–988

Abstract: Objective and design: This study investigated the opposite mechanisms by which IL-1β and TGF-β1 modulated the inflammatory and migratory phenotypes in cultured human intimal vascular smooth muscle cells vSMCs.: Materials and treatment: Primary human ... ...

Abstract	Objective and design: This study investigated the opposite mechanisms by which IL-1β and TGF-β1 modulated the inflammatory and migratory phenotypes in cultured human intimal vascular smooth muscle cells vSMCs. Materials and treatment: Primary human vSMCs, obtained from twelve hypertensive patients who underwent carotid endarterectomy, were incubated for 24 hours with either 40 pM TGF-β1, or 1 nmol/L IL-1β, or their combination in presence or absence of anti-TGF-β neutralizing antibody. Methods: The expression levels of matrix metalloproteases and their inhibitors, and the elastolytic enzyme cathepsin S (CTSS) and its inhibitor cystatin C were evaluated with RT-PCR. CTSS activity was measured by fluorometry. Results: TGF-β1 reversed IL-1β-induced expression of iNOS, CXCL6, IL1R1, MMP12, and CTSS, while upregulated TIMP2 expression. Furthermore, anti-TGF-β neutralizing antibody abrogated TGF-β effects. Combination with IL-1β and TGF-β1 induced the expression of IL1α, IL1β, IL1R1, and CTSS, but suppressed CST3 expression. CTSS expression in the combination treatment was higher than that of cells treated with anti-TGF-β antibodies alone. Moreover, IL-1β-induced CTSS enzymatic activity was reduced when human vSMCs were co-treated with TGF-β, whereas this reduction was abrogated by anti-TGF-β neutralizing antibody. Conclusion: TGF-β1 abrogated IL-1β-induced expression of inflammatory genes and elastolytic activity in cultured human vSMCs. Thus, TGF-β1 can play a crucial role in impairing IL-1β-induced vascular inflammation and damage involved in the etiology of cardiovascular diseases.
MeSH term(s)	Cathepsins/genetics ; Cells, Cultured ; Humans ; Interleukin-1beta ; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1
Chemical Substances	Interleukin-1beta ; Transforming Growth Factor beta ; Transforming Growth Factor beta1 ; Cathepsins (EC 3.4.-) ; cathepsin S (EC 3.4.22.27)
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	639134-5
ISSN	1472-8206 ; 0767-3981
ISSN (online)	1472-8206
ISSN	0767-3981
DOI	10.1111/fcp.12666
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Zs.A 2247: Show issues

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Article: In vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity evaluation of Lebanese Cannabis sativa L. ssp. indica (Lam.)

Shebaby, Wassim / Saliba, Jane / Faour, Wissam H / Ismail, Jana / El Hage, Marissa / Daher, Costantine F / Taleb, Robin I / Nehmeh, Bilal / Dagher, Carol / Chrabieh, Edwin / Mroueh, Mohamad

Journal of ethnopharmacology. 2021 Apr. 24, v. 270

2021

Abstract: Cannabis sativa L. is an aromatic annual herb belonging to the family Cannabaceae and it is widely distributed worldwide. Cultivation, selling, and consumption of cannabis and cannabis related products, regardless of its use, was prohibited in Lebanon ... ...

Abstract	Cannabis sativa L. is an aromatic annual herb belonging to the family Cannabaceae and it is widely distributed worldwide. Cultivation, selling, and consumption of cannabis and cannabis related products, regardless of its use, was prohibited in Lebanon until April 22, 2020. Nevertheless, cannabis oil has been traditionally used unlawfully for many years in Lebanon to treat diseases such as arthritis, diabetes, cancer and few neurological disorders.The present study aims to evaluate the phytochemical and anti-inflammatory properties of a cannabis oil preparation that is analogous to the illegally used cannabis oil in Lebanon.Dried Cannabis flowers were extracted with ethanol without any purification procedures to simulate the extracts sold by underground dealers in Lebanon. GC/MS was performed to identify chemical components of the cannabis oil extract (COE). In vivo anti-inflammatory effect of COE was evaluated by using carageenan- and formalin-induced paw edema rat models. TNF-α production were determined by using LPS-activated rat monocytes. Anti-inflammatory markers were quantified using Western blot.Chemical analysis of COE revealed that cannabidiol (CBD; 59.1%) and tetrahydrocannabinol (THC; 20.2%) were found to be the most abundant cannabinoids.Various monoterpenes (α-Pinene, Camphene, β-Myrecene and D-Limonene) and sesquiterpenes (β-Caryophyllene, α-Bergamotene, α-Humelene, Humulene epoxide II, and Caryophyllene oxide) were identified in the extract. Results showed that COE markedly suppressed the release of TNF-α in LPS-stimulated rat monocytes. Western blot analysis revealed that COE significantly inhibited LPS-induced COX-2 and i-NOS protein expressions and blocked the phosphorylation of MAPKs, specifically that of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK), c-Jun NH2-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK. COE displayed a significant inhibition of paw edema in both rat models. Histopathological examination revealed that COE reduced inflammation and edema in chronic paw edema model.The current findings demonstrate that COE possesses remarkable in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activities which support the traditional use of the Lebanese cannabis oil extract in the treatment of various inflammatory diseases including arthritis.
Keywords	Cannabis sativa ; Western blotting ; anti-inflammatory activity ; arthritis ; camphene ; cannabidiol ; diabetes ; edema ; ethanol ; histopathology ; humulene ; inflammation ; limonene ; mitogen-activated protein kinase ; monocytes ; oils ; phosphorylation ; phytochemicals ; rats ; tetrahydrocannabinol ; traditional medicine ; Lebanon
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-0424
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	134511-4
ISSN	1872-7573 ; 0378-8741
ISSN (online)	1872-7573
ISSN	0378-8741
DOI	10.1016/j.jep.2020.113743
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: SARS-CoV-2-mediated liver injury: pathophysiology and mechanisms of disease.

Choaib, Ali / Issa, Elio / El Choueiry, Francesca / Eldin, Jade Nasser / Shbaklo, Khodor / Alhajj, Maryline / Sawaya, Ramy Touma / Assi, Ghaith / Nader, Moni / Chatila, Rajaa / Faour, Wissam H

Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.

2022 Volume 72, Issue 2, Page(s) 301–312

Abstract: Background: SARS-CoV-2-induced severe inflammatory response can be associated with severe medical consequences leading to multi-organ failure, including the liver. The main mechanism behind this assault is the aggressive cytokine storm that induces ... ...

Abstract	Background: SARS-CoV-2-induced severe inflammatory response can be associated with severe medical consequences leading to multi-organ failure, including the liver. The main mechanism behind this assault is the aggressive cytokine storm that induces cytotoxicity in various organs. Of interest, hepatic stellate cells (HSC) respond acutely to liver injury through several molecular mechanisms, hence furthering the perpetuation of the cytokine storm and its resultant tissue damage. In addition, hepatocytes undergo apoptosis or necrosis resulting in the release of pro-inflammatory and pro-fibrogenic mediators that lead to chronic liver inflammation. Aims: The aim of this review is to summarize available data on SARS-CoV-2-induced liver inflammation in addition to evaluate the potential effect of anti-inflammatory drugs in attenuating SARS-CoV-2-induced liver inflammation. Methods: Thorough PubMed search was done to gather and summarize published data on SARS-CoV-2-induced liver inflammation. Additionally, various anti-inflammatory potential treatments were also documented. Results: Published data documented SARS-CoV-2 infection of liver tissues and is prominent in most liver cells. Also, histological analysis showed various features of tissues damage, e.g., hepatocellular necrosis, mitosis, cellular infiltration, and fatty degeneration in addition to microvesicular steatosis and inflammation. Finally, the efficacy of the different drugs used to treat SARS-CoV-2-induced liver injury, in particular the anti-inflammatory remedies, are likely to have some beneficial effect to treat liver injury in COVID-19. Conclusion: SARS-CoV-2-induced liver inflammation is a serious condition, and drugs with potent anti-inflammatory effect can play a major role in preventing irreversible liver damage in COVID-19.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; SARS-CoV-2 ; COVID-19 ; Cytokine Release Syndrome ; Inflammation ; Liver Diseases ; Anti-Inflammatory Agents/therapeutic use ; Necrosis
Chemical Substances	Anti-Inflammatory Agents
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-12-20
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1221794-3
ISSN	1420-908X ; 1023-3830
ISSN (online)	1420-908X
ISSN	1023-3830
DOI	10.1007/s00011-022-01683-y
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