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Article ; Online: Measurement and Decomposition of Socioeconomic Inequality in Metabolic Syndrome

Moslem Soofi / Farid Najafi / Shahin Soltani / Behzad Karamimatin

Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health, Vol 56, Iss 1, Pp 50-

A Cross-sectional Analysis of the RaNCD Cohort Study in the West of Iran

2023 Volume 58

Abstract: Objectives Socioeconomic inequality in metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains poorly understood in Iran. The present study examined the extent of the socioeconomic inequalities in MetS and quantified the contribution of its determinants to explain the ... ...

Abstract	Objectives Socioeconomic inequality in metabolic syndrome (MetS) remains poorly understood in Iran. The present study examined the extent of the socioeconomic inequalities in MetS and quantified the contribution of its determinants to explain the observed inequality, with a focus on middle-aged adults in Iran. Methods This cross-sectional study used data from the Ravansar Non-Communicable Disease cohort study. A sample of 9975 middle-aged adults aged 35-65 years was analyzed. MetS was assessed based on the International Diabetes Federation definition. Principal component analysis was used to construct socioeconomic status (SES). The Wagstaff normalized concentration index (CIn) was employed to measure the magnitude of socioeconomic inequalities in MetS. Decomposition analysis was performed to identify and calculate the contribution of the MetS inequality determinants. Results The proportion of MetS in the sample was 41.1%. The CIn of having MetS was 0.043 (95% confidence interval, 0.020 to 0.066), indicating that MetS was more concentrated among individuals with high SES. The main contributors to the observed inequality in MetS were SES (72.0%), residence (rural or urban, 46.9%), and physical activity (31.5%). Conclusions Our findings indicated a pro-poor inequality in MetS among Iranian middle-aged adults. These results highlight the importance of persuading middle-aged adults to be physically active, particularly those in an urban setting. In addition to targeting physically inactive individuals and those with low levels of education, policy interventions aimed at mitigating socioeconomic inequality in MetS should increase the focus on high-SES individuals and the urban population.
Keywords	metabolic syndrome ; socioeconomic inequality ; health inequalities ; decomposition analysis ; ravansar non-communicable disease ; Medicine ; R ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	338
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Korean Society for Preventive Medicine
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Willingness to pay for a COVID-19 vaccine and its associated determinants in Iran

Moslem Soofi / Gerjo Kok / Shahin Soltani / Ali Kazemi-Karyani / Farid Najafi / Behzad Karamimatin

Frontiers in Public Health, Vol

2023 Volume 11

Abstract: IntroductionUnderstanding the individuals' willingness to pay (WTP) for the COVID-19 vaccine could help design policy interventions to control the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to estimate the individuals' willingness to pay (WTP) for a COVID-19 ... ...

Abstract	IntroductionUnderstanding the individuals' willingness to pay (WTP) for the COVID-19 vaccine could help design policy interventions to control the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aimed to estimate the individuals' willingness to pay (WTP) for a COVID-19 vaccine and to identify its associated determinants.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted on 526 Iranian adults using a web-based questionnaire. A double-bounded contingent valuation approach was used to estimate WTP for the COVID-19 vaccine. The parameters of the model were estimated based on the maximum likelihood method.ResultsA considerable proportion of participants (90.87%) were willing to pay for a COVID-19 vaccine. Based on our discrete choice model, the estimated mean WTP for a COVID-19 vaccine was US$ 60.13 (CI: 56.80–63.46; p < 0.01). Having a higher perceived risk of being contaminated with COVID-19, higher average monthly income, higher education level, pre-existence of chronic diseases, previous experience of vaccination, and belonging to higher age groups were significant determinants associated with WTP for COVID-19 vaccination.ConclusionThe present study indicates a relatively high WTP and acceptance of a COVID-19 vaccine among the Iranian population. Average monthly income, risk perception, education level, the preexistence of chronic disease, and previous vaccination experience increased the likelihood of WTP for a vaccine. Subsidizing the COVID-19 vaccine for the low-income population and raising risk perception among the population should be considered in formulating vaccine-related interventions.
Keywords	willingness to pay ; COVID-19 vaccine ; contingent valuation method ; Iran ; valuation in health ; vaccine preferences ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	336
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Population size estimation of female sex workers using network scale-up method in Kermanshah city

Lida Olfati / Roya Safari-Faramani / Farid Najafi / Mehdi Moradi Nazar / Ebrahim Shakiba

BMC Public Health, Vol 23, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2023 Volume 6

Abstract: Abstract Background Appropriate estimate of size of the female sex workers as well as the other hard-to-reach-populations plays a crucial role in reaching them with effective preventive measures. This study aimed to estimate the population size of female ...

Abstract	Abstract Background Appropriate estimate of size of the female sex workers as well as the other hard-to-reach-populations plays a crucial role in reaching them with effective preventive measures. This study aimed to estimate the population size of female sex workers in Kermanshah City using the network scale-up method. Method In this cross-sectional study, of the 1000 pedestrians aged between 18 and 65 years, selected from the population of Kermanshah City via a multistage sampling, were recruited in the study. Face-to-face interview using a questionnaire including the number of FSWs in the social network of the respondent was used to collect the data. Results The overall estimated number of female sex workers in the general population was 4848(UI 95%: 4597, 5074). Accordingly, the prevalence of FSWs among women 18 years and older in Kermanshah in 2018 was about 11.92 (UI 95%: 11.30, 12.47) in one thousand. More than half of the female sex workers in the respondent’s social network were unmarried and were in the age range of 18 to 29, and had a high school or university degree. Among high-risk behaviors, a history of alcohol consumption accounted for the highest percentage. Conclusion The number of female sex workers estimated in this study is considerable, which highlights the importance of planning harm reduction interventions in order to alleviate the burden of HIV infection in the population.
Keywords	Female sex workers (FSWs) ; Network scale-up ; Population size estimation ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The Effect of Individual Time Preferences on Smoking Behavior

Moslem SOOFI / Ali AKBARI SARI / Farid NAJAFI

Iranian Journal of Public Health, Vol 49, Iss

Insights from Behavioral Economics

2020 Volume 9

Abstract: Background: We aimed to explore the correlation between the time and risk preferences and the smoking behavior of adult population in western Iran. Methods: Overall, 792 individuals with the age of 35 to 65 yr participating in an ongoing national cohort ... ...

Abstract	Background: We aimed to explore the correlation between the time and risk preferences and the smoking behavior of adult population in western Iran. Methods: Overall, 792 individuals with the age of 35 to 65 yr participating in an ongoing national cohort study (Persian Cohort) were approached to complete a pre-structured questionnaire in 2017. Time preferences were measured using a standard choice-based method. The individuals' discount rates were identified by questions that offered binary monetary choices on immediate future and distant future, by making trade-offs between them. Probit regression model was used to investigate the relationship between time preferences and smoking when controlling for demographic and socioeconomic variables. Results: Time and risk preferences had statistically significant direct correlations with smoking. A unit increase in discount rate was associated with a 4.4% percentage point increase in the likelihood of being smoker. A present-biased individual had 5.7% percentage points lower likelihood of being smoker. Moreover, a unit increase in willingness to take the risk increased the likelihood of being a smoker by 1.5% percentage points. Conclusion: Time and risk preferences are important determinants of smoking behavior. These factors should be considered in designing effective prevention and control programs. Policies that increase the immediate costs of cigarette smoking or the immediate benefits of smoking cessation are likely to have a greater impact on reducing the prevalence of cigarette smoking.
Keywords	Smoking ; Time preferences ; Discount rate ; Present bias ; Behavioral economics ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	336
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Disability-adjusted life years and mortality rate attributed to unsafe sex and drug use for AIDS in the Middle East and North Africa countries

Farid Najafi / Fatemeh Khosravi / Mojtaba Ghalandari / Mitra Darbandi

Archives of Public Health, Vol 78, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2020 Volume 12

Abstract: Abstract Background The Middle East and North Africa, is one of few regions where the number of new human immunodeficiency virus infections is increasing. The present study aimed to estimate the attributable burden of unsafe sex and drug use in Acquired ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background The Middle East and North Africa, is one of few regions where the number of new human immunodeficiency virus infections is increasing. The present study aimed to estimate the attributable burden of unsafe sex and drug use in Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the Middle East and North Africa countries. Methods We used the Global Burden of Disease data 2017 to estimate the attributable mortality and disability-adjusted life-years to unsafe sex and drug use in Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in the Middle East and North Africa countries (21 countries) from 1990 to 2017 by region, sex and age. The percent change was calculated at three time points by country and sex. Results The rate of Disability-adjusted life years/100,000 attributed to drug use for Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome increased 1.10 (95% CI: 0.75–1.71) to 13.39 (95% CI: 9.98–18.17) in women of Middle East and North Africa countries from 1990 to 2017, and there is an increasing trend in Disability-adjusted life years attributable to drug use for Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in men. The rate of Disability-adjusted life years/100,000 attributed to unsafe sex for Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome increased in women of Middle East and North Africa countries, 5.15 (95% CI: 3.34–8.07) to 53.44 (95% CI: 38.79–75.89); and 10.06 (95% CI: 6.61–16.18) to 46.16 (95% CI: 31.30–72.66) in men. Age-standardized mortality rate attributed to drug use and unsafe sex for Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome increased from 1990 to 2017 in both sex in Middle East and North Africa countries. Conclusion The rate of Disability-adjusted life years /100,000 and age-standardized mortality rate attributed to unsafe sex and drug use increased in Middle East and North Africa from 1990 to 2017. While most of such countries have traditional cultures with religious believes, such increase need to be addressed in more depth by all policy makers.
Keywords	Global burden of disease ; Mortality ; Unsafe sex ; Human immunodeficiency virus ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	390
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The prevalence of people who inject drugs among those with HIV late presentation

Negin Farhadian / Behzad Karami Matin / Vahid Farnia / Mohammad Hossein Zamanian / Farid Najafi / Maryam Farhadian

Substance Abuse Treatment, Prevention, and Policy, Vol 17, Iss 1, Pp 1-

a meta-analysis

2022 Volume 7

Abstract: Abstract Background One of the most important routes of HIV transmission is through injections of drugs, and this group, due to unawareness of their infection, causes the spread of HIV. The coexistence of other opportunistic infections and diseases with ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background One of the most important routes of HIV transmission is through injections of drugs, and this group, due to unawareness of their infection, causes the spread of HIV. The coexistence of other opportunistic infections and diseases with HIV among people who inject drugs (PWID) imposes healthcare costs and is associated with high morbidity/mortality rates. Early detection of HIV among PWID is essential to prevent and control the spread of the disease. Objectives This study aimed to determine the prevalence of PWID among those with late presentation (LP). Methods Three electronic databases of PubMed, Scopus, and Web of science were searched using appropriate keywords. Besides the prevalence data reported for PWID among LP, the other outcomes of interest were LP defined as having CD4 count < 350 cells/μL or HIV or advanced disease defined with CD4 count < 200 cells/μL or HIV at the time of diagnosis. Results Of the 160 studies found, only eight met the inclusion criteria. Among those presented late, 36.5% were PWID (95% CI = 24.88–48.17). Compared with men who have sex with men (MSM), HIV-infected PWID had a higher risk of LP [OR = 1.51; 95% CI = 0.96–2.06]. Conclusion The results of this study show that HIV is diagnosed late in the majority of PWID when CD4 is less than 350 cells/μL. Targeted interventions/strategies are highly required to reduce LP among HIV-infected PWID.
Keywords	Late presentation ; People who inject drugs ; HIV ; Transmission ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270 ; Social pathology. Social and public welfare. Criminology ; HV1-9960
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Association of Obesity, Sarcopenia, and Sarcopenic Obesity With Hypertension in Adults

Yahya Pasdar / Mitra Darbandi / Shahab Rezaeian / Farid Najafi / Behrooz Hamzeh / Amir Bagheri

Frontiers in Public Health, Vol

A Cross-Sectional Study From Ravansar, Iran During 2014–2017

2022 Volume 9

Abstract: Background and AimsHypertension may lead to disability and death by increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, and dementia. This study aimed to determine the association between obesity, sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity, and ... ...

Abstract	Background and AimsHypertension may lead to disability and death by increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease, kidney failure, and dementia. This study aimed to determine the association between obesity, sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity, and hypertension in adults resident in Ravansar, a city in the west of Iran.MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on 4,021 subjects from the baseline data of the Ravansar Non-Communicable Disease (RaNCD) cohort study, in the west region of Iran, from October 2014 up to February 2017. Body composition was categorized into obese, sarcopenia, sarcopenic obese, and normal based on measurements of muscle strength, skeletal muscle mass, and waist circumference. Univariate and multiple logistic regression models were used to examine the relationships, using the STATA 15 software.ResultsThe mean age of the participant was 47.9 years (SD: 8.4), the body mass index (BMI) was 26.84 kg/m2 (SD: 4.44), and the prevalence of hypertension was 15.12%. The prevalence of obesity, sarcopenia, and sarcopenic obesity were 24.37, 22.01, and 6.91%, respectively. Body composition groups had significant differences in age, total calorie intake, BMI, skeletal muscle mass, and muscle strength (P-value ≤ 0.001). In crude model, the obese (OR = 2.64; 95% CI: 2.11–3.30), sarcopenic (OR = 2.45; 95% CI: 1.94–3.08), and sarcopenic obese (OR = 3.83; 95% CI: 2.81–5.22) groups had a higher odds of hypertension. However, in adjusted models, only the obese group had a higher likelihood of hypertension (OR = 2.18; 95% CI: 1.70–2.80).ConclusionThis study showed that obesity was associated with hypertension, whereas sarcopenia and sarcopenic obesity had no significant relationship with hypertension.
Keywords	sarcopenia ; obesity ; sarcopenic obesity ; body composition ; hypertension ; blood pressure ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	796
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Major dietary patterns and dietary inflammatory index in relation to dyslipidemia using cross-sectional results from the RaNCD cohort study

Yahya Pasdar / Fardin Moradi / Sahar Cheshmeh / Mohammad Sedighi / Amir Saber / Shima Moradi / Mitra Bonyani / Farid Najafi

Scientific Reports, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2023 Volume 10

Abstract: Abstract Dyslipidemia can increase the risk of heart attack and stroke due to the restriction of blood flow through the blood vessels. Dietary modification is an appropriate approach to reducing this phenomenon. This cross-sectional study aimed to ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Dyslipidemia can increase the risk of heart attack and stroke due to the restriction of blood flow through the blood vessels. Dietary modification is an appropriate approach to reducing this phenomenon. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate major dietary patterns and the dietary inflammatory index (DII) in relation to dyslipidemia. 5954 participants in the Ravansar non-communicable diseases (RaNCD) cohort study were eligible for this study. Dyslipidemia was diagnosed based on the lipid profile under consideration of the RaNCD physician. Dietary patterns were assessed by principal component analysis. The three identified dietary patterns included (1) plant-based pattern; (2) high protein and sugar pattern; and (3) energy-dense dense pattern. DII was also calculated based on the dietary information from a validated semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ). We found that higher adherence to DII was significantly associated with increased odds of dyslipidemia after adjusting for age, sex, and physical activity (OR: 1.24; CI 95% 1.09–1.42). Additionally, higher adherence to the high protein and sugar diet and an energy-dense diet was significantly associated with higher odds for dyslipidemia (OR: 1.31; CI 95% 1.16–1.49) and (OR: 1.28; CI 95% 1.12–1.46). Nevertheless, according to our results, following plant-based diet had no association with dyslipidemia in both crude and adjusted models. Our findings revealed that greater adherence to DII, a high-protein, high-sugar diet, and an energy-dense diet can have undesirable effects on dyslipidemia.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Factors Related to Infection and Hospitalization of Covid-19, Results of the Participants of the Ravansar Non-Communicable Diseases Cohort Study in Kermanshah Province

Maryam Aghajarinezhad / Yahya Salimi / Shahab Rezaeian / Ghobad Moradi / Mehdi Moradinazar / Fatemeh Khosravi Shadmani / Roya Safari_ Faramani / Mitra Darbandi / Farid Najafi

پیاورد سلامت, Vol 17, Iss 2, Pp 158-

2023 Volume 173

Abstract: Background and Aim: All people living in a society are not equally at risk of COVID-19 infection and hospitalization. The current study is aimed to determine the factors related to COVID-19 infection and hospitalization among participants of Ravansar Non- ...

Abstract	Background and Aim: All people living in a society are not equally at risk of COVID-19 infection and hospitalization. The current study is aimed to determine the factors related to COVID-19 infection and hospitalization among participants of Ravansar Non-Communicable Disease (RaNCD) cohort study. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted between 28th February, 2020 to 27th November, 2021. Data from the RaNCD study, morbidity and hospitalizations cases (extracted from the medical care monitoring system, SAMA system and the handwritten list of the health department) and positive serological results were used. For the case-cohort study, 626 confirmed and/or probable cases and 2107 randomly selected participants as sub-cohort were recruited. For the case-control study, 188 COVID-19 hospitalized patients from RaNCD (as cases) and 632 positive outpatients identified as controls. Data were analyzed using Cox and logistic regression, respectively. Results: In case-cohort study, the hazard ratio of COVID-19 among people living in rural areas, in smokers and those in middle socioeconomic status was, 0.37 (0.24, 0.58), 1.50 (1.07, 2.11), as compared to the reference groups. While the hazard ratio of people aged 46-64 and those ≥65 years old, as compared to the reference group within the first year, was 3.47 (1.76, 6.86) and 6.45 (2.80, 14.85), the corresponding value after one year was 2.23 (1.13, 4.40) and 3.52 (1.53, 8.10), respectively. The hazard ratio among those with at least one comorbidity was 2.45 (1.53, 3.92) in the first year of study and after one year decreased to 1.82 (1.14, 2.92). In addition, moderate and vigorous physical activity decreased the hazard ratio. In case-control study the odds ratio of hospitalization increased by 0.03% (1.03(1.01, 1.05)) with an increase of one year in age and in people with at least three comorbidities was 2.43 (1.24, 4.73) times of those without comorbidity. Conclusion: Overall, one year after starting the study the decrease in hazard ratio of COVID-19 was ...
Keywords	case-cohort ; case-control ; hospitalization ; extended cox regression ; covid-19 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	616 ; 360
Language	Persian
Publishing date	2023-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Tehran University of Medical Sciences
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A prospective cohort study on the association between dietary fatty acids intake and risk of hypertension incident

Ebrahim Shakiba / Farid Najafi / Yahya Pasdar / Mehdi Moradinazar / Jafar Navabi / Mohammad Hossein Shakiba / Amir Bagheri

Scientific Reports, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2023 Volume 9

Abstract: Abstract There are inconclusive results available on the association between dietary fatty acid intake and the risk of hypertension (HTN) incident. In this study, we investigate the relationship between baseline dietary fatty acids intake including ... ...

Abstract	Abstract There are inconclusive results available on the association between dietary fatty acid intake and the risk of hypertension (HTN) incident. In this study, we investigate the relationship between baseline dietary fatty acids intake including polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA), trans fatty acids (TFA), monounsaturated fatty acid (MUFA), and saturated fatty acid (SFA), and the risk of first incidence hypertension. The current prospective cohort study was carried out from the Ravansar Non-Communicable Diseases (RaNCD) cohort. A food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) with 118 items was used for the assessment of dietary data. Cox proportional hazards analyses were done to estimate hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of the highest versus lowest quartile intake of SFA, PUFA, MUFA, and SFA and risk of HTN. Out of 7359 eligible participants, 597 new cases of HTN were identified over an average of 6.4 ± 1.33 years of follow-up. No significant relationship was observed between the fourth compared to the first categories of dietary SFA (HR: 0.82, 95% CI 0.55, 1.21; P trend: 0.476), MUFA (HR: 0.71, 95% CI 0.48, 1.06; P trend: 0.252), PUFA (HR: 0.86, 95% CI 0.62, 1.19; P trend: 0.315) and TFA (HR: 0.99, 95% CI 0.76, 1.27; P trend: 0.675), and risk of HTN. However, a significant inverse association between each 1 g per day increase in dietary MUFA intake during 6.4 years of follow up and HTN incident (HR: 0.97; 95% CI 0.94, 0.99; P 0.044) was observed. In brief, our study revealed that higher dietary MUFA intake was protectively associated with HTN incident. Dietary MUFA-rich foods should be encouraged to improve blood pressure.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Nature Portfolio
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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