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Article ; Online: Social Protection and Foundational Cognitive Skills during Adolescence: Evidence from a Large Public Works Program.

Freund, Richard / Favara, Marta / Porter, Catherine / Behrman, Jere

2023 Volume 38, Issue 2, Page(s) 296–318

Abstract: Many low- and middle-income countries have introduced public works programs (PWPs) to fight poverty. This paper provides the first evidence that children from families who benefit from PWPs show increased foundational cognitive skills. The results, based ...

Abstract	Many low- and middle-income countries have introduced public works programs (PWPs) to fight poverty. This paper provides the first evidence that children from families who benefit from PWPs show increased foundational cognitive skills. The results, based on unique tablet-based data collected as part of a long-standing longitudinal survey, show positive associations between participation in the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) in Ethiopia during childhood with long-term memory and implicit learning, and suggestive evidence for working memory. These associations appear to be strongest for children whose households were still PSNP participants in the year of data collection. Evidence suggests that the association with implicit learning may be operating partially through children's time reallocation away from unpaid labor responsibilities, while the association with long-term memory may in part be due to the program's success in remediating nutritional deficits caused by early-life rainfall shocks.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-11-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2020807-8
ISSN	1564-698X ; 0258-6770
ISSN (online)	1564-698X
ISSN	0258-6770
DOI	10.1093/wber/lhad035
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: Does early nutrition predict cognitive skills during later childhood? Evidence from two developing countries.

Sánchez, Alan / Favara, Marta / Sheridan, Margaret / Behrman, Jere

World development

2023 Volume 176

Abstract: The existing evidence linking early undernutrition to educational outcomes in developing countries is largely focused on assessing its impacts on grade attainment and achievement test scores, with limited evidence on the foundational cognitive skills ... ...

Abstract	The existing evidence linking early undernutrition to educational outcomes in developing countries is largely focused on assessing its impacts on grade attainment and achievement test scores, with limited evidence on the foundational cognitive skills required to perform well at school. We use unique data collected in Ethiopia and Peru as part of the Young Lives Study to investigate the relationship between early undernutrition and four foundational cognitive skills measured later in childhood, the first two of which measure executive functioning: working memory, inhibitory control, long-term memory, and implicit learning. We exploit the rich longitudinal data available to control for potential confounders at the household and individual level and for time-invariant community characteristics. We also take advantage of the availability of data for paired-siblings to obtain household fixed-effects estimates. In the latter specification, we find robust evidence that stunting at ~ age 5 is negatively related with executive functions measured years later, predicting reductions in working memory and inhibitory control by 12.6% and 5.8% of a standard deviation. Although the main cohort of Young Lives was around 12 years old when executive functions were measured, complementary results and analysis of the data available for the younger siblings suggest that the impact of stunting on executive functions-specifically, on working memory-starts at an earlier age. Our results shed light on the mechanisms that explain the relationship between early nutrition and school achievement tests suggesting that good nutrition is an important determinant of children's learning capacities.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-12-16
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1500836-8
ISSN	0305-750X
ISSN	0305-750X
DOI	10.1016/j.worlddev.2023.106480
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Book ; Article ; Online: What If It Never Happened? Subjective Treatment Effects of a Negative Shock on Youth Labour Market Outcomes in Developing Countries

Favara, Marta / Freund, Richard / Perez-Alvarez, Marcello

2023

Abstract: This paper examines the subjective treatment effects of a negative shock created by the COVID-19 pandemic on the labour market outcomes of young adults in India, Peru, and Vietnam. We leverage subjective counterfactual outcomes at the individual-level ... ...

Abstract	This paper examines the subjective treatment effects of a negative shock created by the COVID-19 pandemic on the labour market outcomes of young adults in India, Peru, and Vietnam. We leverage subjective counterfactual outcomes at the individual-level that were purposely collected from over 7,000 individuals to this aim. Our findings suggest that the shock denied employment opportunities and reduced earnings. On average, the pandemic reduced monthly earnings by 19.4% and employment levels by 17.5% in our three-country-sample. Country-specific magnitudes are lowest for India and highest for Vietnam. However, these average effects belie that a substantial proportion of individuals, particularly those from disadvantaged backgrounds, are pushed into employment by the pandemic. This frequently comes at the expense of their education, hinting at youth labour acting as a buffer against transitory shocks. According to our findings, the perceived effects of the pandemic on labour market outcomes carry important implications for young people's well-being and behaviour. Individuals who are denied employment display significantly higher rates of anxiety, lower rates of COVID-19 vaccination, and lower desired fertility.
Keywords	ddc:330 ; J21 ; J11 ; C21 ; C83 ; D84 ; subjective treatment effects ; labour market ; COVID-19 ; youth ; developing countries
Subject code	331
Language	English
Publisher	Bonn: Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The evolution of young people's mental health during COVID-19 and the role of food insecurity: Evidence from a four low-and-middle-income-country cohort study.

Porter, Catherine / Hittmeyer, Annina / Favara, Marta / Scott, Douglas / Sánchez, Alan

Public health in practice (Oxford, England)

2022 Volume 3, Page(s) 100232

Abstract: Objectives: Provide evidence on how young people's mental health has evolved in Low-and-Middle-Income-Countries (LMICs) during the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic. Identify particularly vulnerable groups who report high and/or continuously high ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: Provide evidence on how young people's mental health has evolved in Low-and-Middle-Income-Countries (LMICs) during the progression of the COVID-19 pandemic. Identify particularly vulnerable groups who report high and/or continuously high rates of mental health issues. Study design: Longitudinal, observational. Methods: Two consecutive phone-surveys (August-October and November-December 2020) in Ethiopia, India, Peru and Vietnam interviewed around 9000 participants of a 20-year cohort study who grew up in poverty, now aged 19 and 26. Rates of at least mild anxiety/depression measured by GAD-7/PHQ-8 were each compared across countries; between males/females, and food secure/food insecure households. Results: Overall, rates of at least mild anxiety and mild depression significantly decreased between mid and end-2020 in all countries but Ethiopia as COVID-19 infection rates fell. Females report higher rates of anxiety and depression in all countries but Ethiopia, however the gender gap is closing. Young people in food insecure households have not shown consistent improvements in their rates of anxiety and depression. Food insecure households are poorer, and have significantly more children (p < 0.05) except in Ethiopia. Conclusion: Food insecurity is negatively associated with young people's mental health and urgent support targeted towards the most vulnerable should be a priority. Further research into increasing rates of mental health issues in Ethiopia is needed.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2666-5352
ISSN (online)	2666-5352
DOI	10.1016/j.puhip.2022.100232
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article: The impact of COVID-19 lockdowns on physical domestic violence: Evidence from a list randomization experiment.

Porter, Catherine / Favara, Marta / Sánchez, Alan / Scott, Douglas

SSM - population health

2021 Volume 14, Page(s) 100792

Abstract: We quantify the increase in physical domestic violence (family or intimate partner violence) experienced by young people aged 18-26 during the 2020 COVID-19 lockdowns in Peru. To do this we use an indirect methodology, the double list randomization ... ...

Abstract	We quantify the increase in physical domestic violence (family or intimate partner violence) experienced by young people aged 18-26 during the 2020 COVID-19 lockdowns in Peru. To do this we use an indirect methodology, the double list randomization experiment. The list experiment was embedded in a telephone survey to participants of the Young Lives study, a long-standing cohort survey. We find that 8.3% of the sample experienced an increase in physical violence within their households during the lockdown period. Those who had already reported experiencing domestic violence in the last round of (in-person) data collection in 2016 are more likely to have experienced increased physical violence during the COVID-19 lockdown, with 23.6% reporting an increase during this time. The reported increase in violence does not differ significantly by gender. List experiments, if carefully conducted, may be a relatively cheap and feasible way to elicit information about sensitive issues during a phone survey.
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-04-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2352-8273
ISSN	2352-8273
DOI	10.1016/j.ssmph.2021.100792
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Article ; Online: The origins of cognitive skills and non-cognitive skills: The long-term effect of in-utero rainfall shocks in India.

Chang, Grace / Favara, Marta / Novella, Rafael

Economics and human biology

2021 Volume 44, Page(s) 101089

Abstract: Skills are an important predictor of labour, education, and wellbeing outcomes. Understanding the origins of skills formation is important for reducing future inequalities. This paper analyses the effect of shocks in-utero on human capital outcomes in ... ...

Abstract	Skills are an important predictor of labour, education, and wellbeing outcomes. Understanding the origins of skills formation is important for reducing future inequalities. This paper analyses the effect of shocks in-utero on human capital outcomes in childhood and adolescence in India. Combining historical rainfall data and longitudinal data from Young Lives, we estimate the effect of rainfall shocks in-utero on cognitive and non-cognitive skills development over the first 15 years of life. We find negative effects of rainfall shocks on receptive vocabulary at age 5, and on mathematics and non-cognitive skills at age 15. The negative effects on cognitive skills are driven by boys, while the effect for both cognitive and non-cognitive skills are driven by children of parents with lower education, suggesting that prenatal shocks might exacerbate pre-existing inequalities. Our findings support the implementation of policies aiming at reducing inequalities at very early stages in life.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Cognition ; Educational Status ; Female ; Humans ; India/epidemiology ; Male ; Pregnancy ; Vocabulary
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-12-02
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2099749-8
ISSN	1873-6130 ; 1570-677X
ISSN (online)	1873-6130
ISSN	1570-677X
DOI	10.1016/j.ehb.2021.101089
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Book ; Online: Is self-esteem a "double edged sword"?

Favara, Marta

self-esteem and the onset of adolescent sexual activity

(Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 7171)

2013

Abstract: Self-esteem has been conceptualized as a "social vaccine". The belief is that high self-esteem can inoculate young people, against vulnerability to a wide range of social illnesses. This study gives a contribution in the understanding of the causal ... ...

Author's details	Marta Favara
Series title	Discussion paper series / Forschungsinstitut zur Zukunft der Arbeit ; 7171
Abstract	Self-esteem has been conceptualized as a "social vaccine". The belief is that high self-esteem can inoculate young people, against vulnerability to a wide range of social illnesses. This study gives a contribution in the understanding of the causal relation between self-esteem and sexual behaviour among American adolescents. I analyzes the impact of different levels of early self-esteem on a wide set of risky sexual behaviours. I use data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent Health and I take into account the endogeneity of self-esteem using instrumental variables methods and measuring self-esteem before sexual initiation. I find that self-esteem over a certain threshold' is a protective resource for girls, delaying the onset of sexual activity, reducing the number of occasional sexual partners and increasing the likelihood of having protected sexual encounters. -- self-esteem adolescent's sexual behaviour Add Health instrumental variable model
Keywords	Persönlichkeitspsychologie ; Sexualität ; Gesundheitsrisiko ; USA
Language	English
Size	Online-Ressource, graph. Darst.
Publisher	IZA
Publishing place	Bonn
Document type	Book ; Online
Note	IMD-Felder maschinell generiert
Database	ECONomics Information System

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Book ; Article ; Online: Expecting Better? How Young People Form Their Earnings Expectations

Favara, Marta / Glewwe, Paul / Porter, Catherine / Sanchez, Alan

2021

Abstract: Education choices are made based on the expected returns to schooling. If individuals are badly informed, they may make inefficient choices. We directly elicit young people's subjective expectations at the age of 14-15 about earnings under different ... ...

Abstract	Education choices are made based on the expected returns to schooling. If individuals are badly informed, they may make inefficient choices. We directly elicit young people's subjective expectations at the age of 14-15 about earnings under different educational scenarios and find these predict university enrolment by the age of 18-19. Females expect lower earnings than males, likely anticipating the reality of the labour market. Living in a poorer household, weaker numeric skills and lower self-efficacy are also associated with lower expected returns to education. Comparing expectations with the actual earnings from a nationally representative sample of individuals matched by sex, region and place of residence, we find that expectations for earnings upon completing secondary education closely match observed earnings, while there is a tendency to overestimate the returns to completing a university degree. These results hold for both males and females although with considerable variation across regions and population subgroups.
Keywords	ddc:330 ; I2 ; J22 ; J24 ; subjective expectations ; earning realizations ; Young Lives ; Peru
Subject code	331
Language	English
Publisher	Bonn: Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Article ; Online: Social Protection and Foundational Cognitive Skills during Adolescence

Freund, Richard / Favara, Marta / Porter, Catherine / Behrman, Jere R.

Evidence from a Large Public Works Programme

2022

Abstract: Many low- and middle-income countries have introduced Public Works Programmes (PWPs) to fight poverty. PWPs provide temporary cash-for-work opportunities to boost poor households' incomes and to provide better infrastructure to local communities. While ... ...

Abstract	Many low- and middle-income countries have introduced Public Works Programmes (PWPs) to fight poverty. PWPs provide temporary cash-for-work opportunities to boost poor households' incomes and to provide better infrastructure to local communities. While PWPs do not target children directly, the increased demand for adult labour may affect children's development through increasing households' incomes and changing household members' time uses. This paper expands on a multidimensional literature showing the relationship between early life circumstances and learning outcomes and provides the first evidence that children from families who benefit from PWPs show increased foundational cognitive skills (FCS). We focus on four child FCS: inhibitory control, working memory, long-term memory, and implicit learning. Our results, based on unique tablet-based data collected as part of a 20- year longitudinal survey, show positive associations of family participation in the Productive Safety Net Programme (PSNP) in Ethiopia during childhood on long-term memory and implicit learning, with weaker evidence for working memory. These associations appear to be strongest for children whose households were still PSNP participants in the year of data collection. We find suggestive evidence that, the association with implicit learning may be operating through children's time reallocation away from unpaid labour responsibilities, while the association with long-term memory may be due to the programme's success in remediating nutritional deficits caused by early life rainfall shocks. Our results suggest that policy interventions such as PWPs may be able to mitigate the effects of early poverty on cognitive skills formation and thereby improve children's potential future outcomes.
Keywords	ddc:330 ; J24 ; I2 ; I1 ; foundational cognitive skills ; Ethiopia ; public works programmes ; PSNP ; skills development
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publisher	Bonn: Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Book ; Article ; Online: Stratification of Returns to Higher Education in Peru

Sanchez, Alan / Favara, Marta / Porter, Catherine

The Role of Education Quality and Major Choices

2021

Abstract: In the last two decades, access to higher education has increased substantially in Latin America. The quantity of new programs available has created concerns about education quality, which has implications for the labor market. We use rich longitudinal ... ...

Abstract	In the last two decades, access to higher education has increased substantially in Latin America. The quantity of new programs available has created concerns about education quality, which has implications for the labor market. We use rich longitudinal data from a Peruvian cohort tracked from ages 8 to 26 (the Young Lives study) to analyze the profile of students enrolled in different 'types' of higher education, and to explore the returns to higher education before and during the COVID-19 crisis. We find evidence of stratification at higher education level: (a) students from the wealthiest households tend to enroll in universities (as opposed to technical institutes), and choose majors and institutions with the highest income rewards; (b) students with higher levels of cognitive skills and socio-emotional competencies tend to attend better quality universities; (c) there are hidden gender gaps: females are more likely to enroll in majors that are the least rewarded in the labor market. In the 2020 labor market, by age 26 we find that: (d) pre-COVID, positive returns to higher education are only observable for those that attended better quality universities; (e) during the pandemic, higher education became a protective factor, with the income premium being higher for everyone that attended this education level; (f) the male income premium doubled during the pandemic.
Keywords	ddc:330 ; I2 ; I23 ; I26 ; higher education ; returns to higher education ; COVID-19 ; Young Lives ; Peru
Subject code	331
Language	English
Publisher	Bonn: Institute of Labor Economics (IZA)
Publishing country	de
Document type	Book ; Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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