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Article ; Online: The Paradox of Ethiopia’s Underdevelopment

Feyera Senbeta

PanAfrican Journal of Governance and Development, Vol 2, Iss 1, Pp 3-

Endogenous Factors in Retrospect

2021 Volume 30

Abstract: Ethiopia is a country of diverse historical, cultural, geographical, archeological, and ecological resources and is well known as the cradle of humanity. It is also the tenth-largest country in Africa and endowed with vast land and water resources. This ... ...

Abstract	Ethiopia is a country of diverse historical, cultural, geographical, archeological, and ecological resources and is well known as the cradle of humanity. It is also the tenth-largest country in Africa and endowed with vast land and water resources. This country was unable to translate these potential resources into positive development outcomes. This paper examines the historical perspective of Ethiopia’s underdevelopment mystery under the last three regimes (i.e., Haile Selassie (Imperial), Derg, and the Ethiopian People’s Revolutionary Democratic Front (EPRDF)). Qualitative approaches mainly interview, discussion, document analysis, and personal experiences were employed in generating relevant data that were analyzed and presented thematically. The results show that Ethiopia ranked the least in many global human development indexes such as Human Development Index, Corruption Index, and Global Hunger Index in the last decade. The underlying historical development challenges include political instability, despotic leadership, corruption, dependence on foreign aid and assistance, controlled freedom of expression, lack of diversity within unity, and inconsistent development policies. Over the last three successive regimes, the state-society relationship has been characterized by conflict, disagreement, and supremacy of state which messed up available national development opportunities. If Ethiopia has to come out of poverty and underdevelopment, it needs to improve its political stability and governance. It must be governed by ‘popularly elected’ not by ‘self-elected leader’ and put in place a system of accountability for a better future and wellbeing of its population. Consistent and pro-poor policy, good working culture, and unity in diversity must be other areas of concern for future development.
Keywords	corruption ; development ; diversity ; ethiopia ; policy ; unity ; Political science ; J ; Economic growth ; planning ; HD72-88
Subject code	320
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Jimma University
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The spatial distribution and expansion of Eucalyptus in its hotspots

Amare Tesfaw / Ermias Teferi / Feyera Senbeta / Dawit Alemu

Heliyon, Vol 9, Iss 3, Pp e14393- (2023)

Implications on agricultural landscapes

2023

Abstract: Fast coppicing plantations like Eucalyptus are becoming an ever increasingly important land use system globally, including the Eucalyptus hotspot highlands of Northwestern Ethiopia. However, comprehensive information regarding species composition is ... ...

Abstract	Fast coppicing plantations like Eucalyptus are becoming an ever increasingly important land use system globally, including the Eucalyptus hotspot highlands of Northwestern Ethiopia. However, comprehensive information regarding species composition is essential for proper planning and policy decisions. The current study mapped the spatial distribution of Eucalyptus globulus (hereafter referred to as Eucalyptus) and identified the key push factors for its expansion. The study used a mapping procedure that uses Landsat imagery together with ground truth data based on supervised training of a pixel-by-pixel classification algorithm within image regions to distinguish areas of Eucalyptus plantations from other classes. High-resolution multispectral and multi-temporal remote-sensing images were combined with ground truth data to produce robust features of Eucalyptus plantation distribution maps. Heckman's Two-Stage econometric model was also employed for determining the major driving factors of Eucalyptus expansion. The results of the mapping algorithm were Eucalyptus plantation distribution maps of 30 × 30 m resolution that showed temporal changes from 1999 to 2021. The findings revealed that Eucalyptus coverage increased by 55% during the period from 1999 to 2010 and the change expressively increased to 69% in 2021 with respect to the reference period. The study also found that a number of push factors influenced the size of land planted with Eucalyptus. The developed maps showing the spatial distribution and expansion of Eucalyptus will help policymakers properly manage the ecosystems and agricultural landscapes of Eucalyptus growing areas.
Keywords	Eucalyptus ; Landsat imagery ; Remote sensing ; Species-level mapping ; Supervised classification ; Science (General) ; Q1-390 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	910
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Household determinants of continued adoption of sustainable land management measures in central Ethiopia

Taye Alemu / Degefa Tolossa / Feyera Senbeta / Tesfaye Zeleke

Heliyon, Vol 9, Iss 3, Pp e13946- (2023)

2023

Abstract: The government of Ethiopia has undertaken several projects to restore degraded farmlands using a variety of sustainable land management (SLM) techniques. One of the critical elements of the program was the rehabilitation of farmlands using physical soil ... ...

Abstract	The government of Ethiopia has undertaken several projects to restore degraded farmlands using a variety of sustainable land management (SLM) techniques. One of the critical elements of the program was the rehabilitation of farmlands using physical soil and water conservation (SWC) strategies. This study examines household determinants of continued SWC adoption performances using areas representing a variety of contexts. The analysis was conducted using a binary logit model based on data collected from 525 sample households in two districts, namely Kewet and Sebeta-hawas. Of the study participants, 276 households were from the Kewet district in the Amhara region, and 249 households were from Sebeta-hawas in the Oromia region. The study findings revealed a significant difference between sampled households in the study areas regarding continued adoption performances, i.e. (25%) in the Sebeta-hawas and (41%) in the Kewet districts. Among others, productivity gains, consistent follow-up, sufficient farm labor, livestock holding, assistance-free efforts, the experience of soil erosion risks, and sloppy farm plots provided incentives for households to embrace the already introduced measures. Aside from that, there appeared to be differences in the relative contributions and significance of determinants influencing the likelihood of continued adoption. The important conclusion is that adoption effectiveness may differ under different circumstances and agro-ecosystems. Variables influencing continued adoption are also context-specific. Thus, decision-makers should consider contextual variations in designing policies and strategies that promote adoption continuities and utilizations.
Keywords	Continued adoption ; Households ; Adoption performances ; Determinants ; SWC ; Binary logit ; Science (General) ; Q1-390 ; Social sciences (General) ; H1-99
Subject code	338
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: The Effect of Land Tenure Institutional Factors on Small Landholders’ Sustainable Land Management Investment

Shewakena Aytenfisu Abab / Feyera Senbeta / Tamirat Tefera Negash

Sustainability, Vol 15, Iss 9150, p

Evidence from the Highlands of Ethiopia

2023 Volume 9150

Abstract: Sustainable Land Management (SLM) is one of the key policy responses being implemented to curb land degradation in the highlands of Ethiopia. However, there is scant evidence to what extent Land Tenure Institutional Factors (LTIFs) influence small ... ...

Abstract	Sustainable Land Management (SLM) is one of the key policy responses being implemented to curb land degradation in the highlands of Ethiopia. However, there is scant evidence to what extent Land Tenure Institutional Factors (LTIFs) influence small landholders’ on-farm investment in SLM. The overall objective of this study is, therefore, to understand the extent to which LTIFs influence on-farm SLM investment in the highlands of Ethiopia through unbundling tenure security (de jure, de facto, and perceived) across a bundle of rights. Survey data were collected between April and May 2021 from 2296 smallholder households and 6692 parcels of 19 highland woredas (districts) in three regional states (Amhara, Oromia, and SNNP) in Ethiopia. A probit regression model was used to estimate the average marginal effects of LTIFs quantitatively and supported by an in-depth qualitative analysis. The results revealed that 10 out of 16 LTIF-related variables have significantly influenced households’ on-farm investment in SLM with average marginal effect ranging from a minimum of 3% (tree tenure security risks) to a maximum of 14% (possession of land certificates), at 95% confidence interval, compared to a mean probability of 45%. The results also revealed that some of the households’ socio-economic and demographic factors and parcel-specific variables have significantly influenced on-farm SLM investment. These imply two policy issues. Firstly, it strengthens the notion that security of tenure may be a necessary condition, but not a sufficient, factor to incentivize smallholders’ on-farm SLM investment. Secondly, an in-depth analysis of the security of tenure categories across a bundle of rights is necessary to help formulate context-specific SLM policy and strategy incentivizing smallholders’ on-farm SLM investment.
Keywords	land degradation ; bundle of rights ; security of tenure ; SLM ; investment ; Ethiopia ; Environmental effects of industries and plants ; TD194-195 ; Renewable energy sources ; TJ807-830 ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Unlocking the potential of smallholder dairy farm

Abraham Abera Feyissa / Feyera Senbeta / Adugna Tolera / Dawit Diriba Guta

Journal of Agriculture and Food Research, Vol 11, Iss , Pp 100467- (2023)

Evidence from the central highland of Ethiopia

2023

Abstract: Sustainable livestock farming practices have the potential to improve productivity and high income, reduce greenhouse gases, and improve household food security. Despite previous efforts to disseminate these technologies, the rate of adoption has ... ...

Abstract	Sustainable livestock farming practices have the potential to improve productivity and high income, reduce greenhouse gases, and improve household food security. Despite previous efforts to disseminate these technologies, the rate of adoption has remained very low in Ethiopia. In this study, we investigate the determinants of adoption and the impact of improved dairy farming practices (IDFP), which include improved breed, improved feed, and improved feeding conditions, on household food security in the central highland of Ethiopia. Methods: A multi-stage stratified random sampling technique was used to select 480 smallholder farmers from four districts. The study employed principal component analysis (PCA) to group IDFPs, and the endogenous switching regression model (MESR) was used to examine household food security status. Results: Our findings showed that IDFP adoption had a significant and positive impact on per capita food consumption and increases the likelihood of smallholder farmers being food secure compared to non-adopters. The adoption of integrated IDFP had a greater impact on household food security when smallholder farmers used a package that incorporates improved breeds, feeds, and feeding systems (B1F1S1). The implementation of this package increased food security by 31% in terms of household food consumption score (HFCS) and 26% in terms of household diet diversity score (HDDS). Additionally, the size of livestock holdings, off-farm income, extension services, and milk collection centers all influenced the adoption decision of this package. Conclusions: It has been confirmed that improving dairy farming practices for sustainable development can significantly contribute to the food security of smallholder farmers when used in combination. Interventions that address access to farm resources, the supply chain for technological inputs and services, and output markets may assist in the adoption of dairy technologies.
Keywords	Adoption ; Dairy farming ; Food security ; Livestock ; Smallholder farmers ; Technology ; Agriculture (General) ; S1-972 ; Nutrition. Foods and food supply ; TX341-641
Subject code	360
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Elsevier
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Why smallholders stop engaging in forest activities

Juliane Groth / Ralf Seppelt / Patrick Sakdapolrak / Feyera Senbeta / Kathleen Hermans

Ecology and Society, Vol 28, Iss 1, p

the role of in-migration in livelihood transitions in forested landscapes of southwestern Ethiopia

2023 Volume 52

Abstract: Forest decline and degradation are particularly high in the tropics and pose a risk to those who depend on forest resources. The in-migration of smallholders to forest frontiers can fuel transitions of livelihoods and land and resource use. However, the ... ...

Abstract	Forest decline and degradation are particularly high in the tropics and pose a risk to those who depend on forest resources. The in-migration of smallholders to forest frontiers can fuel transitions of livelihoods and land and resource use. However, the conditions under which in-migration contributes to such transitions remain poorly understood. With this study, we aim to investigate the influence of in-migration, together with other non-demographic factors, on the livelihoods of local and migrant communities. As a case study, we chose the Guraferda district, a hotspot of rural in-migration and forest loss in southwest Ethiopia, where the forest-based local population experienced a rapid transition to agriculture-based livelihoods. We used 224 household surveys in three different kebeles (smallest administrative unit in Ethiopia) and applied descriptive and analytical statistics to understand how and why the forest activities of local and migrant groups have changed since a major resettlement program was launched in 2003. The findings were contextualized by local expert knowledge to assess forest loss and the role of in-migration in livelihood transitions and deforestation. Forest cover in Guraferda declined partially because of the in-migration of smallholders from agricultural-based systems, and insecure land tenure, but also considerably because of the expansion of commercial agriculture. With the decline in forest, the local population adopted migrants’ agricultural practices, a trend further encouraged by agricultural policies and barriers to participation in forest management for locals. Our study challenges simplified assumptions in in-migration–deforestation debates by showing that governmental policies, land tenure, and natural-resource access are mediating the impact of migration on livelihood transitions and deforestation. We conclude that securing land tenure and equal access to natural resources for frontier residents and promoting a mix of agricultural and forest livelihood activities can reduce ...
Keywords	africa ; in-migration ; livelihood transition ; natural-resource degradation ; random-forest regression ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Ecology ; QH540-549.5
Subject code	910 ; 333
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-03-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Resilience Alliance
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Spatial distribution of above ground carbon density in Harana Forest, Ethiopia

Girma Ayele Bedane / Gudina Legese Feyisa / Feyera Senbeta

Ecological Processes, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-

2022 Volume 13

Abstract: Abstract Background The need for understanding spatial distribution of forest aboveground carbon density (ACD) has increased to improve management practices of forest ecosystems. This study examined spatial distribution of the ACD in the Harana Forest. A ...

Abstract	Abstract Background The need for understanding spatial distribution of forest aboveground carbon density (ACD) has increased to improve management practices of forest ecosystems. This study examined spatial distribution of the ACD in the Harana Forest. A grid sampling technique was employed and three nested circular plots were established at each point where grids intersected. Forest-related data were collected from 1122 plots while the ACD of each plot was estimated using the established allometric equation. Environmental variables in raster format were downloaded from open sources and resampled into a spatial resolution of 30 m. Descriptive statistics were computed to summarize the ACD. A Random Forest classification model in the R-software package was used to select strong predictors, and to predict the spatial distribution of ACD. Results The mean ACD was estimated at 131.505 ton per ha in this study area. The spatial prediction showed that the high class of the ACD was confined to eastern and southwest parts of the Harana Forest. The Moran’s statistics depicted similar observations showing the higher clustering of ACD in the eastern and southern parts of the study area. The higher ACD clustering was linked with the higher species richness, species diversity, tree density, tree height, clay content, and SOC. Conversely, the lower ACD clustering in the Harana Forest was associated with higher soil cation exchange capacity, silt content, and precipitation. Conclusions The spatial distribution of ACD in this study area was mainly influenced by attributes of the forest stand and edaphic factors in comparison to topographic and climatic factors. Our findings could provide basis for better management and conservation of aboveground carbon storage in the Harana Forest, which may contribute to Ethiopia’s strategy of reducing carbon emission.
Keywords	Aboveground carbon density ; Spatial modeling ; Prediction ; Random Forest ; Cluster ; Pattern ; Ecology ; QH540-549.5
Subject code	333 ; 910
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	SpringerOpen
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Estimating the Economic Values of Restricted Monoculture Eucalyptus Plantations

Amare Tesfaw / Feyera Senbeta / Dawit Alemu / Ermias Teferi

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, Vol 19, Iss 9073, p

A Choice Modeling Approach

2022 Volume 9073

Abstract: Today, evaluating ecological wellbeing and ecosystem services is becoming a great concern towards conserving the natural resource base. Healthy functioning ecosystems have fundamental roles for aiding humankind to lead a healthy life and ensure an ... ...

Abstract	Today, evaluating ecological wellbeing and ecosystem services is becoming a great concern towards conserving the natural resource base. Healthy functioning ecosystems have fundamental roles for aiding humankind to lead a healthy life and ensure an improved social welfare. Estimating the non-market benefits of ecosystem services can help experts and the public frame policy directions designed for landscape development. The ecosystem of the Eucalyptus hotspot highlands of northwestern Ethiopia, where this study was carried out, provides services that are essential to changes in the life of the society and biodiversity. However, in recent years, the ecosystem is facing a serious threat from intensive monoculture plantations of Eucalyptus . This has resulted in transformation of the cultural landscapes and a loss of biodiversity. The problem in turn calls for designing appropriate ecological improvement programs. Thus, the current study examined the preferences of residents concerning this area and estimated their willingness to pay (WTP) for the proposed ecosystem improvement programs using a Choice Experiment approach. Data were aggregated from 388 residents using a questionnaire survey in January 2020. The survey contained ecological improvement schemes and a hypothetical event by which respondents expressed their willingness to pay a yearly utility fee as a compensation for the improvement programs. Results showed significant differences in resident preferences towards the proposed ecological improvement attributes. The findings also indicated that the socioeconomic backgrounds of residents contributed for the heterogeneity in their WTP for ecological improvement schemes. Accordingly, the marginal willingness to pay of residents was USD 205/person/year for the respective ecological improvement attributes. The findings suggest that policy makers should consider such attribute-based public preferences while planning landscape development and conservation programs. This study can provide vital policy implications ...
Keywords	choice experiment ; Eucalyptus ; monoculture plantations ; non-market benefit ; marginal willingness to pay ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	710
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-07-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Tree diversity and biomass carbon stock analysis along altitudinal gradients in coffee-based agroforestry system of Western Ethiopia

Chemeda, Beshea Abdissa / Feyera Senbeta Wakjira / Emiru Birhane

Cogent Food & Agriculture. 2022 Dec. 31, v. 8, no. 1 p.2123767-

2022

Abstract: Agroforestry systems are thought to reconcile biodiversity protection with food production and as a means of climate change adaptation and mitigation options. The contribution of a coffee-based agroforestry system to tree diversity and carbon stock along ...

Abstract	Agroforestry systems are thought to reconcile biodiversity protection with food production and as a means of climate change adaptation and mitigation options. The contribution of a coffee-based agroforestry system to tree diversity and carbon stock along altitudinal gradients in Western Ethiopia was assessed. At 500-m intervals, six transect lines were methodically set up throughout the altitudinal gradient. There were made a total of 60 sample plots, each measuring 40 m by 40 m. A total of 34 woody species were identified. Biomass carbon stocks and tree diversity were quantified across altitudinal gradients. In the middle altitude, there were more woody species (28) than in the top altitude, where there were only a few species (16). The tree plants stored around 40.6 t ha⁻¹ of biomass carbon on average. Aboveground biomass had a carbon stock of 32.22 C t ha⁻¹, whereas belowground biomass had a carbon stock of 8.38 C t ha⁻¹. The lower altitude biomass carbon stocks were substantially bigger than the upper altitude, which were 48.4 C t ha⁻¹ and 25.67 C t ha⁻¹, respectively. With increasing altitude, the study found a statistically significant negative link between tree diversity and biomass carbon storage (P < 0.05). The negative link between biomass carbon stock and altitude was that tree parameters that determine the amount of biomass carbon sequestered in a plant, such as basal area, tree diversity, and density, decreased as altitude increased. Despite differences along altitudinal gradients, the systems supported a diverse range of tree species and biomass carbon stocks.
Keywords	aboveground biomass ; agriculture ; agroforestry ; altitude ; belowground biomass ; biodiversity ; carbon ; carbon sequestration ; carbon sinks ; climate change ; food production ; trees ; woody plants ; Ethiopia ; coffee ; tree diversity ; altitudinal gradient
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-1231
Publishing place	Cogent
Document type	Article ; Online
ZDB-ID	2818682-5
ISSN	2331-1932
ISSN	2331-1932
DOI	10.1080/23311932.2022.2123767
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Effects of Conservation Agriculture and Conventional Tillage on the Soil Physicochemical Properties and Household Income in Southern Ethiopia

Lemlem Tajebe Lejissa / Feyera Senbeta Wakjira / Agena Anjulo Tanga

International Journal of Agronomy, Vol

2022 Volume 2022

Abstract: In Ethiopia, soil degradation has been ongoing for centuries and caused the population to be food insecured. To cope with the challenges of soil fertility loss and related stress, various indigenous reclamation practices have been developed and ... ...

Abstract	In Ethiopia, soil degradation has been ongoing for centuries and caused the population to be food insecured. To cope with the challenges of soil fertility loss and related stress, various indigenous reclamation practices have been developed and implemented by local smallholder farmers. However, the contributions of indigenous soil management in augmenting soil quality and crop productivity were not well studied. This study selected two neighboring districts, Derashe and Arba Minch Zuriya, with different indigenous soil management practices. The Derashe people as an adaptation strategy designed indigenous soil management, locally known as Targa-na-Potayta with zero tillage, and mixed/rotational cropping. However, in the neighboring Arba Minch Zuriya district, smallholder farmers use conventional tillage using animal power. Representative soil samples were collected from selected four adjacent kebeles of the two districts. Eight farm plots per kebele were selected and a total of 32 composite samples were collected following a zigzag pattern to the depth of 30 cm. Bulk density (BD), field capacity (FC), permanent wilting point (PWP), particle size, soil textural classes, power of hydrogen (pH), cation exchange capacity (CEC), available potassium (Av. K), available phosphorous (Av. P), total nitrogen (TN), exchangeable bases (Na, Mg, Ca, and K), and soil organic carbon (OC) were analyzed. To assess crop production and income, a total of 392 household heads were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. The collected data were analyzed using an independent sample t-test. The results showed, soils under indigenous management, clay content was 53.74 ± 2.68%, FC 47.8 ± 1.09%, AWHC 15.2 ± 0.37%, pH 8.02 ± 0.07, SOC 1.8 ± 0.02%, and sum of cations 68.2 ± 1.66 meq/100 g. The values in the tested parameters were statistically significant (P<0.05) and favor good soil management practice as compared to conventional tillage. Using the three consecutive cultivation seasons, CA and CT groups’ mean production from pooled ...
Keywords	Agriculture (General) ; S1-972
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Hindawi Limited
Document type	Article ; Online
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