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Article ; Online: Probabilistic causal reasoning under time pressure.

Kolvoort, Ivar R / Fisher, Elizabeth L / van Rooij, Robert / Schulz, Katrin / van Maanen, Leendert

2024 Volume 19, Issue 4, Page(s) e0297011

Abstract: While causal reasoning is a core facet of our cognitive abilities, its time-course has not received proper attention. As the duration of reasoning might prove crucial in understanding the underlying cognitive processes, we asked participants in two ... ...

Abstract	While causal reasoning is a core facet of our cognitive abilities, its time-course has not received proper attention. As the duration of reasoning might prove crucial in understanding the underlying cognitive processes, we asked participants in two experiments to make probabilistic causal inferences while manipulating time pressure. We found that participants are less accurate under time pressure, a speed-accuracy-tradeoff, and that they respond more conservatively. Surprisingly, two other persistent reasoning errors-Markov violations and failures to explain away-appeared insensitive to time pressure. These observations seem related to confidence: Conservative inferences were associated with low confidence, whereas Markov violations and failures to explain were not. These findings challenge existing theories that predict an association between time pressure and all causal reasoning errors including conservatism. Our findings suggest that these errors should not be attributed to a single cognitive mechanism and emphasize that causal judgements are the result of multiple processes.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Time Pressure ; Problem Solving ; Cognition ; Judgment
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0297011
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Occupational Safety and Health Equity Impacts of Artificial Intelligence: A Scoping Review.

Fisher, Elizabeth / Flynn, Michael A / Pratap, Preethi / Vietas, Jay A

International journal of environmental research and public health

2023 Volume 20, Issue 13

Abstract: Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to either reduce or exacerbate occupational safety and health (OSH) inequities in the workplace, and its impact will be mediated by numerous factors. This paper anticipates challenges to ensuring that the ... ...

Abstract	Artificial intelligence (AI) has the potential to either reduce or exacerbate occupational safety and health (OSH) inequities in the workplace, and its impact will be mediated by numerous factors. This paper anticipates challenges to ensuring that the OSH benefits of technological advances are equitably distributed among social groups, industries, job arrangements, and geographical regions. A scoping review was completed to summarize the recent literature on AI's role in promoting OSH equity. The scoping review was designed around three concepts: artificial intelligence, OSH, and health equity. Scoping results revealed 113 articles relevant for inclusion. The ways in which AI presents barriers and facilitators to OSH equity are outlined along with priority focus areas and best practices in reducing OSH disparities and knowledge gaps. The scoping review uncovered priority focus areas. In conclusion, AI's role in OSH equity is vastly understudied. An urgent need exists for multidisciplinary research that addresses where and how AI is being adopted and evaluated and how its use is affecting OSH across industries, wage categories, and sociodemographic groups. OSH professionals can play a significant role in identifying strategies that ensure the benefits of AI in promoting workforce health and wellbeing are equitably distributed.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Occupational Health ; Artificial Intelligence ; Health Equity ; Workplace ; Salaries and Fringe Benefits
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-06-24
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
DOI	10.3390/ijerph20136221
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Article: Mouse models of aneuploidy to understand chromosome disorders

Tosh, Justin / Tybulewicz, Victor / Fisher, Elizabeth M. C.

Mammalian genome. 2022 Mar., v. 33, no. 1

2022

Abstract: An organism or cell carrying a number of chromosomes that is not a multiple of the haploid count is in a state of aneuploidy. This condition results in significant changes in the level of expression of genes that are gained or lost from the aneuploid ... ...

Abstract	An organism or cell carrying a number of chromosomes that is not a multiple of the haploid count is in a state of aneuploidy. This condition results in significant changes in the level of expression of genes that are gained or lost from the aneuploid chromosome(s) and most cases in humans are not compatible with life. However, a few aneuploidies can lead to live births, typically associated with deleterious phenotypes. We do not understand why phenotypes arise from aneuploid syndromes in humans. Animal models have the potential to provide great insight, but less than a handful of mouse models of aneuploidy have been made, and no ideal system exists in which to study the effects of aneuploidy per se versus those of raised gene dosage. Here, we give an overview of human aneuploid syndromes, the effects on physiology of having an altered number of chromosomes and we present the currently available mouse models of aneuploidy, focusing on models of trisomy 21 (which causes Down syndrome) because this is the most common, and therefore, the most studied autosomal aneuploidy. Finally, we discuss the potential role of carrying an extra chromosome on aneuploid phenotypes, independent of changes in gene dosage, and methods by which this could be investigated further.
Keywords	Down syndrome ; chromosomes ; gene dosage ; genome ; haploidy ; humans ; mice ; physiology ; trisomics
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-03
Size	p. 157-168.
Publishing place	Springer US
Document type	Article
Note	Review
ZDB-ID	1058547-3
ISSN	1432-1777 ; 0938-8990
ISSN (online)	1432-1777
ISSN	0938-8990
DOI	10.1007/s00335-021-09930-z
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Prevalence and characterisation of methicillin-resistant staphylococci from bovine bulk tank milk in England and Wales.

Fisher, Elizabeth A / Paterson, Gavin K

Journal of global antimicrobial resistance

2020 Volume 22, Page(s) 139–144

Abstract: Objectives: To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of methicillin-resistant staphylococci on dairy farms in England and Wales including zoonotic MRSA.: Methods: Bulk tank milk was sampled from 363 dairy farms in 2015-2016 and methicillin- ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of methicillin-resistant staphylococci on dairy farms in England and Wales including zoonotic MRSA. Methods: Bulk tank milk was sampled from 363 dairy farms in 2015-2016 and methicillin-resistant staphylococci were isolated by salt broth enrichment and plating on MRSA Brilliance selective agar. Isolates were characterised through antimicrobial susceptibility testing and whole-genome sequencing. Results: Methicillin-resistant staphylococci were isolated from ∼5% of dairy farms and belonged to six different species, Staphylococcus aureus, Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus lentus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus, Staphylococcus fleurettii and Staphylococcus sciuri. Whole-genome sequencing revealed a large variety of antimicrobial resistance genes and SCCmec elements were present, including mecA and mecC alleles. Potentially zoonotic methicillin-resistance S. aureus were found at a low prevalence (0.83% of sampled dairy farms). Whole-genome sequencing also provided evidence for the mobility of a primordial mec gene complex, independently of a SCCmec element, which appears to have been acquired by S. saprophyticus from S. fleurettii. Conclusions: These data give new insight into the epidemiology of veterinary methicillin-resistant staphylococci to inform future surveillance and zoonotic risk evaluation. Our data indicate that MRSA has likely decreased in prevalence since earlier survey work in England and Wales during 2011-12 and highlights the diversity of methicillin resistance and other resistance determinants among bovine-associated staphylococci with implications for veterinary and human medicine.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Cattle ; England/epidemiology ; Methicillin Resistance ; Microbial Sensitivity Tests ; Milk/microbiology ; Prevalence ; Staphylococcus/classification ; Staphylococcus/isolation & purification ; Wales/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-01-30
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2710046-7
ISSN	2213-7173 ; 2213-7173
ISSN (online)	2213-7173
ISSN	2213-7173
DOI	10.1016/j.jgar.2020.01.013
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Article ; Online: Mouse models of aneuploidy to understand chromosome disorders.

Tosh, Justin / Tybulewicz, Victor / Fisher, Elizabeth M C

Mammalian genome : official journal of the International Mammalian Genome Society

2021 Volume 33, Issue 1, Page(s) 157–168

Abstract	An organism or cell carrying a number of chromosomes that is not a multiple of the haploid count is in a state of aneuploidy. This condition results in significant changes in the level of expression of genes that are gained or lost from the aneuploid chromosome(s) and most cases in humans are not compatible with life. However, a few aneuploidies can lead to live births, typically associated with deleterious phenotypes. We do not understand why phenotypes arise from aneuploid syndromes in humans. Animal models have the potential to provide great insight, but less than a handful of mouse models of aneuploidy have been made, and no ideal system exists in which to study the effects of aneuploidy per se versus those of raised gene dosage. Here, we give an overview of human aneuploid syndromes, the effects on physiology of having an altered number of chromosomes and we present the currently available mouse models of aneuploidy, focusing on models of trisomy 21 (which causes Down syndrome) because this is the most common, and therefore, the most studied autosomal aneuploidy. Finally, we discuss the potential role of carrying an extra chromosome on aneuploid phenotypes, independent of changes in gene dosage, and methods by which this could be investigated further.
MeSH term(s)	Aneuploidy ; Animals ; Chromosome Disorders/genetics ; Chromosomes ; Disease Models, Animal ; Down Syndrome/genetics ; Mice ; Trisomy
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Review
ZDB-ID	1058547-3
ISSN	1432-1777 ; 0938-8990
ISSN (online)	1432-1777
ISSN	0938-8990
DOI	10.1007/s00335-021-09930-z
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Article ; Online: A Quantum Geometric Framework for Modeling Color Similarity Judgments.

Epping, Gunnar P / Fisher, Elizabeth L / Zeleznikow-Johnston, Ariel M / Pothos, Emmanuel M / Tsuchiya, Naotsugu

Cognitive science

2023 Volume 47, Issue 1, Page(s) e13231

Abstract: Since Tversky argued that similarity judgments violate the three metric axioms, asymmetrical similarity judgments have been particularly challenging for standard, geometric models of similarity, such as multidimensional scaling. According to Tversky, ... ...

Abstract	Since Tversky argued that similarity judgments violate the three metric axioms, asymmetrical similarity judgments have been particularly challenging for standard, geometric models of similarity, such as multidimensional scaling. According to Tversky, asymmetrical similarity judgments are driven by differences in salience or extent of knowledge. However, the notion of salience has been difficult to operationalize, especially for perceptual stimuli for which there are no apparent differences in extent of knowledge. To investigate similarity judgments between perceptual stimuli, across three experiments, we collected data where individuals would rate the similarity of a pair of temporally separated color patches. We identified several violations of symmetry in the empirical results, which the conventional multidimensional scaling model cannot readily capture. Pothos et al. proposed a quantum geometric model of similarity to account for Tversky's findings. In the present work, we extended this model to a more general framework that can be fit to similarity judgments. We fitted several variants of quantum and multidimensional scaling models to the behavioral data and concluded in favor of the quantum approach. Without further modifications of the model, the best-fit quantum model additionally predicted violations of the triangle inequality that we observed in the same data. Overall, by offering a different form of geometric representation, the quantum geometric framework of similarity provides a viable alternative to multidimensional scaling for modeling similarity judgments, while still allowing a convenient, spatial illustration of similarity.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Judgment ; Knowledge
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-12
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2002940-8
ISSN	1551-6709 ; 0364-0213
ISSN (online)	1551-6709
ISSN	0364-0213
DOI	10.1111/cogs.13231
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Article: Capacitance Determination for the Evaluation of Electrochemically Active Surface Area in a Catalyst Layer of NiFe-Layered Double Hydroxides for Anion Exchange Membrane Water Electrolyser.

Xie, Zhong / Qu, Wei / Fisher, Elizabeth A / Fahlman, Jason / Asazawa, Koichiro / Hayashi, Takao / Shirataki, Hiroshi / Murase, Hideaki

Materials (Basel, Switzerland)

2024 Volume 17, Issue 3

Abstract: The determination of the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of a catalyst layer (CL) of a non-precious metal catalyst is of fundamental importance in optimizing the design of a durable CL for anion exchange membrane (AEM) water electrolysis, ... ...

Abstract	The determination of the electrochemically active surface area (ECSA) of a catalyst layer (CL) of a non-precious metal catalyst is of fundamental importance in optimizing the design of a durable CL for anion exchange membrane (AEM) water electrolysis, but has yet to be developed. Traditional double layer capacitance (C
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-24
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2487261-1
ISSN	1996-1944
ISSN	1996-1944
DOI	10.3390/ma17030556
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Article ; Online: Evaluation of an ARF diagnosis calculator: a survey and content analysis.

Fisher, Elizabeth / James, Christian / Mosca, Diana / Currie, Bart J / Ralph, Anna P

BMC medical informatics and decision making

2022 Volume 22, Issue 1, Page(s) 77

Abstract: Background: Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF) is a critically important condition for which there is no diagnostic test. Diagnosis requires the use of a set of criteria comprising clinical, laboratory, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings. The ... ...

Abstract	Background: Acute Rheumatic Fever (ARF) is a critically important condition for which there is no diagnostic test. Diagnosis requires the use of a set of criteria comprising clinical, laboratory, electrocardiographic and echocardiographic findings. The complexity of the algorithm and the fact that clinicians lack familiarity with ARF, make ARF diagnosis ideally suited to an electronic decision support tool. The ARF Diagnosis Calculator was developed to assist clinicians in diagnosing ARF and correctly assign categories of 'possible, 'probable' or 'definite' ARF. This research aimed to evaluate the acceptability, accuracy, and test performance of the ARF Diagnosis Calculator. Methods: Three strategies were used to provide triangulation of data. Users of the calculator employed at Top End Health Service, Northern Territory, Australia were invited to participate in an online survey, and clinicians with ARF expertise were invited to participate in semi-structured interviews. Qualitative data were analysed using inductive analysis. Performance of the calculator in correctly diagnosing ARF was assessed using clinical data from 35 patients presenting with suspected ARF. Diagnoses obtained from the calculator were compared using the Kappa statistic with those obtained from a panel of expert clinicians. Results: Survey responses were available from 23 Top End Health Service medical practitioners, and interview data were available from five expert clinicians. Using a 6-point Likert scale, participants highly recommended the ARF Diagnosis Calculator (median 6, IQR 1), found it easy to use (median 5, IQR 1) and believed the calculator helped them diagnose ARF (median 5, IQR 1). Clinicians with ARF expertise noted that electronic decision making is not a substitute for clinical experience. There was high agreement between the ARF Diagnosis Calculator and the 'gold standard' ARF diagnostic process (κ = 0.767, 95% CI: 0.568-0.967). Incorrect assignment of diagnosis occurred in 4/35 (11%) patients highlighting the greater accuracy of expert clinical input for ambiguous presentations. Sixteen changes were incorporated into a revised version of the calculator. Conclusions: The ARF Diagnosis Calculator is an easy-to-use, accessible tool, but it does not replace clinical expertise. The calculator performed well amongst clinicians and is an acceptable tool for use within the clinical setting with a high level of accuracy in comparison to the gold standard diagnostic process. Effective resources to support clinicians are critically important for improving the quality of care of ARF.
MeSH term(s)	Echocardiography ; Humans ; Northern Territory ; Rheumatic Fever/diagnosis ; Surveys and Questionnaires
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-03-26
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2046490-3
ISSN	1472-6947 ; 1472-6947
ISSN (online)	1472-6947
ISSN	1472-6947
DOI	10.1186/s12911-022-01816-7
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Article ; Online: 4D imaging analysis of the aging mouse neural stem cell niche reveals a dramatic loss of progenitor cell dynamism regulated by the RHO-ROCK pathway.

Zhao, Xiuli / Fisher, Elizabeth S / Wang, Yue / Zuloaga, Kristen / Manley, Luke / Temple, Sally

Stem cell reports

2022 Volume 17, Issue 2, Page(s) 245–258

Abstract: In the adult ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), neural stem cells (NSCs) give rise to transit-amplifying progenitor (TAP) cells. These progenitors reside in different subniche locations, implying that cell movement must accompany lineage ... ...

Abstract	In the adult ventricular-subventricular zone (V-SVZ), neural stem cells (NSCs) give rise to transit-amplifying progenitor (TAP) cells. These progenitors reside in different subniche locations, implying that cell movement must accompany lineage progression, but the dynamic behaviors of adult NSCs and TAPs remain largely unexplored. Here, we performed live time-lapse imaging with computer-based image analysis of young and aged 3D V-SVZ wholemounts from transgenic mice with fluorescently distinguished NSCs and TAP cells. Young V-SVZ progenitors are highly dynamic, with regular process outgrowth and retraction and cell migration. However, these activities dramatically declined with age. An examination of single-cell RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) data revealed age-associated changes in the Rho-Rock pathway that are important for cell motility. Applying a small molecule to inhibit ROCK transformed young into old V-SVZ progenitor cell dynamic behaviors. Hence RHO-ROCK signaling is critical for normal adult NSC and TAP movement and interactions, which are compromised with age, concomitant with the loss of regenerative ability.
MeSH term(s)	Aging ; Amides/pharmacology ; Animals ; Cell Movement/drug effects ; Lateral Ventricles/cytology ; Lateral Ventricles/metabolism ; Mice ; Mice, Transgenic ; Neural Stem Cells/cytology ; Neural Stem Cells/metabolism ; Pyridines/pharmacology ; Signal Transduction ; Stem Cell Niche/physiology ; Time-Lapse Imaging ; rho GTP-Binding Proteins/metabolism ; rho-Associated Kinases/antagonists & inhibitors ; rho-Associated Kinases/metabolism
Chemical Substances	Amides ; Pyridines ; Y 27632 (138381-45-0) ; rho-Associated Kinases (EC 2.7.11.1) ; rho GTP-Binding Proteins (EC 3.6.5.2)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	2720528-9
ISSN	2213-6711 ; 2213-6711
ISSN (online)	2213-6711
ISSN	2213-6711
DOI	10.1016/j.stemcr.2021.12.007
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Article: Food safety crises as crises in administrative constitutionalism.

Fisher, Elizabeth

Health matrix (Cleveland, Ohio : 1991)

2010 Volume 20, Issue 1, Page(s) 55–91

MeSH term(s)	Constitution and Bylaws ; Food Supply/legislation & jurisprudence ; Food Supply/standards ; Government Regulation ; Public Health ; Risk Management ; United States ; United States Food and Drug Administration
Language	English
Publishing date	2010
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1433227-9
ISSN	0748-383X
ISSN	0748-383X
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