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Article ; Online: Innate Immunity in Lobsters: Partial Purification and Characterization of a Panulirus cygnus Anti-A Lectin.

Flower, Robert L P

2012 Volume 2012, Page(s) 964986

Abstract: A lectin detected in haemolymph from the Australian spiny lobster Panulirus cygnus agglutinated human ABO Group A cells to a higher titre than Group O or B. The lectin also agglutinated rat and sheep erythrocytes, with reactivity with rat erythrocytes ... ...

Abstract	A lectin detected in haemolymph from the Australian spiny lobster Panulirus cygnus agglutinated human ABO Group A cells to a higher titre than Group O or B. The lectin also agglutinated rat and sheep erythrocytes, with reactivity with rat erythrocytes strongly enhanced by treatment with the proteolytic enzyme papain, an observation consistent with reactivity via a glycolipid. The lectin, purified by affinity chromatography on fixed rat-erythrocyte stroma, was inhibited equally by N-acetylglucosamine and N-acetylgalactosamine. Comparison of data from gel filtration of haemolymph (behaving as a 1,800,000 Da macromolecule), and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of purified lectin (a single 67,000 Da band), suggested that in haemolymph the lecin was a multimer. The purified anti-A lectin autoprecipitated unless the storage solution contained chaotropic inhibitors (125 mmol/L sucrose: 500 mmol/L urea). The properties of this anti-A lectin and other similar lectins are consistent with a role in innate immunity in these invertebrates.
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-03-05
Publishing country	Egypt
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2589534-5
ISSN	2090-4428 ; 2090-441X
ISSN (online)	2090-4428
ISSN	2090-441X
DOI	10.5402/2012/964986
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Article ; Online: Estimation of mosquito-borne and sexual transmission of Zika virus in Australia: Risks to blood transfusion safety.

Viennet, Elvina / Frentiu, Francesca D / Williams, Craig R / Mincham, Gina / Jansen, Cassie C / Montgomery, Brian L / Flower, Robert L P / Faddy, Helen M

PLoS neglected tropical diseases

2020 Volume 14, Issue 7, Page(s) e0008438

Abstract: Background: Since 2015, Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks have occurred in the Americas and the Pacific involving mosquito-borne and sexual transmission. ZIKV has also emerged as a risk to global blood transfusion safety. Aedes aegypti, a mosquito well ... ...

Abstract	Background: Since 2015, Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreaks have occurred in the Americas and the Pacific involving mosquito-borne and sexual transmission. ZIKV has also emerged as a risk to global blood transfusion safety. Aedes aegypti, a mosquito well established in north and some parts of central and southern Queensland, Australia, transmits ZIKV. Aedes albopictus, another potential ZIKV vector, is a threat to mainland Australia. Since these conditions create the potential for local transmission in Australia and a possible uncertainty in the effectiveness of blood donor risk-mitigation programs, we investigated the possible impact of mosquito-borne and sexual transmission of ZIKV in Australia on local blood transfusion safety. Methodology/principal findings: We estimated 'best-' and 'worst-' case scenarios of monthly reproduction number (R0) for both transmission pathways of ZIKV from 1996-2015 in 11 urban or regional population centres, by varying epidemiological and entomological estimates. We then estimated the attack rate and subsequent number of infectious people to quantify the ZIKV transfusion-transmission risk using the European Up-Front Risk Assessment Tool. For all scenarios and with both vector species R0 was lower than one for ZIKV transmission. However, a higher risk of a sustained outbreak was estimated for Cairns, Rockhampton, Thursday Island, and theoretically in Darwin during the warmest months of the year. The yearly estimation of the risk of transmitting ZIKV infection by blood transfusion remained low through the study period for all locations, with the highest potential risk estimated in Darwin. Conclusions/significance: Given the increasing demand for plasma products in Australia, the current strategy of restricting donors returning from infectious disease outbreak regions to source plasma collection provides a simple and effective risk management approach. However, if local transmission was suspected in the main urban centres of Australia, potentially facilitated by the geographic range expansion of Ae. aegypti or Ae. albopictus, this mitigation strategy would need urgent review.
MeSH term(s)	Aedes/virology ; Animals ; Australia/epidemiology ; Blood Donors ; Blood Safety/standards ; Communicable Diseases, Emerging/epidemiology ; Disease Outbreaks ; Humans ; Models, Biological ; Mosquito Vectors/virology ; Public Health ; Reproducibility of Results ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral/blood ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral/epidemiology ; Sexually Transmitted Diseases, Viral/transmission ; Zika Virus/physiology ; Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology ; Zika Virus Infection/transmission ; Zika Virus Infection/virology
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-07-14
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2429704-5
ISSN	1935-2735 ; 1935-2727
ISSN (online)	1935-2735
ISSN	1935-2727
DOI	10.1371/journal.pntd.0008438
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Article ; Online: Past and future epidemic potential of chikungunya virus in Australia.

White, Timothy / Mincham, Gina / Montgomery, Brian L / Jansen, Cassie C / Huang, Xiaodong / Williams, Craig R / Flower, Robert L P / Faddy, Helen M / Frentiu, Francesca D / Viennet, Elvina

PLoS neglected tropical diseases

2021 Volume 15, Issue 11, Page(s) e0009963

Abstract: Background: Australia is theoretically at risk of epidemic chikungunya virus (CHIKV) activity as the principal vectors are present on the mainland Aedes aegypti) and some islands of the Torres Strait (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus). Both vectors are ... ...

Abstract	Background: Australia is theoretically at risk of epidemic chikungunya virus (CHIKV) activity as the principal vectors are present on the mainland Aedes aegypti) and some islands of the Torres Strait (Ae. aegypti and Ae. albopictus). Both vectors are highly invasive and adapted to urban environments with a capacity to expand their distributions into south-east Queensland and other states in Australia. We sought to estimate the epidemic potential of CHIKV, which is not currently endemic in Australia, by considering exclusively transmission by the established vector in Australia, Ae. aegypti, due to the historical relevance and anthropophilic nature of the vector. Methodology/principal findings: We estimated the historical (1995-2019) epidemic potential of CHIKV in eleven Australian locations, including the Torres Strait, using a basic reproduction number equation. We found that the main urban centres of Northern Australia could sustain an epidemic of CHIKV. We then estimated future trends in epidemic potential for the main centres for the years 2020 to 2029. We also conducted uncertainty and sensitivity analyses on the variables comprising the basic reproduction number and found high sensitivity to mosquito population size, human population size, impact of vector control and human infectious period. Conclusions/significance: By estimating the epidemic potential for CHIKV transmission on mainland Australia and the Torres Strait, we identified key areas of focus for controlling vector populations and reducing human exposure. As the epidemic potential of the virus is estimated to rise towards 2029, a greater focus on control and prevention measures should be implemented in at-risk locations.
MeSH term(s)	Aedes/physiology ; Aedes/virology ; Animals ; Australia/epidemiology ; Bayes Theorem ; Chikungunya Fever/epidemiology ; Chikungunya Fever/transmission ; Chikungunya Fever/virology ; Chikungunya virus/genetics ; Chikungunya virus/physiology ; Epidemics ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Mosquito Vectors/physiology ; Mosquito Vectors/virology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-11-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2429704-5
ISSN	1935-2735 ; 1935-2727
ISSN (online)	1935-2735
ISSN	1935-2727
DOI	10.1371/journal.pntd.0009963
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Article ; Online: Epidemic potential of Zika virus in Australia: implications for blood transfusion safety.

Watson-Brown, Peter / Viennet, Elvina / Mincham, Gina / Williams, Craig R / Jansen, Cassie C / Montgomery, Brian L / Flower, Robert L P / Faddy, Helen M

Transfusion

2019 Volume 59, Issue 2, Page(s) 648–658

Abstract: Background: Zika virus (ZIKV) is transfusion-transmissible. In Australia the primary vector, Aedes aegypti, is established in the north-east, such that local transmission is possible following importation of an index case, which has the potential to ... ...

Abstract	Background: Zika virus (ZIKV) is transfusion-transmissible. In Australia the primary vector, Aedes aegypti, is established in the north-east, such that local transmission is possible following importation of an index case, which has the potential to impact on blood transfusion safety and public health. We estimated the basic reproduction number (R Study design and methods: Varying estimates of vector control efficiency and extrinsic incubation period, "best-case" and "worst-case" scenarios of monthly R Results: Epidemic potential (R Conclusion: We estimate that areas of north-eastern Australia could sustain local transmission of ZIKV. This early contribution to understanding the epidemic potential of ZIKV may assist in the assessment and management of threats to blood transfusion safety.
MeSH term(s)	Aedes ; Animals ; Australia/epidemiology ; Blood Safety ; Blood Transfusion ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Models, Biological ; Mosquito Control ; Mosquito Vectors ; Zika Virus ; Zika Virus Infection/epidemiology ; Zika Virus Infection/prevention & control ; Zika Virus Infection/transmission
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-01-08
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	208417-x
ISSN	1537-2995 ; 0041-1132
ISSN (online)	1537-2995
ISSN	0041-1132
DOI	10.1111/trf.15095
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Article ; Online: Is Zika virus a potential threat to the Australian Blood Supply?

Watson-Brown, Peter / Viennet, Elvina / Hoad, Veronica C / Flower, Robert L P / Faddy, Helen M

Australian and New Zealand journal of public health

2017 Volume 42, Issue 1, Page(s) 104–105

MeSH term(s)	Australia ; Blood Banks/standards ; Blood Donors ; Disease Outbreaks/prevention & control ; Humans ; Zika Virus ; Zika Virus Infection/blood ; Zika Virus Infection/prevention & control ; Zika Virus Infection/transmission ; Zika Virus Infection/virology
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-07-27
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Letter
ZDB-ID	1323548-5
ISSN	1753-6405 ; 1326-0200
ISSN (online)	1753-6405
ISSN	1326-0200
DOI	10.1111/1753-6405.12697
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Zs.A 1916: Show issues

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Article: A Comparative Study of Assay Performance of Commercial Hepatitis E Virus Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Kits in Australian Blood Donor Samples.

Shrestha, Ashish C / Flower, Robert L P / Seed, Clive R / Stramer, Susan L / Faddy, Helen M

Journal of blood transfusion

2016 Volume 2016, Page(s) 9647675

Abstract: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is transfusion-transmissible and therefore poses a risk to blood transfusion safety. Seroprevalence studies are useful for estimating disease burden and determining risk factors. Considerable variability in the sensitivity of HEV ... ...

Abstract	Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is transfusion-transmissible and therefore poses a risk to blood transfusion safety. Seroprevalence studies are useful for estimating disease burden and determining risk factors. Considerable variability in the sensitivity of HEV antibody detection assays exists. This study aimed to compare the performances of commercially available HEV enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA) in Australian blood donor samples. Plasma samples that tested positive (
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-11-07
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2658685-X
ISSN	2090-9195 ; 2090-9187
ISSN (online)	2090-9195
ISSN	2090-9187
DOI	10.1155/2016/9647675
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Article: Human Borna Disease Virus Infection in Australia: Serological Markers of Infection in Multi-transfused Patients

FLOWER, ROBERT L.P

APMIS. 2008 June., v. 116, suppl. 124

2008

Language	English
Dates of publication	2008-06
Size	p. 89-93.
Publisher	Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Publishing place	Oxford, UK
Document type	Article
ISSN	0108-0172 ; 0903-465X ; 0903-4641
ISSN	0108-0172 ; 0903-465X ; 0903-4641
DOI	10.1111/j.1600-0463.2008.00m17.x
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Ud II Zs.73 -Suppl.-: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Hepatitis E virus: do locally acquired infections in Australia necessitate laboratory testing in acute hepatitis patients with no overseas travel history?

Shrestha, Ashish C / Faddy, Helen M / Flower, Robert L P / Seed, Clive R / Keller, Anthony J

Pathology

2015 Volume 47, Issue 2, Page(s) 97–100

Abstract: Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is emerging as a global public health threat. Water-borne HEV outbreaks are common in developing countries and are associated with genotypes 1 and 2. In industrialised countries, sporadic cases of zoonotic transmission associated ... ...

Abstract	Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is emerging as a global public health threat. Water-borne HEV outbreaks are common in developing countries and are associated with genotypes 1 and 2. In industrialised countries, sporadic cases of zoonotic transmission associated with genotypes 3 and 4 are increasingly being reported. Transfusion- and transplantation-transmitted HEV have been documented, although ingestion of contaminated food is thought to be the major transmission route. Severe disease is possible and chronic hepatitis infection occurs in solid-organ-transplant recipients and in patients with immunosuppressive disorders. In Australia, HEV cases are mainly travellers returning from disease endemic countries. Indeed, there are few reported cases of locally acquired HEV. Pigs in Australia have been shown to be infected with HEV, which indicates the possibility of zoonotic transmission. The extent of locally acquired infection is not known, however it may be greater than expected and may necessitate laboratory testing in patients reporting no overseas travel.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Australia ; Hepatitis E/diagnosis ; Hepatitis E virus/isolation & purification ; Humans ; Swine ; Zoonoses/diagnosis
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-02-06
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	7085-3
ISSN	1465-3931 ; 0031-3025
ISSN (online)	1465-3931
ISSN	0031-3025
DOI	10.1097/PAT.0000000000000229
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Zs.A 723: Show issues

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Article ; Online: No evidence for widespread Babesia microti transmission in Australia.

Faddy, Helen M / Rooks, Kelly M / Irwin, Peter J / Viennet, Elvina / Paparini, Andrea / Seed, Clive R / Stramer, Susan L / Harley, Robert J / Chan, Hiu-Tat / Dennington, Peta M / Flower, Robert L P

Transfusion

2019 Volume 59, Issue 7, Page(s) 2368–2374

Abstract: Background: A fatal case of autochthonous Babesia microti infection was reported in Australia in 2012. This has implications for Australian public health and, given that babesiosis is transfusion transmissible, has possible implications for Australian ... ...

Abstract	Background: A fatal case of autochthonous Babesia microti infection was reported in Australia in 2012. This has implications for Australian public health and, given that babesiosis is transfusion transmissible, has possible implications for Australian blood transfusion recipients. We investigated the seroprevalence of antibodies to B. microti in Australian blood donors and in patients with clinically suspected babesiosis. Study design and methods: Plasma samples (n = 7,000) from donors donating in at-risk areas and clinical specimens from patients with clinically suspected babesiosis (n = 29) were tested for B. microti IgG by immunofluorescence assay (IFA). IFA initially reactive samples were tested for B. microti IgG and IgM by immunoblot and B. microti DNA by polymerase chain reaction. Results: Although five donors were initially reactive for B. microti IgG by IFA, none was confirmed for B. microti IgG (zero estimate; 95% confidence interval, 0%-0.05%) and all were negative for B. microti DNA. None of the patient samples had B. microti IgG, IgM, or DNA. Conclusions: This study does not provide evidence for widespread exposure to B. microti in Australian blood donors at local theoretical risk, nor does it provide evidence of B. microti infection in Australian patients with clinically suspected babesiosis. Given that confirmed evidence of previous exposure to B. microti was not seen, these data suggest that transmission of this pathogen is currently uncommon in Australia and unlikely to pose a risk to transfusion safety at present.
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Adult ; Aged ; Aged, 80 and over ; Antibodies, Protozoan/blood ; Australia/epidemiology ; Babesia microti ; Babesiosis/blood ; Babesiosis/epidemiology ; Blood Donors ; Blood Safety ; Blood Transfusion ; DNA, Protozoan/blood ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Seroepidemiologic Studies
Chemical Substances	Antibodies, Protozoan ; DNA, Protozoan
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-09
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	208417-x
ISSN	1537-2995 ; 0041-1132
ISSN (online)	1537-2995
ISSN	0041-1132
DOI	10.1111/trf.15336
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Zs.A 284: Show issues

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Article ; Online: Hepatitis E virus seroepidemiology: a post-earthquake study among blood donors in Nepal.

Shrestha, Ashish C / Flower, Robert L P / Seed, Clive R / Rajkarnikar, Manita / Shrestha, Shrawan K / Thapa, Uru / Hoad, Veronica C / Faddy, Helen M

BMC infectious diseases

2016 Volume 16, Issue 1, Page(s) 707

Abstract: Background: As one of the causative agents of viral hepatitis, hepatitis E virus (HEV) has gained public health attention globally. HEV epidemics occur in developing countries, associated with faecal contamination of water and poor sanitation. In ... ...

Abstract	Background: As one of the causative agents of viral hepatitis, hepatitis E virus (HEV) has gained public health attention globally. HEV epidemics occur in developing countries, associated with faecal contamination of water and poor sanitation. In industrialised nations, HEV infections are associated with travel to countries endemic for HEV, however, autochthonous infections, mainly through zoonotic transmission, are increasingly being reported. HEV can also be transmitted by blood transfusion. Nepal has experienced a number of HEV outbreaks, and recent earthquakes resulted in predictions raising the risk of an HEV outbreak to very high. This study aimed to measure HEV exposure in Nepalese blood donors after large earthquakes. Methods: Samples (n = 1,845) were collected from blood donors from Kathmandu, Chitwan, Bhaktapur and Kavre. Demographic details, including age and sex along with possible risk factors associated with HEV exposure were collected via a study-specific questionnaire. Samples were tested for HEV IgM, IgG and antigen. The proportion of donors positive for HEV IgM or IgG was calculated overall, and for each of the variables studied. Chi square and regression analyses were performed to identify factors associated with HEV exposure. Results: Of the donors residing in earthquake affected regions (Kathmandu, Bhaktapur and Kavre), 3.2% (54/1,686; 95% CI 2.7-4.0%) were HEV IgM positive and two donors were positive for HEV antigen. Overall, 41.9% (773/1,845; 95% CI 39.7-44.2%) of donors were HEV IgG positive, with regional variation observed. Higher HEV IgG and IgM prevalence was observed in donors who reported eating pork, likely an indicator of zoonotic transmission. Previous exposure to HEV in Nepalese blood donors is relatively high. Conclusion: Detection of recent markers of HEV infection in healthy donors suggests recent asymptomatic HEV infection and therefore transfusion-transmission in vulnerable patients is a risk in Nepal. Surprisingly, this study did not provide evidence of a large HEV outbreak following the devastating earthquakes in 2015.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Asymptomatic Diseases ; Blood Donors ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Disasters ; Disease Outbreaks ; Earthquakes ; Female ; Hepatitis E/diagnosis ; Hepatitis E/epidemiology ; Hepatitis E/etiology ; Hepatitis E/transmission ; Humans ; Male ; Middle Aged ; Nepal/epidemiology ; Prevalence ; Public Health Surveillance ; Risk Factors ; Seroepidemiologic Studies
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-11-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	1471-2334
ISSN (online)	1471-2334
DOI	10.1186/s12879-016-2043-8
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