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Article: Autistic adults show enhanced generosity to socially distant others

Forbes, Paul A. G. / Chaliani, Irini / Schilbach, Leonhard / Kalenscher, Tobias

Autism - The International Journal for Research and Practice

2024 Volume 28, Issue 4, Page(s) 999–1009

Abstract: Sharing resources is fundamental for human cooperation and survival. People tend to share resources more with individuals they feel close to compared to those who are more socially distant. This decline in generosity at increasing social distance is ... ...

Title translation	Autistische Erwachsene zeigen mehr Großzügigkeit gegenüber sozial distanzierten Menschen
Abstract	Sharing resources is fundamental for human cooperation and survival. People tend to share resources more with individuals they feel close to compared to those who are more socially distant. This decline in generosity at increasing social distance is called social discounting and is influenced by both social traits and abilities, such as empathy, and non-social psychological factors, such as decision-making biases. People who receive a diagnosis of autism show differences in social interaction as well as displaying differences in non-social domains, such as more restricted and repetitive behaviours. We investigated social discounting in autism and found that autistic adults were more generous than neurotypical participants, which was driven by greater generosity to socially distant others. Crucially, we also investigated framing effects during prosocial decision-making. Autistic participants were less susceptible to whether decisions were framed as causing monetary gains, compared to preventing monetary losses, for the potential recipient. Our results support the view of 'enhanced rationality' in autism as participants' prosocial decisions were less influenced by potential biasing information, such as the closeness of the recipient or how choices were framed. Therefore, the differences seen in autism, as well as posing certain challenges, can also have prosocial consequences.
Keywords	Autism Spectrum Disorders ; Autismus-Spektrum-Störungen ; Decision Making ; Entscheidungsfindung ; Familiarity ; Framing Effects ; Framing-Effekte ; Interpersonal Relationships ; Interpersonelle Beziehungen ; Prosocial Behavior ; Prosoziales Verhalten ; Sharing (Social Behavior) ; Teilen (Sozialverhalten) ; Vertrautheit
Language	English
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1338513-6
ISSN	1362-3613
ISSN	1362-3613
DOI	10.1177/13623613231190674
Database	PSYNDEX

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Article ; Online: Does stress make us more-or less-prosocial? A systematic review and meta-analysis of the effects of acute stress on prosocial behaviours using economic games.

Nitschke, Jonas P / Forbes, Paul A G / Lamm, Claus

Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews

2022 Volume 142, Page(s) 104905

Abstract: Prosocial behaviour is fundamental for our social togetherness. Yet, how acute stress, a common everyday occurrence, influences our behaviours towards one another is still unclear. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to quantitatively ... ...

Abstract	Prosocial behaviour is fundamental for our social togetherness. Yet, how acute stress, a common everyday occurrence, influences our behaviours towards one another is still unclear. In this systematic review and meta-analysis, we aimed to quantitatively investigate the effect of experimentally induced acute stress on prosocial behaviours in economic games. We also probed possible moderators to explain differences in findings. We included 23 studies, 77 individual effects, and 2197 participants in the meta-analysis and found no overall differences between stress and control groups in prosocial behaviours (SMD=-0.06), or costly punishment (SMD=-0.11). There were no moderating effects of stressor type, participants' gender/sex, or the delay from the stressor to the task. However, the potential recipient of the donated money (person vs. charity) and the complexity of the decision did reveal some differences under stress. The results of this meta-analysis suggest that there is currently no clear answer to the question of whether or not stress increases or decreases prosociality. We highlight important open questions and suggest where the field should go next.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Social Behavior ; Altruism
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-11
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Meta-Analysis ; Systematic Review ; Journal Article ; Review ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	282464-4
ISSN	1873-7528 ; 0149-7634
ISSN (online)	1873-7528
ISSN	0149-7634
DOI	10.1016/j.neubiorev.2022.104905
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Article ; Online: Placebo Analgesia Reduces Costly Prosocial Helping to Lower Another Person's Pain.

Hartmann, Helena / Forbes, Paul A G / Rütgen, Markus / Lamm, Claus

Psychological science

2022 Volume 33, Issue 11, Page(s) 1867–1881

Abstract: Painkiller administration lowers pain empathy, but whether this also reduces prosocial behavior is unknown. In this preregistered study, we investigated whether inducing analgesia through a placebo painkiller reduced effortful helping. When given the ... ...

Abstract	Painkiller administration lowers pain empathy, but whether this also reduces prosocial behavior is unknown. In this preregistered study, we investigated whether inducing analgesia through a placebo painkiller reduced effortful helping. When given the opportunity to reduce the pain of another person, individuals experiencing placebo analgesia (
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Altruism ; Analgesia ; Empathy ; Helping Behavior ; Pain/drug therapy ; Social Behavior ; Placebos/administration & dosage ; Placebo Effect ; Analgesics/administration & dosage
Chemical Substances	Placebos ; Analgesics
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-29
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2022256-7
ISSN	1467-9280 ; 0956-7976
ISSN (online)	1467-9280
ISSN	0956-7976
DOI	10.1177/09567976221119727
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Article ; Online: Brief Report: Autistic Adults Assign Less Weight to Affective Cues When Judging Others' Ambiguous Emotional States.

Forbes, Paul A G / Hamilton, Antonia F de C

Journal of autism and developmental disorders

2020 Volume 50, Issue 8, Page(s) 3066–3070

Abstract: Understanding other people's emotional states involves integrating multiple sources of information, such as someone's smile (affective cue) with our knowledge that they have passed an exam (situational cue). We explored whether autistic adults display ... ...

Abstract	Understanding other people's emotional states involves integrating multiple sources of information, such as someone's smile (affective cue) with our knowledge that they have passed an exam (situational cue). We explored whether autistic adults display differences in how they integrate these cues by showing participants videos of students receiving their exams results. Our results suggest autistic adults generally perform as neurotypical participants when identifying and integrating affective and situational cues. It was only in certain unfamiliar and ambiguous social situations that autistic adults assigned less weight to affective cues compared to situational cues when judging other people's emotional states.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Autistic Disorder/psychology ; Cues ; Emotions ; Facial Expression ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Social Perception
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-13
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	391999-7
ISSN	1573-3432 ; 0162-3257
ISSN (online)	1573-3432
ISSN	0162-3257
DOI	10.1007/s10803-020-04410-w
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Article ; Online: Perceptions of Stress and Mood Associated With Listening to Music in Daily Life During the COVID-19 Lockdown.

Feneberg, Anja C / Stijovic, Ana / Forbes, Paul A G / Lamm, Claus / Piperno, Giulio / Pronizius, Ekaterina / Silani, Giorgia / Nater, Urs M

JAMA network open

2023 Volume 6, Issue 1, Page(s) e2250382

Abstract: Importance: Music listening is a universal human experience. People of all ages and cultures often use music to reduce stress and improve mood, particularly in times of crisis. However, ecologically valid research examining the real-time association of ... ...

Abstract	Importance: Music listening is a universal human experience. People of all ages and cultures often use music to reduce stress and improve mood, particularly in times of crisis. However, ecologically valid research examining the real-time association of music listening with stress and mood during the COVID-19 pandemic is scarce. Objective: To explore the associations between listening to music and the perceptions of stress and mood using ecological momentary assessment during the COVID-19 lockdown period. Design, setting, and participants: In this cohort study conducted between April 1 and May 8, 2020, adults from the general population residing in Austria and Italy were prompted by an app on their smartphone to report data 5 times per day across 7 consecutive days. Participants provided data on their real-time and real-life experiences in their natural environment while strict lockdown measures were in place. Data analysis was performed from March 2021 to February 2022. Exposures: Data on self-reported music listening were recorded by means of mobile-based assessments. Perceived chronic stress was assessed once at the end of the study. Main outcomes and measures: Perceptions of momentary stress and mood were measured using visual analog scales (score range, 0-100, where 0 indicates not at all and 100 indicates very much) by means of mobile app-based assessments. Results: The final sample comprised 711 participants (497 women [69.9%]; median age, 27.0 years [IQR, 24.0-36.0 years]). Participants provided a total of 19 641 data points, including 4677 music listening reports. Music listening was prospectively associated with lower momentary stress levels (β, -0.92; 95% CI, -1.80 to -0.04; P = .04) and improvements in mood valence (β, 1.90; 95% CI, 1.17-2.63; P < .001), especially if the music was perceived as happy. Individuals with higher levels of chronic stress reported improved mood valence after music listening (β, 0.12; 95% CI, 0.02-0.22; P = .02). Conclusions and relevance: The present findings suggest that music listening may be a means to modulate stress and mood during psychologically demanding periods. Individuals experiencing heightened momentary and/or chronic stress because of the challenges brought about by COVID-19 pandemic-related restrictions might consider music as an easily accessible tool for the management of stress and mood in daily life.
MeSH term(s)	Adult ; Humans ; Female ; Music ; Cohort Studies ; Pandemics ; Stress, Psychological/epidemiology ; COVID-19/epidemiology ; Communicable Disease Control
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-01-03
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	2574-3805
ISSN (online)	2574-3805
DOI	10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.50382
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Acute stress reduces effortful prosocial behaviour.

Forbes, Paul A G / Aydogan, Gökhan / Braunstein, Julia / Todorova, Boryana / Wagner, Isabella C / Lockwood, Patricia L / Apps, Matthew A J / Ruff, Christian C / Lamm, Claus

eLife

2024 Volume 12

Abstract: Acute stress can change our cognition and emotions, but what specific consequences this has for human prosocial behaviour is unclear. Previous studies have mainly investigated prosociality with financial transfers in economic games and produced ... ...

Abstract	Acute stress can change our cognition and emotions, but what specific consequences this has for human prosocial behaviour is unclear. Previous studies have mainly investigated prosociality with financial transfers in economic games and produced conflicting results. Yet a core feature of many types of prosocial behaviour is that they are effortful. We therefore examined how acute stress changes our willingness to exert effort that benefits others. Healthy male participants - half of whom were put under acute stress - made decisions whether to exert physical effort to gain money for themselves or another person. With this design, we could independently assess the effects of acute stress on prosocial, compared to self-benefitting, effortful behaviour. Compared to controls (n = 45), participants in the stress group (n = 46) chose to exert effort more often for self- than for other-benefitting rewards at a low level of effort. Additionally, the adverse effects of stress on prosocial effort were particularly pronounced in more selfish participants. Neuroimaging combined with computational modelling revealed a putative neural mechanism underlying these effects: more stressed participants showed increased activation to subjective value in the dorsal anterior cingulate cortex and anterior insula when they themselves could benefit from their exerted effort relative to when someone else could. By using an effort-based task that better approximates real-life prosocial behaviour and incorporating trait differences in prosocial tendencies, our study provides important insights into how acute stress affects prosociality and its associated neural mechanisms.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Male ; Altruism ; Cognition ; Computer Simulation ; Drug-Related Side Effects and Adverse Reactions ; Emotions
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-01-05
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2687154-3
ISSN	2050-084X ; 2050-084X
ISSN (online)	2050-084X
ISSN	2050-084X
DOI	10.7554/eLife.87271
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Article ; Online: The effects of self-relevance vs. reward value on facial mimicry.

Forbes, Paul A G / Korb, Sebastian / Radloff, Alexandra / Lamm, Claus

Acta psychologica

2020 Volume 212, Page(s) 103193

Abstract: Facial mimicry is a ubiquitous social behaviour modulated by a range of social cues, including those related to reward value and self-relevance. However, previous research has typically focused on a single moderator at a time, and it remains unknown how ... ...

Abstract	Facial mimicry is a ubiquitous social behaviour modulated by a range of social cues, including those related to reward value and self-relevance. However, previous research has typically focused on a single moderator at a time, and it remains unknown how moderators interact when studied together. We compared the influence of reward value and self-relevance, by conditioning participants to associate certain faces with winning or losing money for themselves, or, with winning or losing money for another person. After conditioning, participants watched videos of these faces making happy and angry facial expressions whilst we recorded facial electromyographic activity. We found greater smile mimicry (activation of the Zygomaticus Major muscle) in response to happy expressions performed by faces associated with participants' own outcomes vs. faces associated with another person's outcomes. In contrast to previous research, whether a face was associated with winning or losing money did not modulate facial mimicry responses. These results, although preliminary, suggest that when faces are associated with both self-relevance and reward value, self-relevance could supersede the impact of reward value during facial mimicry.
MeSH term(s)	Anger ; Electromyography ; Emotions ; Facial Expression ; Facial Muscles ; Happiness ; Humans ; Reward
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-11-02
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	1480049-4
ISSN	1873-6297 ; 0001-6918
ISSN (online)	1873-6297
ISSN	0001-6918
DOI	10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103193
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Article: The effects of self-relevance vs. reward value on facial mimicry

Forbes, Paul A. G. / Korb, Sebastian / Radloff, Alexandra / Lamm, Claus

Acta Psychologica

2021

Title translation	Die Auswirkungen von Selbst-Relevanz vs. Belohnungswert auf die Gesichtsmimik
Abstract	Facial mimicry is a ubiquitous social behaviour modulated by a range of social cues, including those related to reward value and self-relevance. However, previous research has typically focused on a single moderator at a time, and it remains unknown how moderators interact when studied together. We compared the influence of reward value and self-relevance, by conditioning participants to associate certain faces with winning or losing money for themselves, or, with winning or losing money for another person. After conditioning, participants watched videos of these faces making happy and angry facial expressions whilst we recorded facial electro-myographic activity. We found greater smile mimicry (activation of the Zygomaticus Major muscle) in response to happy expressions performed by faces associated with participants' own outcomes vs. faces associated with another person's outcomes. In contrast to previous research, whether a face was associated with winning or losing money did not modulate facial mimicry responses. These results, although preliminary, suggest that when faces are associated with both self-relevance and reward value, self-relevance could supersede the impact of reward value during facial mimicry.
Keywords	Belohnungen ; Cognitive Bias ; Conditioning ; Emotionen ; Emotions ; Face Perception ; Facial Expressions ; Facial Muscles ; Gesichterwahrnehmung ; Gesichtsausdruck ; Gesichtsmuskeln ; Kognitiver Bias ; Konditionierung ; Rewards ; Selbstkonzept ; Self-Concept
Language	English
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	1480049-4
ISSN	1873-6297 ; 0001-6918
ISSN (online)	1873-6297
ISSN	0001-6918
DOI	10.1016/j.actpsy.2020.103193
Database	PSYNDEX

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Article ; Online: Diurnal dynamics of stress and mood during COVID-19 lockdown: a large multinational ecological momentary assessment study.

Feneberg, Anja C / Forbes, Paul A G / Piperno, Giulio / Pronizius, Ekaterina / Stijovic, Ana / Skoluda, Nadine / Lamm, Claus / Nater, Urs M / Silani, Giorgia

Proceedings. Biological sciences

2022 Volume 289, Issue 1975, Page(s) 20212480

Abstract: The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in severe disruption to people's lives as governments imposed national 'lockdowns'. Several large surveys have underlined the detrimental short- and long-term mental health consequences resulting from this disruption, but ... ...

Abstract	The COVID-19 pandemic resulted in severe disruption to people's lives as governments imposed national 'lockdowns'. Several large surveys have underlined the detrimental short- and long-term mental health consequences resulting from this disruption, but survey findings are only informative of individuals' retrospectively reported psychological states. Furthermore, knowledge on psychobiological responses to lockdown restrictions is scarce. We used smartphone-based real-time assessments in 731 participants for 7 days and investigated how individuals' self-reported stress and mood fluctuated diurnally during lockdown in spring 2020. We found that age, gender, financial security, depressive symptoms and trait loneliness modulated the diurnal dynamics of participants' momentary stress and mood. For example, younger and less financially secure individuals showed an attenuated decline in stress as the day progressed, and similarly, more lonely individuals showed a diminished increase in calmness throughout the day. Hair collected from a subsample (
MeSH term(s)	COVID-19 ; Communicable Disease Control ; Ecological Momentary Assessment ; Humans ; Pandemics ; Retrospective Studies
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	209242-6
ISSN	1471-2954 ; 0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
ISSN (online)	1471-2954
ISSN	0080-4649 ; 0962-8452 ; 0950-1193
DOI	10.1098/rspb.2021.2480
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Article ; Online: The effects of social interactions on momentary stress and mood during COVID-19 lockdowns.

Forbes, Paul A G / Pronizius, Ekaterina / Feneberg, Anja C / Nater, Urs M / Piperno, Giulio / Silani, Giorgia / Stijovic, Ana / Lamm, Claus

British journal of health psychology

2022 Volume 28, Issue 2, Page(s) 306–319

Abstract: Objective: Social interactions are vital for our well-being, particularly during times of stress. However, previous studies linking social interactions to psychological outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic have largely been retrospective and/or cross- ... ...

Abstract	Objective: Social interactions are vital for our well-being, particularly during times of stress. However, previous studies linking social interactions to psychological outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic have largely been retrospective and/or cross-sectional. Thus, we tested four preregistered hypotheses (H1-H4) concerning the real-time effect of social interactions on momentary changes in stress and mood during two COVID-19 lockdowns. Design: We used an ecological momentary assessment approach in 732 participants in spring 2020 (burst 1) and in a subsample of these participants (n = 281) during a further lockdown in autumn/winter 2020 (burst 2). Methods: Participants reported their stress and mood in a smartphone app five times per day for 7 days and indicated the nature and frequency of their recent social interactions. Results: Social interactions (H1) and their frequency (H2) improved momentary affect (e.g., social interactions increased mood valence: estimate = 2.605, p < .001 for burst 1). This was particularly the case for face-to-face interactions which, compared with other types of interactions, reduced momentary stress (e.g., estimate = -2.285, p < .001 for burst 1) and boosted mood (e.g., estimate = 1.759, p < .001 for burst 1) across both lockdowns, even when controlling for the pleasantness of the interaction and the closeness of the interaction partner (H3). We also show that individual differences in people's responsiveness to different social rewards modulated the impact of social interactions on momentary mood (H4). Conclusions: This study extends findings from cross-sectional and retrospective studies by highlighting the real-time affective benefits of social interactions during COVID-19 lockdown. The results have important implications for the (self-) management of stress and mood during psychologically demanding periods.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Pandemics ; Retrospective Studies ; Social Interaction ; COVID-19 ; Communicable Disease Control
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-17
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2026500-1
ISSN	2044-8287 ; 1359-107X
ISSN (online)	2044-8287
ISSN	1359-107X
DOI	10.1111/bjhp.12626
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