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Article ; Online: Comment on "Principles of Sound Ecotoxicology".

Ford, Alex T

Environmental science & technology

2017 Volume 51, Issue 19, Page(s) 11493–11495

MeSH term(s)	Ecotoxicology ; Environmental Pollutants ; Sound
Chemical Substances	Environmental Pollutants
Language	English
Publishing date	2017-09-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Letter ; Comment
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.7b03385
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Article ; Online: Effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine on pigment dispersion in chromatophores of the common sand shrimp, Crangon crangon: repeated experiments paint an inconclusive picture.

Ford, Alex T / Feuerhelm, Eleanor

Ecotoxicology (London, England)

2020 Volume 29, Issue 9, Page(s) 1368–1376

Abstract: The effects of antidepressants in the environment are starting to generate considerable interest due to the fact that neurotransmitters influence a range of biological processes. Crypsis is an important behavioural and physiological response in many ... ...

Abstract	The effects of antidepressants in the environment are starting to generate considerable interest due to the fact that neurotransmitters influence a range of biological processes. Crypsis is an important behavioural and physiological response in many crustaceans modulated by monoamine and pigment dispersing/concentrating hormones. This study aimed to develop a test methodology and investigate the effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), fluoxetine, on a chromatophore index and overall carapace 'darkness' in the common sand shrimp Crangon crangon. Adult shrimp were exposed for either 1 h, 1 day or 1 week across a range of nominal fluoxetine concentrations (10 ng/L, 100 ng/L and 1000 ng/L) and the chromatophore index or carapace percentage 'darkness' was recorded following 30 min on white and black substrates. These experiments were repeated three times using different specimens. Animals became significantly darker (~20%) on darker background and lighter on light backgrounds as one might expect. However, time periods over which the animals were recorded had a significant impact on the colouration suggesting habituation to laboratory conditions. Fluoxetine exposure came up as a significant factor in two of the three trials for the chromatophore index but the results was inconsistent between trials. There was a high degree of correlation between the chromatophore index and the percentage darkness analyses however, there was no significant effects for fluoxetine exposure with the percentage darkness data. We conclude that the effects on antidepressants on colour change remain inconclusive from these experiments and we discuss potential areas to improve the repeatability of the experiments.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Antidepressive Agents/toxicity ; Chromatophores/drug effects ; Crangonidae/physiology ; Fluoxetine/toxicity ; Pigmentation
Chemical Substances	Antidepressive Agents ; Fluoxetine (01K63SUP8D)
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-08-28
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	34042-x
ISSN	1573-3017 ; 0963-9292
ISSN (online)	1573-3017
ISSN	0963-9292
DOI	10.1007/s10646-020-02272-7
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Article: Effects of the antidepressant fluoxetine on pigment dispersion in chromatophores of the common sand shrimp, Crangon crangon: repeated experiments paint an inconclusive picture

Ford, Alex T / Feuerhelm, Eleanor

Ecotoxicology. 2020 Nov., v. 29, no. 9

2020

Abstract	The effects of antidepressants in the environment are starting to generate considerable interest due to the fact that neurotransmitters influence a range of biological processes. Crypsis is an important behavioural and physiological response in many crustaceans modulated by monoamine and pigment dispersing/concentrating hormones. This study aimed to develop a test methodology and investigate the effects of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), fluoxetine, on a chromatophore index and overall carapace ‘darkness’ in the common sand shrimp Crangon crangon. Adult shrimp were exposed for either 1 h, 1 day or 1 week across a range of nominal fluoxetine concentrations (10 ng/L, 100 ng/L and 1000 ng/L) and the chromatophore index or carapace percentage ‘darkness’ was recorded following 30 min on white and black substrates. These experiments were repeated three times using different specimens. Animals became significantly darker (~20%) on darker background and lighter on light backgrounds as one might expect. However, time periods over which the animals were recorded had a significant impact on the colouration suggesting habituation to laboratory conditions. Fluoxetine exposure came up as a significant factor in two of the three trials for the chromatophore index but the results was inconsistent between trials. There was a high degree of correlation between the chromatophore index and the percentage darkness analyses however, there was no significant effects for fluoxetine exposure with the percentage darkness data. We conclude that the effects on antidepressants on colour change remain inconclusive from these experiments and we discuss potential areas to improve the repeatability of the experiments.
Keywords	Crangon crangon ; adults ; antidepressants ; chromatophores ; color ; fluoxetine ; habituation ; hormones ; laboratory experimentation ; neurotransmitters ; physiological response ; sand ; serotonin ; shrimp
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-11
Size	p. 1368-1376.
Publishing place	Springer US
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	34042-x
ISSN	1573-3017 ; 0963-9292
ISSN (online)	1573-3017
ISSN	0963-9292
DOI	10.1007/s10646-020-02272-7
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Article ; Online: High-Throughput Screening of Psychotropic Compounds: Impacts on Swimming Behaviours in

Kohler, Shanelle A / Parker, Matthew O / Ford, Alex T

Toxics

2021 Volume 9, Issue 3

Abstract: Animal behaviour is becoming increasingly popular as an endpoint in ecotoxicology due to its increased sensitivity and speed compared to traditional endpoints. However, the widespread use of animal behaviours in environmental risk assessment is currently ...

Abstract	Animal behaviour is becoming increasingly popular as an endpoint in ecotoxicology due to its increased sensitivity and speed compared to traditional endpoints. However, the widespread use of animal behaviours in environmental risk assessment is currently hindered by a lack of optimisation and standardisation of behavioural assays for model species. In this study, assays to assess swimming speed were developed for a model crustacean species, the brine shrimp
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-17
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2733883-6
ISSN	2305-6304 ; 2305-6304
ISSN (online)	2305-6304
ISSN	2305-6304
DOI	10.3390/toxics9030064
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Article: A Crab Is Not a Fish: Unique Aspects of the Crustacean Endocrine System and Considerations for Endocrine Toxicology.

Knigge, Thomas / LeBlanc, Gerald A / Ford, Alex T

Frontiers in endocrinology

2021 Volume 12, Page(s) 587608

Abstract: Crustaceans-and arthropods in general-exhibit many unique aspects to their physiology. These include the requirement to moult (ecdysis) in order to grow and reproduce, the ability to change color, and multiple strategies for sexual differentiation. ... ...

Abstract	Crustaceans-and arthropods in general-exhibit many unique aspects to their physiology. These include the requirement to moult (ecdysis) in order to grow and reproduce, the ability to change color, and multiple strategies for sexual differentiation. Accordingly, the endocrine regulation of these processes involves hormones, receptors, and enzymes that differ from those utilized by vertebrates and other non-arthropod invertebrates. As a result, environmental chemicals known to disrupt endocrine processes in vertebrates are often not endocrine disruptors in crustaceans; while, chemicals that disrupt endocrine processes in crustaceans are often not endocrine disruptors in vertebrates. In this review, we present an overview of the evolution of the endocrine system of crustaceans, highlight endocrine endpoints known to be a target of disruption by chemicals, and identify other components of endocrine signaling that may prove to be targets of disruption. This review highlights that crustaceans need to be evaluated for endocrine disruption with consideration of their unique endocrine system and not with consideration of the endocrine system of vertebrates.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biological Evolution ; Crustacea/classification ; Crustacea/drug effects ; Crustacea/genetics ; Endocrine Disruptors/toxicity ; Endocrine System/drug effects ; Endocrine System/embryology ; Endocrine System/growth & development ; Fishes/classification ; Molting/drug effects ; Molting/physiology ; Reproduction/drug effects ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
Chemical Substances	Endocrine Disruptors ; Water Pollutants, Chemical
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-02
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Review
ZDB-ID	2592084-4
ISSN	1664-2392
ISSN	1664-2392
DOI	10.3389/fendo.2021.587608
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Article ; Online: The effects of plastic additives on swimming activity and startle response in marine amphipod Echinogammarus marinus.

Green-Ojo, Bidemi / Tan, Hung / Botelho, Marina Tenório / Obanya, Henry / Grinsted, Lena / Parker, Mathew O / Ford, Alex T

The Science of the total environment

2024 Volume 918, Page(s) 170793

Abstract: Plastic additives are widely used in plastic production and are found in the environment owing to their widespread applications. Among these additives, N-butyl benzenesulfonamide (NBBS) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) are under international watchlist for ...

Abstract	Plastic additives are widely used in plastic production and are found in the environment owing to their widespread applications. Among these additives, N-butyl benzenesulfonamide (NBBS) and triphenyl phosphate (TPHP) are under international watchlist for evaluation, with limited studies on amphipods. Di-ethylhexyl phthalate (DEHP) and dibutyl phthalate (DBP) are banned in some countries and categorised as substances of very high concern. This study aimed to investigate the effects of NBBS, TPHP, DEHP and DBP on the swimming activity of a coastal intertidal marine amphipod, Echinogammarus marinus. Furthermore, this study is the first to quantify startle response in E. marinus in response to light stimuli. Amphipods were exposed to 0, 0.5, 5, 50 and 500 μg/l concentrations of all test compounds. Swimming activity and startle responses were assessed by video tracking and analysis using an 8-min alternating dark and light protocol after exposure on days 7 and 14. We observed an overall compound and light effect on the swimming activity of E. marinus. A significant decrease in swimming distance was found in 500 μg/l NBBS and TPHP. We observed that the startle response in E. marinus had a latency period of >2 s and animals were assessed at 1 s and the sum of the first 5 s. There was a clear startle response in E. marinus during dark to light transition, evident with increased swimming distance. NBBS exposure significantly increased startle response at environmental concentrations, while significant effects were only seen in 500 μg/l TPHP at 5 s. We found no significant effects of DEHP and DBP on swimming behaviour at the concentrations assessed. The findings of this study affirm the necessity for a continuous review of plastic additives to combat adverse behavioural effects that may be transferable to the population levels.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Swimming ; Diethylhexyl Phthalate/analysis ; Amphipoda/physiology ; Reflex, Startle ; Dibutyl Phthalate ; Phthalic Acids ; Benzenesulfonamides
Chemical Substances	N-butylbenzenesulfonamide (YO7UAW6717) ; Diethylhexyl Phthalate (C42K0PH13C) ; Dibutyl Phthalate (2286E5R2KE) ; Phthalic Acids ; Benzenesulfonamides
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-07
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2024.170793
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Article: Radiocaesium accumulation and fluctuating asymmetry in the Japanese mitten crab, Eriocheir japonica, along a gradient of radionuclide contamination at Fukushima

Fuller, Neil / Smith, Jim T. / Takase, Tsugiko / Ford, Alex T. / Wada, Toshihiro

Environmental pollution. 2022 Jan. 01, v. 292

2022

Abstract: The 2011 Tohoku earthquake-tsunami and the subsequent nuclear accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS) led to large-scale radionuclide contamination of the marine and freshwater environment. Monitoring studies of marine food ... ...

Abstract	The 2011 Tohoku earthquake-tsunami and the subsequent nuclear accident at the Fukushima Dai-ichi Nuclear Power Station (FDNPS) led to large-scale radionuclide contamination of the marine and freshwater environment. Monitoring studies of marine food products in the Fukushima region have generally demonstrated a declining trend in radiocaesium concentrations. However, the accumulation and elimination of radiocaesium and potential biological effects remain poorly understood for freshwater biota inhabiting highly contaminated areas at Fukushima. Consequently, the present study aimed to assess radiocaesium accumulation and developmental effects on the commercially important catadromous Japanese mitten crab, Eriocheir japonica. E. japonica were collected from four sites along a gradient of radionuclide contamination 4–44 km in distance from the FDNPS in 2017. To determine potential developmental effects, fluctuating asymmetry (FA) was used as a measure of developmental stability. Combined ¹³⁴Cs and ¹³⁷Cs values for whole E. japonica from highly contaminated sites 4 and 16 km in distance from the FDNPS were 3040 ± 521 and 2250 ± 908 Bq kg⁻¹ wet weight respectively, 30 and 22 times greater than the Japanese standard limit of 100 Bq kg⁻¹. Estimated total dose rates based on radiocaesium concentrations in whole crabs and sediment ranged from 0.016 to 37.7 μGy h⁻¹. No significant relationship between radiocaesium accumulation and FA was recorded, suggesting that chronic radiation exposure at Fukushima is not inducing developmental effects in E. japonica as measured using fluctuating asymmetry. Furthermore, estimated dose rates were below proposed regulatory limits where significant deleterious effects are expected. The present study will aid in the understanding of the long-term consequences of radiation exposure for non-human biota and the management of radioactively contaminated environments.
Keywords	Eriocheir japonica ; Japan ; accidents ; asymmetry ; catadromous fish ; cesium radioisotopes ; freshwater ; nuclear power ; power plants ; radioactive pollution ; sediments
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0101
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	280652-6
ISSN	1873-6424 ; 0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
ISSN (online)	1873-6424
ISSN	0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
DOI	10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118479
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Article ; Online: From gender benders to brain benders (and beyond!).

Ford, Alex T

Aquatic toxicology (Amsterdam, Netherlands)

2014 Volume 151, Page(s) 1–3

MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Biological Phenomena/drug effects ; Ecotoxicology/trends ; Environmental Monitoring ; Fresh Water ; Neurosecretory Systems/drug effects ; Water Pollutants, Chemical/toxicity
Chemical Substances	Water Pollutants, Chemical
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-06
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Editorial
ZDB-ID	782699-0
ISSN	1879-1514 ; 0166-445X
ISSN (online)	1879-1514
ISSN	0166-445X
DOI	10.1016/j.aquatox.2014.02.005
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Article: The effects of wastewater effluent on multiple behaviours in the amphipod, Gammarus pulex

Love, Adrian C / Crooks, Neil / Ford, Alex T

Environmental pollution. 2020 Dec., v. 267

2020

Abstract: The prevalence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in lotic habitats is increasing, with the main source of these contaminants being effluent from waste water treatment works (WwTW). There is still much uncertainty about the impacts of ... ...

Abstract	The prevalence of pharmaceuticals and personal care products (PPCPs) in lotic habitats is increasing, with the main source of these contaminants being effluent from waste water treatment works (WwTW). There is still much uncertainty about the impacts of these PPCPs at environmentally relevant concentrations and their potential effects on aquatic ecology. Behaviour is a sensitive endpoint which can help evaluate possible population level effects from changes in physiology. This paper evaluates the effects of WwTW effluent on a range of behaviours in the freshwater invertebrate, Gammarus pulex. Effluent taken from the outflow of two WwTW in southern England was used in the study. Behavioural analyses, namely feeding rate, phototaxis, activity, velocity and precopula pairing, were measured in G. pulex following a period of one and three weeks after exposure to a 50% or 100% effluent and a control. Mortality remained very low throughout the 3 week experiment (0–10%, n = 20) and no significant changes in moulting frequency were observed (p > 0.05). No significant effects on feeding or velocity or phototaxis following 3 weeks of effluent exposures were observed (p > 0.05). However, significant reductions were observed in the overall activity over 3 weeks across which appeared to be exacerbated by exposure to effluents. Interestingly, males exposed for 3 weeks to WwTW effluent re-paired with unexposed females significantly faster (4-6x) than control animals. This result was consistent between the effluents taken from the two WwTW. The implications of these behavioural changes are currently unknown but highlight the need for a varied set of tools to study the behavioural changes in wildlife.
Keywords	Gammarus pulex ; drugs ; freshwater ; invertebrates ; lotic systems ; mortality ; phototaxis ; pollution ; uncertainty ; wastewater ; wastewater treatment ; wildlife ; England
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-12
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	NAL-AP-2-clean
ZDB-ID	280652-6
ISSN	1873-6424 ; 0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
ISSN (online)	1873-6424
ISSN	0013-9327 ; 0269-7491
DOI	10.1016/j.envpol.2020.115386
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Article: 'Prescribing' psychotropic medication to our rivers and estuaries.

Ford, Alex T / Herrera, Helena

BJPsych bulletin

2018 Volume 43, Issue 4, Page(s) 147–150

Abstract: SummaryThe influence of pharmaceuticals on the environment is an increasing concern among environmental toxicologists. It is known that their growing use is leading to detectable levels in wastewater, conceivably causing harm to aquatic ecosystems. ... ...

Abstract	SummaryThe influence of pharmaceuticals on the environment is an increasing concern among environmental toxicologists. It is known that their growing use is leading to detectable levels in wastewater, conceivably causing harm to aquatic ecosystems. Psychotropic medication is one such group of substances, particularly affecting high-income countries. While these drugs have a clear place in therapy, there is debate around the risk/benefit ratio in patients with mild mental health problems. Therefore, it is necessary to evaluate the wider implications as risks could extend beyond the individual to non-target organisms, particularly those in rivers and estuaries.Declaration of interestNone.
Language	English
Publishing date	2018-09-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2816886-0
ISSN	2056-4708 ; 2056-4694
ISSN (online)	2056-4708
ISSN	2056-4694
DOI	10.1192/bjb.2018.72
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