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  1. Article ; Online: Characterization of ovarian development in girls from birth to 9 months.

    Chin, Helen B / Baird, Donna D / Kaplan, Summer L / Darge, Kassa / Adgent, Margaret A / Ford, Eileen G / Rogan, Walter J / Stallings, Virginia A / Umbach, David M

    Paediatric and perinatal epidemiology

    2020  Volume 35, Issue 1, Page(s) 75–82

    Abstract: Background: The minipuberty of infancy is a period of increased reproductive axis activity. Changes in reproductive hormone concentrations and organ size occur during this period, but longitudinal changes have not been well described.: Objectives: ... ...

    Abstract Background: The minipuberty of infancy is a period of increased reproductive axis activity. Changes in reproductive hormone concentrations and organ size occur during this period, but longitudinal changes have not been well described.
    Objectives: The objective of this study was to characterize ovarian growth trajectories and ovarian follicle development during the first 9 months of life in a large longitudinal cohort of healthy girls.
    Methods: Data from the Infant Feeding and Early Development Study, a longitudinal cohort study of oestrogen-responsive outcomes in healthy infants, were used to estimate ovarian growth trajectories and describe the presence of ovarian antral follicles in girls 0-9 months old. Ovarian ultrasound evaluations were performed on the infants within 72 hours of birth (newborn visit) and at 4, 8, 16, 24, and 32 weeks of age. Mixed-effects regression splines were used to characterize changes in ovarian volume during infancy and assess the association between the presence of ovarian follicles at the newborn visit and ovarian growth.
    Results: This analysis included 163 girls with two or more ovarian ultrasounds in the study. Results from the estimated overall ovarian growth trajectory show that ovarian volume increases more than sixfold during the first 16 weeks after birth and then remains relatively stable in the later weeks of infancy. Among girls with observable ovaries at the newborn visit (n = 133), girls with at least one visible ovarian follicle showed more rapid initial ovarian growth compared with girls without visible follicles.
    Conclusions: Infant ovarian volume increased to a peak at 16 weeks, which was influenced by the number and size of developing follicles. This research contributes to future development of reference ranges for postnatal ovarian growth in healthy, term infants.
    MeSH term(s) Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant, Newborn ; Longitudinal Studies ; Organ Size ; Ovarian Follicle ; Ovary
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-04-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
    ZDB-ID 639089-4
    ISSN 1365-3016 ; 0269-5022 ; 1353-663X
    ISSN (online) 1365-3016
    ISSN 0269-5022 ; 1353-663X
    DOI 10.1111/ppe.12673
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  2. Article ; Online: Reproductive Hormone Concentrations and Associated Anatomical Responses: Does Soy Formula Affect Minipuberty in Boys?

    Chin, Helen B / Kelly, Andrea / Adgent, Margaret A / Patchel, Stacy A / James, Kerry / Vesper, Hubert W / Botelho, Julianne C / Chandler, Donald Walt / Zemel, Babette S / Schall, Joan I / Ford, Eileen G / Darge, Kassa / Stallings, Virginia A / Baird, Donna D / Rogan, Walter J / Umbach, David M

    The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism

    2021  Volume 106, Issue 9, Page(s) 2635–2645

    Abstract: Context: Soy formula feeding is common in infancy and is a source of high exposure to phytoestrogens, documented to influence vaginal cytology in female infants. Its influence on minipuberty in males has not been established.: Objective: To assess ... ...

    Abstract Context: Soy formula feeding is common in infancy and is a source of high exposure to phytoestrogens, documented to influence vaginal cytology in female infants. Its influence on minipuberty in males has not been established.
    Objective: To assess the association between infant feeding practice and longitudinally measured reproductive hormones and hormone-responsive tissues in infant boys.
    Methods: The Infant Feeding and Early Development study was a prospective cohort of maternal-infant dyads requiring exclusive soy formula, cow milk formula, or breast milk feeding during study follow-up. In the 147 infant boy participants, serum testosterone, luteinizing hormone, stretched penile length, anogenital distance, and testis volume were longitudinally assessed from birth to 28 weeks. We examined feeding-group differences in age trajectories for these outcomes using mixed-effects regression splines.
    Results: Median serum testosterone was at pubertal levels at 2 weeks (176 ng/dL [quartiles: 124, 232]) and remained in this range until 12 weeks in all feeding groups. We did not observe differences in trajectories of hormone concentrations or anatomical measures between boys fed soy formula (n = 55) and boys fed cow milk formula (n = 54). Compared with breastfed boys (n = 38), soy formula-fed boys had a more rapid increase in penile length (P = .004) and slower initial lengthening of anogenital distance (P = .03), but no differences in hormone trajectories.
    Conclusion: Reproductive hormone concentrations and anatomical responses followed similar trajectories in soy and cow milk formula-fed infant boys. Our findings suggest that these measures of early male reproductive development do not respond to phytoestrogen exposure during infancy.
    MeSH term(s) Adult ; Breast Feeding ; Female ; Genitalia, Male/anatomy & histology ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Formula ; Luteinizing Hormone/blood ; Male ; Penis/anatomy & histology ; Penis/growth & development ; Phytoestrogens/pharmacology ; Prospective Studies ; Glycine max ; Testis/anatomy & histology ; Testosterone/blood
    Chemical Substances Phytoestrogens ; Testosterone (3XMK78S47O) ; Luteinizing Hormone (9002-67-9)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-05-16
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
    ZDB-ID 3029-6
    ISSN 1945-7197 ; 0021-972X
    ISSN (online) 1945-7197
    ISSN 0021-972X
    DOI 10.1210/clinem/dgab354
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  3. Article ; Online: Response to Letter to the Editor From Pierre Bougnères: "Reproductive Hormone Concentrations and Associated Anatomical Responses: Does Soy Formula Affect Minipuberty in Boys?"

    Chin, Helen B / Kelly, Andrea / Adgent, Margaret A / Patchel, Stacy A / James, Kerry / Chandler, Donald Walt / Zemel, Babette S / Schall, Joan I / Ford, Eileen G / Darge, Kassa / Stallings, Virginia A / Baird, Donna D / Rogan, Walter J / Umbach, David M

    The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism

    2021  Volume 107, Issue 2, Page(s) e894–e895

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Infant Formula ; Luteinizing Hormone ; Male
    Chemical Substances Luteinizing Hormone (9002-67-9)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-10-06
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 3029-6
    ISSN 1945-7197 ; 0021-972X
    ISSN (online) 1945-7197
    ISSN 0021-972X
    DOI 10.1210/clinem/dgab718
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  4. Article ; Online: A Longitudinal Study of Estrogen-Responsive Tissues and Hormone Concentrations in Infants Fed Soy Formula.

    Adgent, Margaret A / Umbach, David M / Zemel, Babette S / Kelly, Andrea / Schall, Joan I / Ford, Eileen G / James, Kerry / Darge, Kassa / Botelho, Julianne C / Vesper, Hubert W / Chandler, Donald Walt / Nakamoto, Jon M / Rogan, Walter J / Stallings, Virginia A

    The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism

    2018  Volume 103, Issue 5, Page(s) 1899–1909

    Abstract: Purpose: Chemicals with hormonelike activity, such as estrogenic isoflavones, may perturb human development. Infants exclusively fed soy-based formula are highly exposed to isoflavones, but their physiologic responses remain uncharacterized. Estrogen- ... ...

    Abstract Purpose: Chemicals with hormonelike activity, such as estrogenic isoflavones, may perturb human development. Infants exclusively fed soy-based formula are highly exposed to isoflavones, but their physiologic responses remain uncharacterized. Estrogen-responsive postnatal development was compared in infants exclusively fed soy formula, cow-milk formula, and breast milk.
    Methods: We enrolled 410 infants born in Philadelphia-area hospitals between 2010 and 2014; 283 were exclusively fed soy formula (n = 102), cow-milk formula (n = 111), or breast milk (n = 70) throughout the study (birth to 28 or 36 weeks for boys and girls, respectively). We repeatedly measured maturation index (MI) in vaginal and urethral epithelial cells using standard cytological methods, uterine volume and breast-bud diameter using ultrasound, and serum estradiol and follicle-stimulating hormone levels. We estimated MI, organ-growth, and hormone trajectories by diet using mixed-effects regression splines.
    Results: Maternal demographics did not differ between cow-milk-fed and soy-fed infants but did differ between formula-fed and breastfed infants. Vaginal-cell MI trended higher (P = 0.01) and uterine volume decreased more slowly (P = 0.01) in soy-fed girls compared with cow-milk-fed girls; however, their trajectories of breast-bud diameter and hormone concentrations did not differ. We observed no significant differences between boys fed cow-milk vs soy formula; estradiol was not detectable. Breastfed infants differed from soy-formula-fed infants in vaginal-cell MI, uterine volume, and girls' estradiol and boys' breast-bud diameter trajectories.
    Conclusions: Relative to girls fed cow-milk formula, those fed soy formula demonstrated tissue- and organ-level developmental trajectories consistent with response to exogenous estrogen exposure. Studies are needed to further evaluate the effects of soy on child development.
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Breast/drug effects ; Breast/growth & development ; Cattle ; Child Development/drug effects ; Estrogens/pharmacology ; Female ; Humans ; Infant ; Infant Formula/chemistry ; Infant Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ; Infant, Newborn ; Isoflavones/pharmacology ; Longitudinal Studies ; Male ; Milk/chemistry ; Milk/physiology ; Milk, Human/chemistry ; Milk, Human/physiology ; Phytoestrogens/pharmacology ; Urethra/drug effects ; Urethra/growth & development ; Uterus/drug effects ; Uterus/growth & development
    Chemical Substances Estrogens ; Isoflavones ; Phytoestrogens
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-02-10
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural
    ZDB-ID 3029-6
    ISSN 1945-7197 ; 0021-972X
    ISSN (online) 1945-7197
    ISSN 0021-972X
    DOI 10.1210/jc.2017-02249
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  5. Article ; Online: Size of testes, ovaries, uterus and breast buds by ultrasound in healthy full-term neonates ages 0-3 days.

    Kaplan, Summer L / Edgar, J Christopher / Ford, Eileen G / Adgent, Margaret A / Schall, Joan I / Kelly, Andrea / Umbach, David M / Rogan, Walter J / Stallings, Virginia A / Darge, Kassa

    Pediatric radiology

    2016  Volume 46, Issue 13, Page(s) 1837–1847

    Abstract: Background: Hormonally sensitive organs in the neonate can change size within days of birth as circulating maternal estrogen wanes. Although several reports document the size of these organs through infancy, few focus attention on the near-birth period. ...

    Abstract Background: Hormonally sensitive organs in the neonate can change size within days of birth as circulating maternal estrogen wanes. Although several reports document the size of these organs through infancy, few focus attention on the near-birth period. Clinical and research evaluation of hormonal and genitourinary disorders would benefit from reference size standards.
    Objective: We describe the size of the uterus, ovaries, testes and breast buds in healthy term neonates.
    Materials and methods: As part of the Infant Feeding and Early Development (IFED) study, we sonographically measured the largest diameter of these organs in sagittal, transverse and anterior-posterior planes for 194 female and 204 male newborns up to 3 days old. We calculated mean, median and percentiles for longest axis length and for volume calculated from measured diameters. We evaluated size differences by laterality, gender and race and compared our observations against published values.
    Results: Mean length and mean volume were as follows: uterus, 4.2 cm and 10.0 cm
    Conclusion: Using data from our large cohort together with published values, we provide guidelines for evaluating the size of reproductive organs within the first 3 days of age. Discrepancies between our results and published values are likely attributable to technique.
    MeSH term(s) Anatomic Landmarks ; Breast/anatomy & histology ; Breast/diagnostic imaging ; Female ; Humans ; Infant, Newborn ; Male ; Organ Size ; Ovary/anatomy & histology ; Ovary/diagnostic imaging ; Pennsylvania ; Reference Values ; Testis/anatomy & histology ; Testis/diagnostic imaging ; Ultrasonography/methods ; Uterus/anatomy & histology ; Uterus/diagnostic imaging
    Language English
    Publishing date 2016-08-31
    Publishing country Germany
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 124459-0
    ISSN 1432-1998 ; 0301-0449
    ISSN (online) 1432-1998
    ISSN 0301-0449
    DOI 10.1007/s00247-016-3681-0
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  6. Article ; Online: Student public commitment in a school-based diabetes prevention project

    Solomon Sara / Hernandez Arthur E / White Mamie / Moe Esther L / Stadler Diane D / Ford Eileen G / Drews Kimberly L / Schneider Margaret / DeBar Lynn L / Jessup Ann / Venditti Elizabeth M

    BMC Public Health, Vol 11, Iss 1, p

    impact on physical health and health behavior

    2011  Volume 711

    Abstract: Abstract Background As concern about youth obesity continues to mount, there is increasing consideration of widespread policy changes to support improved nutritional and enhanced physical activity offerings in schools. A critical element in the success ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Background As concern about youth obesity continues to mount, there is increasing consideration of widespread policy changes to support improved nutritional and enhanced physical activity offerings in schools. A critical element in the success of such programs may be to involve students as spokespeople for the program. Making such a public commitment to healthy lifestyle program targets (improved nutrition and enhanced physical activity) may potentiate healthy behavior changes among such students and provide a model for their peers. This paper examines whether student's "public commitment"--voluntary participation as a peer communicator or in student-generated media opportunities--in a school-based intervention to prevent diabetes and reduce obesity predicted improved study outcomes including reduced obesity and improved health behaviors. Methods Secondary analysis of data from a 3-year randomized controlled trial conducted in 42 middle schools examining the impact of a multi-component school-based program on body mass index (BMI) and student health behaviors. A total of 4603 students were assessed at the beginning of sixth grade and the end of eighth grade. Process evaluation data were collected throughout the course of the intervention. All analyses were adjusted for students' baseline values. For this paper, the students in the schools randomized to receive the intervention were further divided into two groups: those who participated in public commitment activities and those who did not. Students from comparable schools randomized to the assessment condition constituted the control group. Results We found a lower percentage of obesity (greater than or equal to the 95 th percentile for BMI) at the end of the study among the group participating in public commitment activities compared to the control group (21.5% vs. 26.6%, p = 0.02). The difference in obesity rates at the end of the study was even greater among the subgroup of students who were overweight or obese at baseline; 44.6% for the "public commitment" group, versus 53.2% for the control group (p = 0.01). There was no difference in obesity rates between the group not participating in public commitment activities and the control group (26.4% vs. 26.6%). Conclusions Participating in public commitment activities during the HEALTHY study may have potentiated the changes promoted by the behavioral, nutrition, and physical activity intervention components. Trial Registration ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00458029
    Keywords Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
    Subject code 796
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-09-01T00:00:00Z
    Publisher BMC
    Document type Article ; Online
    Database BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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  7. Article ; Online: Student public commitment in a school-based diabetes prevention project: impact on physical health and health behavior.

    DeBar, Lynn L / Schneider, Margaret / Drews, Kimberly L / Ford, Eileen G / Stadler, Diane D / Moe, Esther L / White, Mamie / Hernandez, Arthur E / Solomon, Sara / Jessup, Ann / Venditti, Elizabeth M

    BMC public health

    2011  Volume 11, Page(s) 711

    Abstract: Background: As concern about youth obesity continues to mount, there is increasing consideration of widespread policy changes to support improved nutritional and enhanced physical activity offerings in schools. A critical element in the success of such ... ...

    Abstract Background: As concern about youth obesity continues to mount, there is increasing consideration of widespread policy changes to support improved nutritional and enhanced physical activity offerings in schools. A critical element in the success of such programs may be to involve students as spokespeople for the program. Making such a public commitment to healthy lifestyle program targets (improved nutrition and enhanced physical activity) may potentiate healthy behavior changes among such students and provide a model for their peers. This paper examines whether student's "public commitment"--voluntary participation as a peer communicator or in student-generated media opportunities--in a school-based intervention to prevent diabetes and reduce obesity predicted improved study outcomes including reduced obesity and improved health behaviors.
    Methods: Secondary analysis of data from a 3-year randomized controlled trial conducted in 42 middle schools examining the impact of a multi-component school-based program on body mass index (BMI) and student health behaviors. A total of 4603 students were assessed at the beginning of sixth grade and the end of eighth grade. Process evaluation data were collected throughout the course of the intervention. All analyses were adjusted for students' baseline values. For this paper, the students in the schools randomized to receive the intervention were further divided into two groups: those who participated in public commitment activities and those who did not. Students from comparable schools randomized to the assessment condition constituted the control group.
    Results: We found a lower percentage of obesity (greater than or equal to the 95th percentile for BMI) at the end of the study among the group participating in public commitment activities compared to the control group (21.5% vs. 26.6%, p = 0.02). The difference in obesity rates at the end of the study was even greater among the subgroup of students who were overweight or obese at baseline; 44.6% for the "public commitment" group, versus 53.2% for the control group (p = 0.01). There was no difference in obesity rates between the group not participating in public commitment activities and the control group (26.4% vs. 26.6%).
    Conclusions: Participating in public commitment activities during the HEALTHY study may have potentiated the changes promoted by the behavioral, nutrition, and physical activity intervention components.
    Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov number, NCT00458029.
    MeSH term(s) Child ; Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2/prevention & control ; Disclosure ; Female ; Health Behavior ; Health Promotion ; Humans ; Male ; Peer Group ; Persuasive Communication ; Physical Fitness ; Schools ; Students/psychology ; United States
    Language English
    Publishing date 2011-09-20
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Randomized Controlled Trial ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 2041338-5
    ISSN 1471-2458 ; 1471-2458
    ISSN (online) 1471-2458
    ISSN 1471-2458
    DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-11-711
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