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  1. Article ; Online: Lytic Replication and Reactivation from B Cells Is Not Required for Establishing or Maintaining Gammaherpesvirus Latency

    Gupta, Arundhati / Owens, Shana M / Oldenburg, Darby G / White, Douglas W / Forrest, J Craig

    Journal of virology

    2022  Volume 96, Issue 12, Page(s) e0069022

    Abstract: Gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) are lymphotropic tumor viruses with a biphasic infectious cycle. Lytic replication at the primary site of infection is necessary for GHVs to spread throughout the host and establish latency in distal sites. Dissemination is ... ...

    Abstract Gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) are lymphotropic tumor viruses with a biphasic infectious cycle. Lytic replication at the primary site of infection is necessary for GHVs to spread throughout the host and establish latency in distal sites. Dissemination is mediated by infected B cells that traffic hematogenously from draining lymph nodes to peripheral lymphoid organs, such as the spleen. B cells serve as the major reservoir for viral latency, and it is hypothesized that periodic reactivation from latently infected B cells contributes to maintaining long-term chronic infection. While fundamentally important to an understanding of GHV biology, aspects of B cell infection in latency establishment and maintenance are incompletely defined, especially roles for lytic replication and reactivation in this cell type. To address this knowledge gap and overcome limitations of replication-defective viruses, we generated a recombinant murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) in which
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; B-Lymphocytes/virology ; Gammaherpesvirinae/genetics ; Gammaherpesvirinae/physiology ; Herpesviridae Infections/virology ; Immediate-Early Proteins/genetics ; Mice ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Virus Activation ; Virus Latency ; Virus Replication
    Chemical Substances Immediate-Early Proteins
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-06-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 80174-4
    ISSN 1098-5514 ; 0022-538X
    ISSN (online) 1098-5514
    ISSN 0022-538X
    DOI 10.1128/jvi.00690-22
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  2. Article ; Online: Uracil-DNA glycosylase of murine gammaherpesvirus 68 binds cognate viral replication factors independently of its catalytic residues.

    Smith, Kyle R / Paul, Somnath / Dong, Qiwen / Anannya, Orchi / Oldenburg, Darby G / Forrest, J Craig / McBride, Kevin M / Krug, Laurie T

    mSphere

    2023  Volume 8, Issue 5, Page(s) e0027823

    Abstract: Herpesviruses are large double-stranded DNA viruses that encode core replication proteins and accessory factors involved in nucleotide metabolism and DNA repair. Mammalian uracil-DNA glycosylases (UNG) excise deleterious uracil residues from their ... ...

    Abstract Herpesviruses are large double-stranded DNA viruses that encode core replication proteins and accessory factors involved in nucleotide metabolism and DNA repair. Mammalian uracil-DNA glycosylases (UNG) excise deleterious uracil residues from their genomic DNA. Each herpesvirus UNG studied to date has demonstrated conservation of the enzymatic function to excise uracil residues from DNA. We previously reported that a murine gammaherpesvirus (MHV68) with a stop codon in
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Mice ; Uracil-DNA Glycosidase/genetics ; Uracil-DNA Glycosidase/metabolism ; Virus Replication ; DNA Replication ; DNA, Viral/genetics ; Rhadinovirus/genetics ; Rhadinovirus/metabolism ; Gammaherpesvirinae/genetics ; DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/genetics ; DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase/metabolism ; Uracil ; Mammals
    Chemical Substances Uracil-DNA Glycosidase (EC 3.2.2.-) ; DNA, Viral ; DNA-Directed DNA Polymerase (EC 2.7.7.7) ; Uracil (56HH86ZVCT)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-25
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Intramural ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ISSN 2379-5042
    ISSN (online) 2379-5042
    DOI 10.1128/msphere.00278-23
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  3. Article: Uracil-DNA Glycosylase of Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68 Binds Cognate Viral Replication Factors Independently of its Catalytic Residues.

    Smith, Kyle R / Paul, Somnath / Dong, Qiwen / Anannya, Orchi / Oldenburg, Darby G / Forrest, J Craig / McBride, Kevin M / Krug, Laurie T

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

    2023  

    Abstract: Herpesviruses are large double-stranded DNA viruses that encode core replication proteins and accessory factors involved in nucleotide metabolism and DNA repair. Mammalian Uracil-DNA glycosylases (UNG) excise deleterious uracil residues from their ... ...

    Abstract Herpesviruses are large double-stranded DNA viruses that encode core replication proteins and accessory factors involved in nucleotide metabolism and DNA repair. Mammalian Uracil-DNA glycosylases (UNG) excise deleterious uracil residues from their genomic DNA. Each herpesvirus UNG studied to date has demonstrated conservation of the enzymatic function to excise uracil residues from DNA. We previously reported that a murine gammaherpesvirus (MHV68) with a stop codon in
    Importance: Gammaherpesviruses encode a uracil-DNA glycosylase (vUNG) that is presumed to excise uracil residues from viral genomes. We previously identified the vUNG enzymatic activity, but not the protein itself, as dispensable for gammaherpesvirus replication
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-05-19
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.05.19.541466
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  4. Article ; Online: Deletion of Murine Gammaherpesvirus Gene

    Owens, Shana M / Oldenburg, Darby G / White, Douglas W / Forrest, J Craig

    Journal of virology

    2020  Volume 95, Issue 1

    Abstract: Gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) are DNA tumor viruses that establish lifelong, chronic infections in lymphocytes of humans and other mammals. GHV infections are associated with numerous cancers, especially in immunocompromised hosts. While it is known that ... ...

    Abstract Gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) are DNA tumor viruses that establish lifelong, chronic infections in lymphocytes of humans and other mammals. GHV infections are associated with numerous cancers, especially in immunocompromised hosts. While it is known that GHVs utilize host germinal center (GC) B cell responses during latency establishment, an understanding of how viral gene products function in specific B cell subsets to regulate this process is incomplete. Using murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) as a small-animal model to define mechanisms of GHV pathogenesis
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Antigens, CD19/metabolism ; B-Lymphocytes/immunology ; B-Lymphocytes/virology ; Cell Differentiation ; Cell Proliferation ; Cytidine Deaminase/immunology ; Germinal Center/immunology ; Germinal Center/virology ; Herpesviridae Infections/immunology ; Herpesviridae Infections/virology ; Lymphoid Tissue/immunology ; Lymphoid Tissue/virology ; Mice ; Rhadinovirus/genetics ; Rhadinovirus/metabolism ; Rhadinovirus/physiology ; Viral Proteins/genetics ; Viral Proteins/immunology ; Virus Activation ; Virus Latency
    Chemical Substances Antigens, CD19 ; CD19 antigen, mouse ; M2 protein, murine gammaherpesvirus 68 ; Viral Proteins ; Cytidine Deaminase (EC 3.5.4.5)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2020-12-09
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 80174-4
    ISSN 1098-5514 ; 0022-538X
    ISSN (online) 1098-5514
    ISSN 0022-538X
    DOI 10.1128/JVI.01933-20
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article: Replication-dead gammaherpesvirus vaccine protects against acute replication, reactivation from latency, and lethal challenge in mice.

    Bland, Wesley A / Owens, Shana / McEvoy, Kyle / Hogan, Chad H / Boccuzzi, Luciarita / Kirillov, Varvara / Khairallah, Camille / Sheridan, Brian S / Forrest, J Craig / Krug, Laurie T

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

    2023  

    Abstract: Gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) are oncogenic viruses that establish lifelong infections and are significant causes of human morbidity and mortality. While several vaccine strategies to limit GHV infection and disease are in development, there are no FDA- ... ...

    Abstract Gammaherpesviruses (GHVs) are oncogenic viruses that establish lifelong infections and are significant causes of human morbidity and mortality. While several vaccine strategies to limit GHV infection and disease are in development, there are no FDA-approved vaccines for human GHVs. As a new approach to gammaherpesvirus vaccination, we developed and tested a replication-dead virus (RDV) platform, using murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), a well-established mouse model for gammaherpesvirus pathogenesis studies and preclinical therapeutic evaluations. We employed codon-shuffling-based complementation to generate revertant-free RDV lacking expression of the essential replication and transactivator protein (RTA) encoded by
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-09-26
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.09.26.559621
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  6. Article: Intrinsic p53 Activation Restricts Gammaherpesvirus-Driven Germinal Center B Cell Expansion during Latency Establishment.

    Owens, Shana M / Sifford, Jeffrey M / Li, Gang / Murdock, Steven J / Salinas, Eduardo / Manzano, Mark / Ghosh, Debopam / Stumhofer, Jason S / Forrest, J Craig

    bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology

    2023  

    Abstract: Gammaherpesviruses (GHV) are DNA tumor viruses that establish lifelong latent infections in lymphocytes. For viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), this is accomplished through a viral gene-expression program ... ...

    Abstract Gammaherpesviruses (GHV) are DNA tumor viruses that establish lifelong latent infections in lymphocytes. For viruses such as Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68), this is accomplished through a viral gene-expression program that promotes cellular proliferation and differentiation, especially of germinal center (GC) B cells. Intrinsic host mechanisms that control virus-driven cellular expansion are incompletely defined. Using a small-animal model of GHV pathogenesis, we demonstrate
    Importance: Gammaherpesviruses cause lifelong infections of their hosts, commonly referred to as latency, that can lead to cancer. Latency establishment benefits from the functions of viral proteins that augment and amplify B cell activation, proliferation, and differentiation signals. In uninfected cells, off-schedule cellular differentiation would typically trigger anti-proliferative responses by effector proteins known as tumor suppressors. However, tumor suppressor responses to gammaherpesvirus manipulation of cellular processes remain understudied, especially those that occur during latency establishment in a living organism. Here we identify p53, a tumor suppressor commonly mutated in cancer, as a host factor that limits virus-driven B cell proliferation and differentiation, and thus, viral colonization of a host. We demonstrate that p53 activation occurs in response to viral latency proteins that induce B cell activation. This work informs a gap in our understanding of intrinsic cellular defense mechanisms that restrict lifelong GHV infection.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-01
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Preprint
    DOI 10.1101/2023.10.31.563188
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  7. Article: Murine Gammaherpesvirus 68: A Small Animal Model for Gammaherpesvirus-Associated Diseases.

    Dong, Sihan / Forrest, J Craig / Liang, Xiaozhen

    Advances in experimental medicine and biology

    2017  Volume 1018, Page(s) 225–236

    Abstract: Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) is a naturally occurring pathogen of murid rodents that is genetically related to the human gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Viral, immunologic, and disease ... ...

    Abstract Murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68) is a naturally occurring pathogen of murid rodents that is genetically related to the human gammaherpesviruses Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) and Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV). Viral, immunologic, and disease parameters following experimental infection of laboratory mice with MHV68 closely resemble what occurs during primary EBV infection of humans, which suggests that MHV68 infection of mice offers a small animal model to study in general the pathogenesis of gammaherpesvirus infections. Diseases elicited by MHV68 infection include lymphoproliferative diseases, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis, and autoimmune diseases, ailments also associated with EBV infection of humans. Furthermore, MHV68 infection also is linked to the development of vasculitis, encephalomyelitis, and other disorders that resemble pathologies with viral and nonviral etiologies in humans. This review aims to provide an overview of MHV68-associated diseases in infected mice that may provide a model for understanding basic mechanisms by which similar diseases in humans occur and can be treated.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2017
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ISSN 2214-8019 ; 0065-2598
    ISSN (online) 2214-8019
    ISSN 0065-2598
    DOI 10.1007/978-981-10-5765-6_14
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  8. Article ; Online: Development of ACE2 autoantibodies after SARS-CoV-2 infection.

    Arthur, John M / Forrest, J Craig / Boehme, Karl W / Kennedy, Joshua L / Owens, Shana / Herzog, Christian / Liu, Juan / Harville, Terry O

    PloS one

    2021  Volume 16, Issue 9, Page(s) e0257016

    Abstract: Background: Activation of the immune system is implicated in the Post-Acute Sequelae after SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) but the mechanisms remain unknown. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) cleaves angiotensin II (Ang II) resulting in decreased ... ...

    Abstract Background: Activation of the immune system is implicated in the Post-Acute Sequelae after SARS-CoV-2 infection (PASC) but the mechanisms remain unknown. Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) cleaves angiotensin II (Ang II) resulting in decreased activation of the AT1 receptor and decreased immune system activation. We hypothesized that autoantibodies against ACE2 may develop after SARS-CoV-2 infection, as anti-idiotypic antibodies to anti-spike protein antibodies.
    Methods and findings: We tested plasma or serum for ACE2 antibodies in 67 patients with known SARS-CoV-2 infection and 13 with no history of infection. None of the 13 patients without history of SARS-CoV-2 infection and 1 of the 20 outpatients that had a positive PCR test for SARS-CoV-2 had levels of ACE2 antibodies above the cutoff threshold. In contrast, 26/32 (81%) in the convalescent group and 14/15 (93%) of patients acutely hospitalized had detectable ACE2 antibodies. Plasma from patients with antibodies against ACE2 had less soluble ACE2 activity in plasma but similar amounts of ACE2 protein compared to patients without ACE2 antibodies. We measured the capacity of the samples to inhibit ACE2 enzyme activity. Addition of plasma from patients with ACE2 antibodies led to decreased activity of an exogenous preparation of ACE2 compared to patients that did not have antibodies.
    Conclusions: Many patients with a history of SARS-CoV-2 infection have antibodies specific for ACE2. Patients with ACE2 antibodies have lower activity of soluble ACE2 in plasma. Plasma from these patients also inhibits exogenous ACE2 activity. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that ACE2 antibodies develop after SARS-CoV-2 infection and decrease ACE2 activity. This could lead to an increase in the abundance of Ang II, which causes a proinflammatory state that triggers symptoms of PASC.
    MeSH term(s) Angiotensin II/blood ; Angiotensin II/immunology ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2/genetics ; Autoantibodies/blood ; Autoantibodies/immunology ; Autoantibodies/isolation & purification ; COVID-19/blood ; COVID-19/immunology ; COVID-19/virology ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/blood ; Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/blood ; Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/genetics ; Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1/immunology ; Renin-Angiotensin System/genetics ; Renin-Angiotensin System/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/genetics ; SARS-CoV-2/immunology ; SARS-CoV-2/isolation & purification ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/blood ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/immunology ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus/isolation & purification
    Chemical Substances Autoantibodies ; Receptor, Angiotensin, Type 1 ; Spike Glycoprotein, Coronavirus ; Angiotensin II (11128-99-7) ; Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A (EC 3.4.15.1) ; ACE2 protein, human (EC 3.4.17.23) ; Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme 2 (EC 3.4.17.23)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-09-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2267670-3
    ISSN 1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
    ISSN (online) 1932-6203
    ISSN 1932-6203
    DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0257016
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  9. Article ; Online: Multifaceted roles for STAT3 in gammaherpesvirus latency revealed through

    Hogan, Chad H / Owens, Shana M / Reynoso, Glennys V / Liao, Yifei / Meyer, Thomas J / Zelazowska, Monika A / Liu, Bin / Li, Xiaofan / Grosskopf, Anna K / Khairallah, Camille / Kirillov, Varvara / Reich, Nancy C / Sheridan, Brian S / McBride, Kevin M / Gewurz, Benjamin E / Hickman, Heather D / Forrest, J Craig / Krug, Laurie T

    mBio

    2024  Volume 15, Issue 2, Page(s) e0299823

    Abstract: Cancers associated with the oncogenic gammaherpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus, are notable for their constitutive activation of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). To better ... ...

    Abstract Cancers associated with the oncogenic gammaherpesviruses, Epstein-Barr virus and Kaposi sarcoma herpesvirus, are notable for their constitutive activation of the transcription factor signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3). To better understand the role of STAT3 during gammaherpesvirus latency and the B cell response to infection, we used the model pathogen murine gammaherpesvirus 68 (MHV68). Genetic deletion of STAT3 in B cells of
    MeSH term(s) Animals ; Humans ; Mice ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections ; Gammaherpesvirinae/genetics ; Herpesviridae Infections ; Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics ; Herpesvirus 4, Human/metabolism ; Herpesvirus 8, Human/metabolism ; Mice, Inbred C57BL ; Rhadinovirus/genetics ; Sarcoma, Kaposi ; STAT3 Transcription Factor/genetics ; STAT3 Transcription Factor/metabolism ; Virus Latency/genetics
    Chemical Substances STAT3 protein, human ; STAT3 Transcription Factor ; Stat3 protein, mouse
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-01-03
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2557172-2
    ISSN 2150-7511 ; 2161-2129
    ISSN (online) 2150-7511
    ISSN 2161-2129
    DOI 10.1128/mbio.02998-23
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  10. Article ; Online: IRF4 promotes Epstein-Barr virus activation in Burkitt's lymphoma cells.

    Gao, Ying / Wang, Liu / Lei, Zhangmengxue / Li, Jie / Forrest, J Craig / Liang, Xiaozhen

    The Journal of general virology

    2019  Volume 100, Issue 5, Page(s) 851–862

    Abstract: Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes a life-long latency in memory B cells, whereas plasma cell differentiation is linked to EBV lytic reactivation from latently infected B cells. EBV lytic replication is mediated by the two immediate-early switch ... ...

    Abstract Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) establishes a life-long latency in memory B cells, whereas plasma cell differentiation is linked to EBV lytic reactivation from latently infected B cells. EBV lytic replication is mediated by the two immediate-early switch proteins Zta and RTA. Both plasma cell transcription factors XBP-1 and Blimp-1 have been shown to enable the triggering of EBV lytic reactivation by activating the transcription of Zta or RTA. Here we show that interferon regulatory factor 4 (IRF4), another plasma cell transcription factor that is either not expressed or expressed at a low level in EBV-positive Burkitt's lymphoma (BL) cells, can activate the promoters of EBV Zta and RTA, but is not sufficient to elicit EBV lytic reactivation in latently infected BL cells. However, ectopic IRF4 expression can augment EBV lytic gene expression induced by anti-immunoglobulin (anti-Ig) or sodium butyrate treatment in all tested lymphoma cells, whereas IRF4 knockout in Raji cells, the only BL cell line with detectable endogenous IRF4 expression, abolishes EBV lytic gene expression induced by anti-Ig, and this is accompanied by the reduction of Blimp-1 expression, whose overexpression, in turn, can rescue EBV lytic gene expression in IRF4 knockout Raji cells. Furthermore, IRF4 knockout impairs B cell receptor (BCR) signalling activation, which is required for BCR-mediated EBV reactivation. Altogether, these results demonstrate that IRF4 facilitates EBV lytic reactivation in BL cells, which involves the regulation of Blimp-1 expression and BCR signalling pathways.
    MeSH term(s) B-Lymphocytes/virology ; Burkitt Lymphoma/virology ; Cell Line, Tumor ; Epstein-Barr Virus Infections/virology ; Gene Expression Regulation, Viral/genetics ; Herpesvirus 4, Human/genetics ; Humans ; Interferon Regulatory Factors/genetics ; Positive Regulatory Domain I-Binding Factor 1/genetics ; Promoter Regions, Genetic/genetics ; Signal Transduction/genetics ; Viral Proteins/genetics ; Virus Activation/genetics ; Virus Latency/genetics
    Chemical Substances Interferon Regulatory Factors ; Viral Proteins ; interferon regulatory factor-4 ; Positive Regulatory Domain I-Binding Factor 1 (EC 2.1.1.-)
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-03-25
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 219316-4
    ISSN 1465-2099 ; 0022-1317
    ISSN (online) 1465-2099
    ISSN 0022-1317
    DOI 10.1099/jgv.0.001249
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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