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  1. Article: ON THE COMPOSITION OF YOUNG, DIRECTLY IMAGED GIANT PLANETS.

    Moses, J I / Marley, M S / Zahnle, K / Line, M R / Fortney, J J / Barman, T S / Visscher, C / Lewis, N K / Wolff, M J

    The Astrophysical journal

    2019  Volume 829, Issue 2

    Abstract: The past decade has seen significant progress on the direct detection and characterization of young, self-luminous giant planets at wide orbital separations from their host stars. Some of these planets show evidence for disequilibrium processes like ... ...

    Abstract The past decade has seen significant progress on the direct detection and characterization of young, self-luminous giant planets at wide orbital separations from their host stars. Some of these planets show evidence for disequilibrium processes like transport-induced quenching in their atmospheres; photochemistry may also be important, despite the large orbital distances. These disequilibrium chemical processes can alter the expected composition, spectral behavior, thermal structure, and cooling history of the planets, and can potentially confuse determinations of bulk elemental ratios, which provide important insights into planet-formation mechanisms. Using a thermo/photochemical kinetics and transport model, we investigate the extent to which disequilibrium chemistry affects the composition and spectra of directly imaged giant exoplanets. Results for specific "young Jupiters" such as HR 8799 b and 51 Eri b are presented, as are general trends as a function of planetary effective temperature, surface gravity, incident ultraviolet flux, and strength of deep atmospheric convection. We find that quenching is very important on young Jupiters, leading to CO/CH
    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-09-23
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2960-9
    ISSN 0004-637X
    ISSN 0004-637X
    DOI 10.3847/0004-637X/829/2/66
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  2. Book ; Online: An Exploration of Double Diffusive Convection in Jupiter as a Result of Hydrogen-Helium Phase Separation

    Nettelmann, N. / Fortney, J. J. / Moore, K. / Mankovich, C.

    2014  

    Abstract: Jupiter's atmosphere has been observed to be depleted in helium (Yatm~0.24), suggesting active helium sedimentation in the interior. This is accounted for in standard Jupiter structure and evolution models through the assumption of an outer, He-depleted ... ...

    Abstract Jupiter's atmosphere has been observed to be depleted in helium (Yatm~0.24), suggesting active helium sedimentation in the interior. This is accounted for in standard Jupiter structure and evolution models through the assumption of an outer, He-depleted envelope that is separated from the He-enriched deep interior by a sharp boundary. Here we aim to develop a model for Jupiter's inhomogeneous thermal evolution that relies on a more self-consistent description of the internal profiles of He abundance, temperature, and heat flux. We make use of recent numerical simulations on H/He demixing, and on layered (LDD) and oscillatory (ODD) double diffusive convection, and assume an idealized planet model composed of a H/He envelope and a massive core. A general framework for the construction of interior models with He rain is described. Despite, or perhaps because of, our simplifications made we find that self-consistent models are rare. For instance, no model for ODD convection is found. We modify the H/He phase diagram of Lorenzen et al. to reproduce Jupiter's atmospheric helium abundance and examine evolution models as a function of the LDD layer height, from those that prolong Jupiter's cooling time to those that actually shorten it. Resulting models that meet the luminosity constraint have layer heights of about 0.1-1 km, corresponding to ~10,-20,000 layers in the rain zone between ~1 and 3-4.5 Mbars. Present limitations and directions for future work are discussed, such as the formation and sinking of He droplets.

    Comment: accepted to MNRAS, 21 pages, 17 figures
    Keywords Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics
    Subject code 551
    Publishing date 2014-12-13
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
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  3. Article ; Online: Less absorbed solar energy and more internal heat for Jupiter.

    Li, Liming / Jiang, X / West, R A / Gierasch, P J / Perez-Hoyos, S / Sanchez-Lavega, A / Fletcher, L N / Fortney, J J / Knowles, B / Porco, C C / Baines, K H / Fry, P M / Mallama, A / Achterberg, R K / Simon, A A / Nixon, C A / Orton, G S / Dyudina, U A / Ewald, S P /
    Schmude, R W

    Nature communications

    2018  Volume 9, Issue 1, Page(s) 3709

    Abstract: The radiant energy budget and internal heat are fundamental properties of giant planets, but precise determination of these properties remains a challenge. Here, we report measurements of Jupiter's radiant energy budget and internal heat based on Cassini ...

    Abstract The radiant energy budget and internal heat are fundamental properties of giant planets, but precise determination of these properties remains a challenge. Here, we report measurements of Jupiter's radiant energy budget and internal heat based on Cassini multi-instrument observations. Our findings reveal that Jupiter's Bond albedo and internal heat, 0.503 ± 0.012 and 7.485 ± 0.160 W m
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-09-13
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 2553671-0
    ISSN 2041-1723 ; 2041-1723
    ISSN (online) 2041-1723
    ISSN 2041-1723
    DOI 10.1038/s41467-018-06107-2
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  4. Article ; Online: An absolute sodium abundance for a cloud-free 'hot Saturn' exoplanet.

    Nikolov, N / Sing, D K / Fortney, J J / Goyal, J M / Drummond, B / Evans, T M / Gibson, N P / De Mooij, E J W / Rustamkulov, Z / Wakeford, H R / Smalley, B / Burgasser, A J / Hellier, C / Helling, Ch / Mayne, N J / Madhusudhan, N / Kataria, T / Baines, J / Carter, A L /
    Ballester, G E / Barstow, J K / McCleery, J / Spake, J J

    Nature

    2018  Volume 557, Issue 7706, Page(s) 526–529

    Abstract: Broad absorption signatures from alkali metals, such as the sodium (Na I) and potassium (K I) resonance doublets, have long been predicted in the optical atmospheric spectra of cloud-free irradiated gas giant ... ...

    Abstract Broad absorption signatures from alkali metals, such as the sodium (Na I) and potassium (K I) resonance doublets, have long been predicted in the optical atmospheric spectra of cloud-free irradiated gas giant exoplanets
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-05-07
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
    ZDB-ID 120714-3
    ISSN 1476-4687 ; 0028-0836
    ISSN (online) 1476-4687
    ISSN 0028-0836
    DOI 10.1038/s41586-018-0101-7
    Database MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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  5. Article ; Online: Early Release Science of the exoplanet WASP-39b with JWST NIRSpec PRISM.

    Rustamkulov, Z / Sing, D K / Mukherjee, S / May, E M / Kirk, J / Schlawin, E / Line, M R / Piaulet, C / Carter, A L / Batalha, N E / Goyal, J M / López-Morales, M / Lothringer, J D / MacDonald, R J / Moran, S E / Stevenson, K B / Wakeford, H R / Espinoza, N / Bean, J L /
    Batalha, N M / Benneke, B / Berta-Thompson, Z K / Crossfield, I J M / Gao, P / Kreidberg, L / Powell, D K / Cubillos, P E / Gibson, N P / Leconte, J / Molaverdikhani, K / Nikolov, N K / Parmentier, V / Roy, P / Taylor, J / Turner, J D / Wheatley, P J / Aggarwal, K / Ahrer, E / Alam, M K / Alderson, L / Allen, N H / Banerjee, A / Barat, S / Barrado, D / Barstow, J K / Bell, T J / Blecic, J / Brande, J / Casewell, S / Changeat, Q / Chubb, K L / Crouzet, N / Daylan, T / Decin, L / Désert, J / Mikal-Evans, T / Feinstein, A D / Flagg, L / Fortney, J J / Harrington, J / Heng, K / Hong, Y / Hu, R / Iro, N / Kataria, T / Kempton, E M-R / Krick, J / Lendl, M / Lillo-Box, J / Louca, A / Lustig-Yaeger, J / Mancini, L / Mansfield, M / Mayne, N J / Miguel, Y / Morello, G / Ohno, K / Palle, E / Petit Dit de la Roche, D J M / Rackham, B V / Radica, M / Ramos-Rosado, L / Redfield, S / Rogers, L K / Shkolnik, E L / Southworth, J / Teske, J / Tremblin, P / Tucker, G S / Venot, O / Waalkes, W C / Welbanks, L / Zhang, X / Zieba, S

    Nature

    2023  Volume 614, Issue 7949, Page(s) 659–663

    Abstract: Transmission ... ...

    Abstract Transmission spectroscopy
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-01-09
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
    ZDB-ID 120714-3
    ISSN 1476-4687 ; 0028-0836
    ISSN (online) 1476-4687
    ISSN 0028-0836
    DOI 10.1038/s41586-022-05677-y
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  6. Article: COMPOSITIONAL DIVERSITY IN THE ATMOSPHERES OF HOT NEPTUNES, WITH APPLICATION TO GJ 436b.

    Moses, J I / Line, M R / Visscher, C / Richardson, M R / Nettelmann, N / Fortney, J J / Barman, T S / Stevenson, K B / Madhusudhan, N

    The Astrophysical journal

    2013  Volume 777, Issue 1

    Abstract: Neptune-sized extrasolar planets that orbit relatively close to their host stars - often called "hot Neptunes" - are common within the known population of exoplanets and planetary candidates. Similar to our own Uranus and Neptune, inefficient accretion ... ...

    Abstract Neptune-sized extrasolar planets that orbit relatively close to their host stars - often called "hot Neptunes" - are common within the known population of exoplanets and planetary candidates. Similar to our own Uranus and Neptune, inefficient accretion of nebular gas is expected produce hot Neptunes whose masses are dominated by elements heavier than hydrogen and helium. At high atmospheric metallicities of 10-10,000× solar, hot Neptunes will exhibit an interesting continuum of atmospheric compositions, ranging from more Neptune-like, H
    Language English
    Publishing date 2013-10-11
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 2960-9
    ISSN 0004-637X
    ISSN 0004-637X
    DOI 10.1088/0004-637X/777/1/34
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  7. Book ; Online: Frontiers of the physics of dense plasmas and planetary interiors

    Fortney, J. J. / Glenzer, S. H. / Koenig, M. / Militzer, B. / Saumon, D. / Valencia, D.

    experiments, theory, applications

    2009  

    Abstract: Recent developments of dynamic x-ray characterization experiments of dense matter are reviewed, with particular emphasis on conditions relevant to interiors of terrestrial and gas giant planets. These studies include characterization of compressed states ...

    Abstract Recent developments of dynamic x-ray characterization experiments of dense matter are reviewed, with particular emphasis on conditions relevant to interiors of terrestrial and gas giant planets. These studies include characterization of compressed states of matter in light elements by x-ray scattering and imaging of shocked iron by radiography. Several applications of this work are examined. These include the structure of massive "Super Earth" terrestrial planets around other stars, the 40 known extrasolar gas giants with measured masses and radii, and Jupiter itself, which serves as the benchmark for giant planets.

    Comment: Accepted to Physics of Plasmas special issue. Review from HEDP/HEDLA-08, April 12-15, 2008
    Keywords Astrophysics - Earth and Planetary Astrophysics ; Condensed Matter - Materials Science ; Physics - Plasma Physics
    Publishing date 2009-02-24
    Publishing country us
    Document type Book ; Online
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  8. Article ; Online: Discovery and spectroscopy of the young jovian planet 51 Eri b with the Gemini Planet Imager.

    Macintosh, B / Graham, J R / Barman, T / De Rosa, R J / Konopacky, Q / Marley, M S / Marois, C / Nielsen, E L / Pueyo, L / Rajan, A / Rameau, J / Saumon, D / Wang, J J / Patience, J / Ammons, M / Arriaga, P / Artigau, E / Beckwith, S / Brewster, J /
    Bruzzone, S / Bulger, J / Burningham, B / Burrows, A S / Chen, C / Chiang, E / Chilcote, J K / Dawson, R I / Dong, R / Doyon, R / Draper, Z H / Duchêne, G / Esposito, T M / Fabrycky, D / Fitzgerald, M P / Follette, K B / Fortney, J J / Gerard, B / Goodsell, S / Greenbaum, A Z / Hibon, P / Hinkley, S / Cotten, T H / Hung, L-W / Ingraham, P / Johnson-Groh, M / Kalas, P / Lafreniere, D / Larkin, J E / Lee, J / Line, M / Long, D / Maire, J / Marchis, F / Matthews, B C / Max, C E / Metchev, S / Millar-Blanchaer, M A / Mittal, T / Morley, C V / Morzinski, K M / Murray-Clay, R / Oppenheimer, R / Palmer, D W / Patel, R / Perrin, M D / Poyneer, L A / Rafikov, R R / Rantakyrö, F T / Rice, E L / Rojo, P / Rudy, A R / Ruffio, J-B / Ruiz, M T / Sadakuni, N / Saddlemyer, L / Salama, M / Savransky, D / Schneider, A C / Sivaramakrishnan, A / Song, I / Soummer, R / Thomas, S / Vasisht, G / Wallace, J K / Ward-Duong, K / Wiktorowicz, S J / Wolff, S G / Zuckerman, B

    Science (New York, N.Y.)

    2015  Volume 350, Issue 6256, Page(s) 64–67

    Abstract: Directly detecting thermal emission from young extrasolar planets allows measurement of their atmospheric compositions and luminosities, which are influenced by their formation mechanisms. Using the Gemini Planet Imager, we discovered a planet orbiting ... ...

    Abstract Directly detecting thermal emission from young extrasolar planets allows measurement of their atmospheric compositions and luminosities, which are influenced by their formation mechanisms. Using the Gemini Planet Imager, we discovered a planet orbiting the ~20-million-year-old star 51 Eridani at a projected separation of 13 astronomical units. Near-infrared observations show a spectrum with strong methane and water-vapor absorption. Modeling of the spectra and photometry yields a luminosity (normalized by the luminosity of the Sun) of 1.6 to 4.0 × 10(-6) and an effective temperature of 600 to 750 kelvin. For this age and luminosity, "hot-start" formation models indicate a mass twice that of Jupiter. This planet also has a sufficiently low luminosity to be consistent with the "cold-start" core-accretion process that may have formed Jupiter.
    Language English
    Publishing date 2015-10-02
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 128410-1
    ISSN 1095-9203 ; 0036-8075
    ISSN (online) 1095-9203
    ISSN 0036-8075
    DOI 10.1126/science.aac5891
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