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  1. Article ; Online: Targeting Symptom-Specific Networks With Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation.

    Siddiqi, Shan H / Fox, Michael D

    Biological psychiatry

    2023  Volume 95, Issue 6, Page(s) 502–509

    Abstract: Increasing evidence suggests that the clinical effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation are target dependent. Within any given symptom, precise targeting of specific brain circuits may improve clinical outcomes. This principle can also be extended ... ...

    Abstract Increasing evidence suggests that the clinical effects of transcranial magnetic stimulation are target dependent. Within any given symptom, precise targeting of specific brain circuits may improve clinical outcomes. This principle can also be extended across symptoms-stimulation of different circuits may lead to different symptom-level outcomes. This may include targeting different symptoms within the same disorder (such as dysphoria vs. anxiety in patients with major depression) or targeting the same symptom across different disorders (such as primary major depression and depression secondary to stroke, traumatic brain injury, epilepsy, multiple sclerosis, or Parkinson's disease). Some of these symptom-specific changes may be desirable, while others may be undesirable. This review focuses on the conceptual framework through which symptom-specific target circuits may be identified, tested, and implemented.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation ; Anxiety Disorders ; Anxiety ; Depressive Disorder, Major ; Parkinson Disease
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-11-17
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 209434-4
    ISSN 1873-2402 ; 0006-3223
    ISSN (online) 1873-2402
    ISSN 0006-3223
    DOI 10.1016/j.biopsych.2023.11.011
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  2. Article ; Online: Converging on a Neuromodulation Target for Tremor.

    Fox, Michael D / Deuschl, Günther

    Annals of neurology

    2022  Volume 91, Issue 5, Page(s) 581–584

    MeSH term(s) Deep Brain Stimulation ; Essential Tremor/therapy ; Humans ; Tremor/therapy
    Language English
    Publishing date 2022-04-08
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article
    ZDB-ID 80362-5
    ISSN 1531-8249 ; 0364-5134
    ISSN (online) 1531-8249
    ISSN 0364-5134
    DOI 10.1002/ana.26361
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  3. Article ; Online: Image is Everything.

    Fox, Michael D

    Annals of neurology

    2019  

    Language English
    Publishing date 2019-09-30
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Editorial
    ZDB-ID 80362-5
    ISSN 1531-8249 ; 0364-5134
    ISSN (online) 1531-8249
    ISSN 0364-5134
    DOI 10.1002/ana.25603
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  4. Article ; Online: Reply to "Is There an Association between Tuber Involvement of the Fusiform Face Area in Autism Diagnosis?"

    Cohen, Alexander L / Kroeck, Mallory R / Fox, Michael D

    Annals of neurology

    2023  Volume 93, Issue 6, Page(s) 1220–1222

    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Autistic Disorder/diagnosis ; Temporal Lobe ; Amygdala
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-03-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Letter ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 80362-5
    ISSN 1531-8249 ; 0364-5134
    ISSN (online) 1531-8249
    ISSN 0364-5134
    DOI 10.1002/ana.26634
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  5. Article ; Online: Mapping Symptoms to Brain Networks with the Human Connectome.

    Fox, Michael D

    The New England journal of medicine

    2018  Volume 379, Issue 23, Page(s) 2237–2245

    MeSH term(s) Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Brain/pathology ; Brain Diseases/diagnostic imaging ; Brain Diseases/pathology ; Connectome ; Functional Neuroimaging ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging
    Language English
    Publishing date 2018-12-21
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 207154-x
    ISSN 1533-4406 ; 0028-4793
    ISSN (online) 1533-4406
    ISSN 0028-4793
    DOI 10.1056/NEJMra1706158
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  6. Article ; Online: Reply: Looking beyond indirect lesion network mapping of prosopagnosia: direct measures required.

    Cohen, Alexander L / Fox, Michael D

    Brain : a journal of neurology

    2021  Volume 144, Issue 9, Page(s) e76

    MeSH term(s) Brain Mapping ; Humans ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Prosopagnosia
    Language English
    Publishing date 2021-07-17
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Comment
    ZDB-ID 80072-7
    ISSN 1460-2156 ; 0006-8950
    ISSN (online) 1460-2156
    ISSN 0006-8950
    DOI 10.1093/brain/awab277
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  7. Article ; Online: Increased Cortical Thickness in Alzheimer's Disease.

    Phan, Tony X / Baratono, Sheena / Drew, William / Tetreault, Aaron M / Fox, Michael D / Darby, R Ryan

    Annals of neurology

    2024  Volume 95, Issue 5, Page(s) 929–940

    Abstract: Objective: Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have diffuse brain atrophy, but some regions, such as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), are spared and may even show increase in size compared to controls. The extent, clinical significance, and ... ...

    Abstract Objective: Patients with Alzheimer's disease (AD) have diffuse brain atrophy, but some regions, such as the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), are spared and may even show increase in size compared to controls. The extent, clinical significance, and mechanisms associated with increased cortical thickness in AD remain unknown. Recent work suggested neural facilitation of regions anticorrelated to atrophied regions in frontotemporal dementia. Here, we aim to determine whether increased thickness occurs in sporadic AD, whether it relates to clinical symptoms, and whether it occur in brain regions functionally connected to-but anticorrelated with-locations of atrophy.
    Methods: Cross-sectional clinical, neuropsychological, and neuroimaging data from the Alzheimer's Disease Neuroimaging Initiative were analyzed to investigate cortical thickness in AD subjects versus controls. Atrophy network mapping was used to identify brain regions functionally connected to locations of increased thickness and atrophy.
    Results: AD patients showed increased thickness in the ACC in a region-of-interest analysis and the visual cortex in an exploratory analysis. Increased thickness in the left ACC was associated with preserved cognitive function, while increased thickness in the left visual cortex was associated with hallucinations. Finally, we found that locations of increased thickness were functionally connected to, but anticorrelated with, locations of brain atrophy (r = -0.81, p < 0.05).
    Interpretation: Our results suggest that increased cortical thickness in Alzheimer's disease is relevant to AD symptoms and preferentially occur in brain regions functionally connected to, but anticorrelated with, areas of brain atrophy. Implications for models of compensatory neuroplasticity in response to neurodegeneration are discussed. ANN NEUROL 2024;95:929-940.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Alzheimer Disease/pathology ; Alzheimer Disease/diagnostic imaging ; Male ; Female ; Aged ; Atrophy/pathology ; Cross-Sectional Studies ; Magnetic Resonance Imaging ; Cerebral Cortex/pathology ; Cerebral Cortex/diagnostic imaging ; Aged, 80 and over ; Gyrus Cinguli/pathology ; Gyrus Cinguli/diagnostic imaging ; Brain Cortical Thickness ; Middle Aged
    Language English
    Publishing date 2024-02-24
    Publishing country United States
    Document type Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
    ZDB-ID 80362-5
    ISSN 1531-8249 ; 0364-5134
    ISSN (online) 1531-8249
    ISSN 0364-5134
    DOI 10.1002/ana.26894
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  8. Article: Characterizing energy flow in kelp forest food webs: a geochemical review and call for additional research

    Elliott Smith, Emma A. / Fox, Michael D.

    Ecography. 2022 June, v. 2022, no. 6

    2022  

    Abstract: Kelp forests are highly productive coastal habitats that serve as biodiversity hotspots and provide valuable ecosystem services. Despite being one the largest marine biomes, kelp forests have been drastically understudied relative to other marine systems. ...

    Abstract Kelp forests are highly productive coastal habitats that serve as biodiversity hotspots and provide valuable ecosystem services. Despite being one the largest marine biomes, kelp forests have been drastically understudied relative to other marine systems. Notably, while the role of kelp as habitat‐forming, or ‘foundation species', is well‐documented, a comprehensive understanding of kelp forest food web structure is lacking, particularly regarding the importance of kelp‐derived energy/nutrients to consumers. Here, we provide a biogeographic perspective on the energetic underpinning of kelp forests based on published literature. We targeted studies which used geochemical proxies – stable isotope analysis – to examine the transfer of carbon from kelp to local consumers. These studies (n = 94) were geographically skewed, with > 40% from Northern European Seas and Temperate Northeast Pacific. Quantitative estimates for the percentage of kelp energy (or kelp + macroalgae if sources were pooled) incorporated by local consumers came from 43 publications, which studied 141 species and 35 broader taxonomic groups. We examined these data for trends among functional groups and across upwelling regimes. No patterns are evident at present, perhaps due to the paucity or variability of available data. However, energetic subsides from kelps clearly support a wide range of diverse taxa around the globe. We also characterized biogeographic patterns in δ¹³C values of kelps and particulate organic matter (POM, a phytoplankton proxy), to evaluate potential limitations of stable isotope analysis in disentangling the relative contributions of pelagic versus benthic resources to coastal food webs. Globally, kelps and POM differed by > 4.5‰, but there was substantial variation among regions and kelp species. Accordingly, we discuss advances in stable isotope techniques which are facilitating more precise analysis of these complex energetic pathways. We end by proposing four main avenues of critical future research that will shed light on the resilience of these communities to global change.
    Keywords biodiversity ; carbon ; ecosystems ; energy flow ; food webs ; geographical distribution ; global change ; macroalgae ; particulate organic matter ; phytoplankton ; stable isotopes
    Language English
    Dates of publication 2022-06
    Publishing place Blackwell Publishing Ltd
    Document type Article
    Note JOURNAL ARTICLE
    ZDB-ID 1112659-0
    ISSN 0906-7590
    ISSN 0906-7590
    DOI 10.1111/ecog.05566
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  9. Article ; Online: Lesion voxels to lesion networks: The enduring value of the Vietnam Head Injury Study.

    Howard, Calvin W / Ferguson, Michael H / Siddiqi, Shan H / Fox, Michael D

    Cortex; a journal devoted to the study of the nervous system and behavior

    2023  Volume 172, Page(s) 109–113

    Abstract: The Vietnam Head Injury Study has been curated by Dr Jordan Grafman since the 1980s in an effort to study patients with penetrating traumatic brain injuries suffered during the Vietnam War. Unlike many datasets of ischemic stroke lesions, the VHIS ... ...

    Abstract The Vietnam Head Injury Study has been curated by Dr Jordan Grafman since the 1980s in an effort to study patients with penetrating traumatic brain injuries suffered during the Vietnam War. Unlike many datasets of ischemic stroke lesions, the VHIS collected extraordinarily deep phenotyping and was able to sample lesion locations that are not constrained to typical vascular territories. For decades, this dataset has helped researchers draw causal links between neuroanatomical regions and neuropsychiatric symptoms. The value of the VHIS has only increased over time as techniques for analyzing the dataset have developed and evolved. Tools such as voxel lesion symptom mapping allowed one to relate symptoms to individual brain voxels. With the advent of the human connectome, tools such as lesion network mapping allow one to relate symptoms to connected brain networks by combining lesion datasets with new atlases of human brain connectivity. In a series of recent studies, lesion network mapping has been combined with the Vietnam Head Injury dataset to identify brain networks associated with spirituality, religiosity, consciousness, memory, emotion regulation, addiction, depression, and even transdiagnostic mental illness. These findings are enhancing our ability to make diagnoses, identify potential treatment targets for focal brain stimulation, and understand the human brain generally. Our techniques for studying brain lesions will continue to improve, as will our tools for modulating brain circuits. As these advances occur, the value of well characterized lesion datasets such as the Vietnam Head Injury Study will continue to grow. This study aims to review the history of the Vietnam Head Injury Study and contextualize its role in modern-day localization of neurological symptoms.
    MeSH term(s) Humans ; Vietnam ; Brain/pathology ; Connectome/methods ; Brain Injuries, Traumatic
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-12-30
    Publishing country Italy
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 280622-8
    ISSN 1973-8102 ; 0010-9452
    ISSN (online) 1973-8102
    ISSN 0010-9452
    DOI 10.1016/j.cortex.2023.12.006
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  10. Article ; Online: The future of brain circuit-targeted therapeutics.

    Siddiqi, Shan H / Khosravani, Sanaz / Rolston, John D / Fox, Michael D

    Neuropsychopharmacology : official publication of the American College of Neuropsychopharmacology

    2023  Volume 49, Issue 1, Page(s) 179–188

    Abstract: The principle of targeting brain circuits has drawn increasing attention with the growth of brain stimulation treatments such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and focused ultrasound (FUS). Each of these techniques ...

    Abstract The principle of targeting brain circuits has drawn increasing attention with the growth of brain stimulation treatments such as transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS), deep brain stimulation (DBS), and focused ultrasound (FUS). Each of these techniques can effectively treat different neuropsychiatric disorders, but treating any given disorder depends on choosing the right treatment target. Here, we propose a three-phase framework for identifying and modulating these targets. There are multiple approaches to identifying a target, including correlative neuroimaging, retrospective optimization based on existing stimulation sites, and lesion localization. These techniques can then be optimized using personalized neuroimaging, physiological monitoring, and engagement of a specific brain state using pharmacological or psychological interventions. Finally, a specific stimulation modality or combination of modalities can be chosen after considering the advantages and tradeoffs of each. While there is preliminary literature to support different components of this framework, there are still many unanswered questions. This presents an opportunity for the future growth of research and clinical care in brain circuit therapeutics.
    MeSH term(s) Retrospective Studies ; Brain/diagnostic imaging ; Brain/physiology ; Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation/methods ; Neuroimaging/methods ; Deep Brain Stimulation/methods
    Language English
    Publishing date 2023-07-31
    Publishing country England
    Document type Journal Article ; Review
    ZDB-ID 639471-1
    ISSN 1740-634X ; 0893-133X
    ISSN (online) 1740-634X
    ISSN 0893-133X
    DOI 10.1038/s41386-023-01670-9
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