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Article ; Online: Impact of benzodiazepine use on the risk of occupational accidents.

Baudot, François-Olivier

2024 Volume 19, Issue 4, Page(s) e0302205

Abstract: Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are drugs commonly used for treating insomnia and anxiety. Although they are known to induce cognitive and psychomotor impairments, their effect on the risk of causing accidents at work remains understudied. The objective of this ... ...

Abstract	Benzodiazepines (BZDs) are drugs commonly used for treating insomnia and anxiety. Although they are known to induce cognitive and psychomotor impairments, their effect on the risk of causing accidents at work remains understudied. The objective of this study is to estimate this risk by differentiating between the recommended use and overuse of these drugs (i.e., uninterrupted use for four months). The data come from the French National Health Data System, which provide a population composed of French people who had at least one work accident (WA) from 2017 to 2019 (approximately 2.5 million people). A linear probability model with two-way fixed effects is used to deal with time-constant heterogeneity and the time effect independent of individuals. The results show a reduction in the risk of WA after a short period of BZD use (one month) compared with no use at all, but the risk of WA increases when treatment exceeds the recommended duration. The intensity of use results in a greater risk of WAs: a 1% increase in BZD use (expressed as the amount reimbursed) leads to a 4.4% (p<0.001) increase in the monthly risk of WAs. Moreover, we see an increase in risk in the month following the treatment discontinuation (+3.6%, p<0.001), which could be due to rebounding and catch-up effects. Health professionals and BZD users should be made aware of the WA risk induced by the use of BZDs, particularly after prolonged use and after discontinuation of treatment. This study provides more evidence for the need to limit the duration of BZD treatment.
MeSH term(s)	Humans ; Accidents, Occupational ; Anti-Anxiety Agents/adverse effects ; Anxiety Disorders/drug therapy ; Benzodiazepines/adverse effects ; European People
Chemical Substances	Anti-Anxiety Agents ; Benzodiazepines (12794-10-4)
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-04-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2267670-3
ISSN	1932-6203 ; 1932-6203
ISSN (online)	1932-6203
ISSN	1932-6203
DOI	10.1371/journal.pone.0302205
Database	MEDical Literature Analysis and Retrieval System OnLINE

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Article ; Online: Work accident effect on the use of psychotropic drugs

Thomas Barnay / François-Olivier Baudot

Health Economics Review, Vol 13, Iss 1, Pp 1-

the case of benzodiazepines

2023 Volume 12

Abstract: Abstract Background A work accident constitutes a shock to health, likely to alter mental states and affect the use of psychotropic drugs. We focus on the use of benzodiazepines, which are a class of drugs commonly used to treat anxiety and insomnia. ... ...

Abstract	Abstract Background A work accident constitutes a shock to health, likely to alter mental states and affect the use of psychotropic drugs. We focus on the use of benzodiazepines, which are a class of drugs commonly used to treat anxiety and insomnia. Prolonged use can lead to dependence. Our objective is to determine the extent to which work accidents lead to benzodiazepine use and overuse (i.e. exceedance of medical guidelines). Method We use a two-step selection model (the Heckman method) based on data from the French National Health Data System (Système National des Données de Santé, SNDS). Our study sample includes all general plan members who experienced a single work accident in 2016 (and not since 2007). This sample includes 350,000 individuals in the work accident group and more than 1.1 million people randomly drawn from the population without work accidents from 2007 to 2017 (the non-work accident group). Results The occurrence of a work accident leads to an increase in benzodiazepine use and overuse the following year. The selection model shows a clear influence of the accident on the use probability (+ 39%), but a very slight impact on the risk of overuse among users (+ 1.7%), once considered the selection effect. The effect on overuse risk is higher for more severe accidents and among women. Conclusion The increase in the risk of benzodiazepine overuse is due to an increase in the likelihood of using benzodiazepines after a work accident that leads to overuse, rather than an increase in likelihood of overuse among people who use benzodiazepines. Results call for targeting the first-time prescription to limit the risk of overuse after a work accident.
Keywords	Work ; Accident ; Occupational accident ; Drug ; Benzodiazepine ; Overuse ; Medicine (General) ; R5-920
Subject code	380
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	BMC
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Work accident effect on the use of psychotropic drugs: the case of benzodiazepines.

Barnay, Thomas / Baudot, François-Olivier

Health economics review

2023 Volume 13, Issue 1, Page(s) 48

Abstract: Background: A work accident constitutes a shock to health, likely to alter mental states and affect the use of psychotropic drugs. We focus on the use of benzodiazepines, which are a class of drugs commonly used to treat anxiety and insomnia. Prolonged ... ...

Abstract	Background: A work accident constitutes a shock to health, likely to alter mental states and affect the use of psychotropic drugs. We focus on the use of benzodiazepines, which are a class of drugs commonly used to treat anxiety and insomnia. Prolonged use can lead to dependence. Our objective is to determine the extent to which work accidents lead to benzodiazepine use and overuse (i.e. exceedance of medical guidelines). Method: We use a two-step selection model (the Heckman method) based on data from the French National Health Data System (Système National des Données de Santé, SNDS). Our study sample includes all general plan members who experienced a single work accident in 2016 (and not since 2007). This sample includes 350,000 individuals in the work accident group and more than 1.1 million people randomly drawn from the population without work accidents from 2007 to 2017 (the non-work accident group). Results: The occurrence of a work accident leads to an increase in benzodiazepine use and overuse the following year. The selection model shows a clear influence of the accident on the use probability (+ 39%), but a very slight impact on the risk of overuse among users (+ 1.7%), once considered the selection effect. The effect on overuse risk is higher for more severe accidents and among women. Conclusion: The increase in the risk of benzodiazepine overuse is due to an increase in the likelihood of using benzodiazepines after a work accident that leads to overuse, rather than an increase in likelihood of overuse among people who use benzodiazepines. Results call for targeting the first-time prescription to limit the risk of overuse after a work accident.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-10-23
Publishing country	Germany
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2634483-X
ISSN	2191-1991
ISSN	2191-1991
DOI	10.1186/s13561-023-00464-5
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Article ; Online: A multi-epoch model for the number of species within genera.

François, Olivier

Theoretical population biology

2019 Volume 133, Page(s) 97–103

Abstract: An early question in evolutionary theory asked why frequency distributions of taxonomic group sizes exhibit "hollow curves" so frequently. An answer to this question was provided by G. Udny Yule's seminal contribution introducing a discrete model for ... ...

Abstract	An early question in evolutionary theory asked why frequency distributions of taxonomic group sizes exhibit "hollow curves" so frequently. An answer to this question was provided by G. Udny Yule's seminal contribution introducing a discrete model for those distributions. But Yule observed that the fit of his model to observed distributions was sometimes imperfect, in particular for the class of reptiles. The present study introduces a multi-epoch extension of the discrete Yule model that accounts for unobserved extinction of ancient lineages. The multi-epoch model is described as a Pòlya urn embedded in a continuous-time branching process with an harmonic sequence of diversification rates. The main results include equivalent descriptions of multi-epoch models, their probability distributions, expected values, tail behavior and a self-similarity property. As an illustration of the theory, the multi-epoch model is applied to study the taxonomic diversity of reptile species, and provides a much better fit to the observed distribution of species than the original discrete Yule model.
MeSH term(s)	Biological Evolution ; Phylogeny ; Probability
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-09-27
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	3948-2
ISSN	1096-0325 ; 0040-5809
ISSN (online)	1096-0325
ISSN	0040-5809
DOI	10.1016/j.tpb.2019.09.007
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Article ; Online: Theoretical analysis of principal components in an umbrella model of intraspecific evolution.

Estavoyer, Maxime / François, Olivier

Theoretical population biology

2022 Volume 148, Page(s) 11–21

Abstract: Principal component analysis (PCA) is one of the most frequently-used approach to describe population structure from multilocus genotype data. Regarding geographic range expansions of modern humans, interpretations of PCA have, however, been questioned, ... ...

Abstract	Principal component analysis (PCA) is one of the most frequently-used approach to describe population structure from multilocus genotype data. Regarding geographic range expansions of modern humans, interpretations of PCA have, however, been questioned, as there is uncertainty about the wave-like patterns that have been observed in principal components. It has indeed been argued that wave-like patterns are mathematical artifacts that arise generally when PCA is applied to data in which genetic differentiation increases with geographic distance. Here, we present an alternative theory for the observation of wave-like patterns in PCA. We study a coalescent model - the umbrella model - for the diffusion of genetic variants. The model is based on genetic drift without any particular geographical structure. In the umbrella model, splits from an ancestral population occur almost continuously in time, giving birth to small daughter populations at a regular pace. Our results provide detailed mathematical descriptions of eigenvalues and eigenvectors for the PCA of sampled genomic sequences under the model. When variants uniquely represented in the sample are removed, the PCA eigenvectors are defined as cosine functions of increasing periodicity, reproducing wave-like patterns observed in equilibrium isolation-by-distance models. Including singleton variants in the analysis, the eigenvectors corresponding to the largest eigenvalues exhibit complex wave shapes. The accuracy of our predictions is further investigated with coalescent simulations. Our analysis supports the hypothesis that highly structured wave-like patterns could arise from genetic drift only, and may not always be artificial outcomes of spatially structured data. Genomic data related to the peopling of the Americas are reanalyzed in the light of our new theory.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-09-16
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	3948-2
ISSN	1096-0325 ; 0040-5809
ISSN (online)	1096-0325
ISSN	0040-5809
DOI	10.1016/j.tpb.2022.08.002
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Article ; Online: Des régions territoriales aux régions fonctionnelles, une proposition de classification des régions de l’Union Européenne

François-Olivier Seys

Belgeo, Vol

2019 Volume 2

Abstract: The regions’ issue is recent in Europe on a historical scale. Most EU States created regions in the second half of the 20th century, but they used different models. Regional boundaries have been drawn using three main methods. The level of regions’ ... ...

Abstract	The regions’ issue is recent in Europe on a historical scale. Most EU States created regions in the second half of the 20th century, but they used different models. Regional boundaries have been drawn using three main methods. The level of regions’ competences varies also greatly, from federal States to less decentralized States. Similarly, the area and the population of regions are very different from one country to another and within countries. Despite this diversity, this paper proposes a reflection to put in place a classification of European Union countries, according to their regional realities.
Keywords	European Union ; regions ; regional boundaries ; competences ; population ; size ; Geography (General) ; G1-922
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Société Royale Belge de Géographie and the Belgian National Committee of Geography
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A spectral theory for Wright's inbreeding coefficients and related quantities.

François, Olivier / Gain, Clément

PLoS genetics

2021 Volume 17, Issue 7, Page(s) e1009665

Abstract: Wright's inbreeding coefficient, FST, is a fundamental measure in population genetics. Assuming a predefined population subdivision, this statistic is classically used to evaluate population structure at a given genomic locus. With large numbers of loci, ...

Abstract	Wright's inbreeding coefficient, FST, is a fundamental measure in population genetics. Assuming a predefined population subdivision, this statistic is classically used to evaluate population structure at a given genomic locus. With large numbers of loci, unsupervised approaches such as principal component analysis (PCA) have, however, become prominent in recent analyses of population structure. In this study, we describe the relationships between Wright's inbreeding coefficients and PCA for a model of K discrete populations. Our theory provides an equivalent definition of FST based on the decomposition of the genotype matrix into between and within-population matrices. The average value of Wright's FST over all loci included in the genotype matrix can be obtained from the PCA of the between-population matrix. Assuming that a separation condition is fulfilled and for reasonably large data sets, this value of FST approximates the proportion of genetic variation explained by the first (K - 1) principal components accurately. The new definition of FST is useful for computing inbreeding coefficients from surrogate genotypes, for example, obtained after correction of experimental artifacts or after removing adaptive genetic variation associated with environmental variables. The relationships between inbreeding coefficients and the spectrum of the genotype matrix not only allow interpretations of PCA results in terms of population genetic concepts but extend those concepts to population genetic analyses accounting for temporal, geographical and environmental contexts.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Consanguinity ; Genetic Variation/genetics ; Genetics, Population/methods ; Genome ; Genomics ; Genotype ; Humans ; Inbreeding/methods ; Models, Genetic ; Models, Theoretical ; Principal Component Analysis/methods
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-07-19
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2186725-2
ISSN	1553-7404 ; 1553-7390
ISSN (online)	1553-7404
ISSN	1553-7390
DOI	10.1371/journal.pgen.1009665
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Article ; Online: LEA 3: Factor models in population genetics and ecological genomics with R.

Gain, Clément / François, Olivier

Molecular ecology resources

2021 Volume 21, Issue 8, Page(s) 2738–2748

Abstract: A major objective of evolutionary biology is to understand the processes by which organisms have adapted to various environments, and to predict the response of organisms to new or future conditions. The availability of large genomic and environmental ... ...

Abstract	A major objective of evolutionary biology is to understand the processes by which organisms have adapted to various environments, and to predict the response of organisms to new or future conditions. The availability of large genomic and environmental data sets provides an opportunity to address those questions, and the R package LEA has been introduced to facilitate population and ecological genomic analyses in this context. By using latent factor models, the program computes ancestry coefficients from population genetic data and performs genotype-environment association analyses with correction for unobserved confounding variables. In this study, we present new functionalities of LEA, which include imputation of missing genotypes, fast algorithms for latent factor mixed models using multivariate predictors for genotype-environment association studies, population differentiation tests for admixed or continuous populations, and estimation of genetic offset based on climate models. The new functionalities are implemented in version 3.1 and higher releases of the package. Using simulated and real data sets, our study provides evaluations and examples of applications, outlining important practical considerations when analysing ecological genomic data in R.
MeSH term(s)	Adaptation, Physiological ; Algorithms ; Genetics, Population ; Genomics ; Genotype ; Models, Genetic
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-03-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2406833-0
ISSN	1755-0998 ; 1755-098X
ISSN (online)	1755-0998
ISSN	1755-098X
DOI	10.1111/1755-0998.13366
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Article: LEA 3: Factor models in population genetics and ecological genomics with R

Gain, Clément / François, Olivier

Molecular ecology resources. 2021 Nov., v. 21, no. 8

2021

Abstract	A major objective of evolutionary biology is to understand the processes by which organisms have adapted to various environments, and to predict the response of organisms to new or future conditions. The availability of large genomic and environmental data sets provides an opportunity to address those questions, and the R package LEA has been introduced to facilitate population and ecological genomic analyses in this context. By using latent factor models, the program computes ancestry coefficients from population genetic data and performs genotype–environment association analyses with correction for unobserved confounding variables. In this study, we present new functionalities of LEA, which include imputation of missing genotypes, fast algorithms for latent factor mixed models using multivariate predictors for genotype–environment association studies, population differentiation tests for admixed or continuous populations, and estimation of genetic offset based on climate models. The new functionalities are implemented in version 3.1 and higher releases of the package. Using simulated and real data sets, our study provides evaluations and examples of applications, outlining important practical considerations when analysing ecological genomic data in R.
Keywords	ancestry ; climate ; ecology ; evolutionary biology ; genotype-environment interaction ; metagenomics ; population genetics
Language	English
Dates of publication	2021-11
Size	p. 2738-2748.
Publishing place	John Wiley & Sons, Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	JOURNAL ARTICLE
ZDB-ID	2406816-0
ISSN	1471-8286 ; 1755-098X
ISSN (online)	1471-8286
ISSN	1755-098X
DOI	10.1111/1755-0998.13366
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Museum genomics of an agricultural super-pest, the Colorado potato beetle, Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Chrysomelidae), provides evidence of adaptation from standing variation.

Cohen, Zachary P / François, Olivier / Schoville, Sean D

Integrative and comparative biology

2022

Abstract: Despite extensive research on agricultural pests, our knowledge about their evolutionary history is often limited. A mechanistic understanding of the demographic changes and modes of adaptation remains an important goal, as it improves our understanding ... ...

Abstract	Despite extensive research on agricultural pests, our knowledge about their evolutionary history is often limited. A mechanistic understanding of the demographic changes and modes of adaptation remains an important goal, as it improves our understanding of organismal responses to environmental change and our ability to sustainably manage pest populations. Emerging genomic datasets now allow for characterization of demographic and adaptive processes, but face limits when they are drawn from contemporary samples, especially in the context of strong demographic change, repeated selection, or adaptation involving modest shifts in allele frequency at many loci. Temporal sampling, however, can improve our ability to reconstruct evolutionary events. Here, we leverage museum samples to examine whether population genomic diversity and structure has changed over time, and to identify genomic regions that appear to be under selection. We focus on the Colorado potato beetle (CPB), Leptinotarsa decemlineata (Say 1824) (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae), which is widely regarded as a super-pest due to its rapid, and repeated, evolution to insecticides. By combining whole genome resequencing data from 78 museum samples with modern sampling, we demonstrate that CPB expanded rapidly in the 19th century, leading to a reduction in diversity and limited genetic structure from the Midwest to Northeast U.S.A. Temporal genome scans provide extensive evidence for selection acting in resistant field populations in Wisconsin and New York, including numerous known insecticide resistance genes. We also validate these results by showing that known selective sweeps in modern populations are identified by our genome scan. Perhaps most importantly, temporal analysis indicates selection on standing genetic variation, as we find evidence for parallel evolution in the two geographical regions. Parallel evolution involves a range of phenotypic traits not previously identified as under selection in CPB, such as reproductive and morphological functional pathways that might be important for adaptation to agricultural habitats.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-29
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2159110-6
ISSN	1557-7023 ; 1540-7063
ISSN (online)	1557-7023
ISSN	1540-7063
DOI	10.1093/icb/icac137
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