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Article ; Online: Evidence of co-exposure with Brucella spp, Coxiella burnetii, and Rift Valley fever virus among various species of wildlife in Kenya.

Francis Gakuya / James Akoko / Lillian Wambua / Richard Nyamota / Bernard Ronoh / Isaac Lekolool / Athman Mwatondo / Mathew Muturi / Collins Ouma / Daniel Nthiwa / Earl Middlebrook / Jeanne Fair / John Gachohi / Kariuki Njenga / Bernard Bett

PLoS Neglected Tropical Diseases, Vol 16, Iss 8, p e

2022 Volume 0010596

Abstract: Background Co-infection, especially with pathogens of dissimilar genetic makeup, may result in a more devastating impact on the host. Investigations on co-infection with neglected zoonotic pathogens in wildlife are necessary to inform appropriate ... ...

Abstract	Background Co-infection, especially with pathogens of dissimilar genetic makeup, may result in a more devastating impact on the host. Investigations on co-infection with neglected zoonotic pathogens in wildlife are necessary to inform appropriate prevention and control strategies to reduce disease burden in wildlife and the potential transmission of these pathogens between wildlife, livestock and humans. This study assessed co-exposure of various Kenyan wildflife species with Brucella spp, Coxiella burnetii and Rift Valley fever virus (RVFV). Methodology A total of 363 sera from 16 different wildlife species, most of them (92.6%) herbivores, were analysed by Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for IgG antibodies against Brucella spp, C. burnetii and RVFV. Further, 280 of these were tested by PCR to identify Brucella species. Results Of the 16 wildlife species tested, 15 (93.8%) were seropositive for at least one of the pathogens. Mean seropositivities were 18.9% (95% CI: 15.0-23.3) for RVFV, 13.7% (95% CI: 10.3-17.7) for Brucella spp and 9.1% (95% CI: 6.3-12.5) for C. burnetii. Buffaloes (n = 269) had higher seropositivity for Brucella spp. (17.1%, 95% CI: 13.0-21.7%) and RVFV (23.4%, 95% CI: 18.6-28.6%), while giraffes (n = 36) had the highest seropositivity for C. burnetii (44.4%, 95% CI: 27.9-61.9%). Importantly, 23 of the 93 (24.7%) animals positive for at least one pathogen were co-exposed, with 25.4% (18/71) of the positive buffaloes positive for brucellosis and RVFV. On molecular analysis, Brucella DNA was detected in 46 (19.5%, CI: 14.9-24.7) samples, with 4 (8.6%, 95% CI: 2.2-15.8) being identified as B. melitensis. The Fisher's Exact test indicated that seropositivity varied significantly within the different animal families, with Brucella (p = 0.013), C. burnetii (p = <0.001) and RVFV (p = 0.007). Location was also significantly associated (p = <0.001) with Brucella spp. and C. burnetii seropositivities. Conclusion Of ~20% of Kenyan wildlife that are seropositive for Brucella spp, C. ...
Keywords	Arctic medicine. Tropical medicine ; RC955-962 ; Public aspects of medicine ; RA1-1270
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Etorphine-Azaperone Immobilisation for Translocation of Free-Ranging Masai Giraffes ( Giraffa Camelopardalis Tippelskirchi )

Francesca Vitali / Edward K. Kariuki / Domnic Mijele / Titus Kaitho / Massimo Faustini / Richard Preziosi / Francis Gakuya / Giuliano Ravasio

Animals, Vol 10, Iss 2, p

A Pilot Study

2020 Volume 322

Abstract: Etorphine-azaperone immobilisation was evaluated for translocation of Masai giraffes. Nine giraffes were darted with 0.012 ± 0.001 mg/kg etorphine and 0.07 ± 0.01 mg/kg azaperone. Once ataxic, giraffes were roped for recumbency and restrained manually. ... ...

Abstract	Etorphine-azaperone immobilisation was evaluated for translocation of Masai giraffes. Nine giraffes were darted with 0.012 ± 0.001 mg/kg etorphine and 0.07 ± 0.01 mg/kg azaperone. Once ataxic, giraffes were roped for recumbency and restrained manually. Naltrexone (3 mg/mg etorphine) was immediately given intravenously to reverse etorphine-related side effects. Protocol evaluation included physiological monitoring, blood-gas analyses, anaesthetic times, and quality scores (1 = excellent, 4 = poor). Sedation onset and recumbency were achieved in 2.6 ± 0.8 and 5.6 ± 1.4 min. Cardio-respiratory function (HR = 70 ± 16, RR = 32 ± 8, MAP = 132 ± 16) and temperature (37.8 ± 0.5) were stable. Arterial gas analysis showed hypoxaemia in some individuals (PaO 2 = 67 ± 8 mmHg) and metabolic acidosis (pH = 7.23 ± 0.05, PaCO 2 = 34 ± 4 mmHg, HCO 3 − = 12.9 ± 1.2 mmol/l). Minor startle response occurred, while higher induction-induced excitement correlated to longer inductions, worse restraint, and decreased HCO 3 − . After 19 ± 3.5 min of restraint, giraffes were allowed to stand and were loaded onto a chariot. Immobilisations were good and scored 2 (1−3). Inductions and recoveries were smooth and scored 1 (1−2). Translocations were uneventful and no complications occurred in 14-days boma follow-up.
Keywords	masai giraffe ; giraffe capture ; chemical immobilisation ; translocation ; etorphine ; azaperone ; naltrexone ; capture stress ; giraffe physiology ; blood gas analysis ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100 ; Zoology ; QL1-991
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-02-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: High real-time reporting of domestic and wild animal diseases following rollout of mobile phone reporting system in Kenya.

M Kariuki Njenga / Naomi Kemunto / Samuel Kahariri / Lindsey Holmstrom / Harry Oyas / Keith Biggers / Austin Riddle / John Gachohi / Mathew Muturi / Athman Mwatondo / Francis Gakuya / Isaac Lekolool / Rinah Sitawa / Michael Apamaku / Eric Osoro / Marc-Alain Widdowson / Peninah Munyua

PLoS ONE, Vol 16, Iss 9, p e

2021 Volume 0244119

Abstract: Background To improve early detection of emerging infectious diseases in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), many of them zoonotic, numerous electronic animal disease-reporting systems have been piloted but not implemented because of cost, lack of user ... ...

Abstract	Background To improve early detection of emerging infectious diseases in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA), many of them zoonotic, numerous electronic animal disease-reporting systems have been piloted but not implemented because of cost, lack of user friendliness, and data insecurity. In Kenya, we developed and rolled out an open-source mobile phone-based domestic and wild animal disease reporting system and collected data over two years to investigate its robustness and ability to track disease trends. Methods The Kenya Animal Biosurveillance System (KABS) application was built on the Java® platform, freely downloadable for android compatible mobile phones, and supported by web-based account management, form editing and data monitoring. The application was integrated into the surveillance systems of Kenya's domestic and wild animal sectors by adopting their existing data collection tools, and targeting disease syndromes prioritized by national, regional and international animal and human health agencies. Smartphone-owning government and private domestic and wild animal health officers were recruited and trained on the application, and reports received and analyzed by Kenya Directorate of Veterinary Services. The KABS application performed automatic basic analyses (frequencies, spatial distribution), which were immediately relayed to reporting officers as feedback. Results Of 697 trained domestic animal officers, 662 (95%) downloaded the application, and >72% of them started reporting using the application within three months. Introduction of the application resulted in 2- to 14-fold increase in number of disease reports when compared to the previous year (relative risk = 14, CI 13.8-14.2, p<0.001), and reports were more widely distributed. Among domestic animals, food animals (cattle, sheep, goats, camels, and chicken) accounted for >90% of the reports, with respiratory, gastrointestinal and skin diseases constituting >85% of the reports. Herbivore wildlife (zebra, buffalo, elephant, giraffe, antelopes) ...
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Molecular Detection and Characterization of Theileria Infecting Wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) in the Maasai Mara National Reserve, Kenya

Lucy Wamuyu / Vincent Obanda / Daniel Kariuki / Francis Gakuya / Moni Makanda / Moses Otiende / Sheila Ommeh

Pathogens, Vol 4, Iss 3, Pp 626-

2015 Volume 638

Abstract: Theileria is a genus of tick-borne protozoan that is globally widespread and infects nearly all ungulates in which they cause either latent infection or lethal disease. Wild animals are considered reservoir hosts of many species of Theileria and their ... ...

Abstract	Theileria is a genus of tick-borne protozoan that is globally widespread and infects nearly all ungulates in which they cause either latent infection or lethal disease. Wild animals are considered reservoir hosts of many species of Theileria and their diversity in wildlife species is increasingly becoming of interest. The molecular characterization and identification of Theileria infecting wildlife has been studied in a few species including buffalo, which are considered reservoir host for Theileria parva infecting cattle. In this study, we sequenced Theileria species infecting wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) and used molecular-genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the 18 Small Subunit of the Ribosomal RNA (18S rRNA) to identify their relationships with known species of Theileria. Our results revealed three new Theileria haplotypes infecting wildebeest. Phylogenetic analysis revealed that haplotype 1 and 2 clustered in the same clade as Theileria separata and with Theileria sp. isolated from other small to medium sized antelopes. Haplotype 3 clustered close to the Theileria ovis clade. This is the first molecular description and characterization of Theileria species infecting blue wildebeest in East Africa. This study demonstrates the potential for Theileria transmission between wildebeest and small domestic ungulates, such as sheep and goats.
Keywords	wildlife-livestock interface ; tick-borne diseases ; ticks ; Theileria ; wildlife ; Medicine ; R
Subject code	590
Language	English
Publishing date	2015-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: A practical guideline to remote biopsy darting of wildebeests for genetic sampling

Domnic Mijele / Patrick Omondi / Francis Gakuya / Luca Rossi / Patrick I. Chiyo / Ramón C. Soriguer / Samer Angelone-Alasaad

International Journal of Veterinary Science and Medicine, Vol 4, Iss 2, Pp 27-

2016 Volume 32

Abstract: The use of biopsy darts for remote collection of tissue samples from free-ranging terrestrial and aquatic animal species has gained popularity in the recent past. The success of darting is very important since scientists may not have many chances to re- ... ...

Abstract	The use of biopsy darts for remote collection of tissue samples from free-ranging terrestrial and aquatic animal species has gained popularity in the recent past. The success of darting is very important since scientists may not have many chances to re-dart the same animal, especially with the free-ranging elusive wildlife species. We used wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) as a model to estimate the optimum shooting distance, pressure and the shot part of the body through which a researcher can optimize the success and amount of tissue collected from similar wild land mammalian species. Wildebeests were darted at six categories of distances ranging between 10 and 45 m and dart gun pressures of 5–14 millibar. The number of failed darts increased by increasing the darting distance: 0% (10 m), 0% (20 m), 6% (30 m), 20% (35 m), 71% (40 m), and 67% (45 m). There was a notable effect of the distances on the amount of tissue collected 20 m offered the best results. Dart gun pressure had no effect on the amount of tissue samples obtained. The amount of tissue obtained from successful darts was the same whether the animal was darted on the shoulder or thigh. In this paper, we present a practical guideline for remote biopsy darting of wildebeest to obtain optimum amount of tissue samples, which could be generalized for similar wild land mammalian species.
Keywords	Biopsy ; Wildlife ; Dart gun ; Connochaetes taurinus ; Masai Mara ; Dan-inject ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2016-12-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Taylor & Francis Group
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: A practical guideline to remote biopsy darting of wildebeests for genetic sampling

Mijele, Domnic / Francis Gakuya / Luca Rossi / Patrick I. Chiyo / Patrick Omondi / Ramón C. Soriguer / Samer Angelone-Alasaad

Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Cairo University International Journal of Veterinary Sciences. 2016 Dec., v. 4, no. 2

2016

Abstract	The use of biopsy darts for remote collection of tissue samples from free-ranging terrestrial and aquatic animal species has gained popularity in the recent past. The success of darting is very important since scientists may not have many chances to re-dart the same animal, especially with the free-ranging elusive wildlife species. We used wildebeest (Connochaetes taurinus) as a model to estimate the optimum shooting distance, pressure and the shot part of the body through which a researcher can optimize the success and amount of tissue collected from similar wild land mammalian species. Wildebeests were darted at six categories of distances ranging between 10 and 45m and dart gun pressures of 5–14millibar. The number of failed darts increased by increasing the darting distance: 0% (10m), 0% (20m), 6% (30m), 20% (35m), 71% (40m), and 67% (45m). There was a notable effect of the distances on the amount of tissue collected 20m offered the best results. Dart gun pressure had no effect on the amount of tissue samples obtained. The amount of tissue obtained from successful darts was the same whether the animal was darted on the shoulder or thigh. In this paper, we present a practical guideline for remote biopsy darting of wildebeest to obtain optimum amount of tissue samples, which could be generalized for similar wild land mammalian species.
Keywords	biopsy ; Connochaetes ; guidelines ; scientists ; wildebeest ; wildlife
Language	English
Dates of publication	2016-12
Size	p. 27-32.
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ISSN	2314-4599
DOI	10.1016/j.ijvsm.2016.10.004
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Detusking fence-breaker elephants as an approach in human-elephant conflict mitigation.

Matthew Mutinda / Geoffrey Chenge / Francis Gakuya / Moses Otiende / Patrick Omondi / Samuel Kasiki / Ramón C Soriguer / Samer Alasaad

PLoS ONE, Vol 9, Iss 3, p e

2014 Volume 91749

Abstract: Human-elephant conflict (HEC) is a recurring problem that appears wherever the range of elephants and humans overlap. Different methods including the use of electric fences are used worldwide to mitigate this conflict. Nonetheless, elephants learn ... ...

Abstract	Human-elephant conflict (HEC) is a recurring problem that appears wherever the range of elephants and humans overlap. Different methods including the use of electric fences are used worldwide to mitigate this conflict. Nonetheless, elephants learn quickly that their tusks do not conduct electricity and use them to break down fences (fence-breakers).In Lewa Wildlife Conservancy, Kenya, destructive elephants (Loxodonta africana) were monitored between 2010 and 2013. The fence-breaking rate reached four incidents (fence-breaking) per elephant per 100 days. Ten bull males and 57 females were identified as fence-breakers. The bulls were involved in 85.07% and the females in 14.93% of incidents. The Kenya Wildlife Service approved detusking (partial cutting of tusks) in four of the 10 fence-breakers as a way of preventing them from breaking down fences, thereby mitigating HEC in the Conservancy. The result of the detusking was a drastic six-fold reduction in damage to fences (range: 1.67 to 14.5 times less fence-breaking) by the four worst fence-breaker elephants, because with trimmed tusks elephants lack the tools to break down fences. Detusking could not totally eliminate fence destruction because, despite lacking their tools, elephants can still destroy fences using their heads, bodies and trunks, albeit less effectively. On the other hand, apart from inherent aesthetic considerations, the detusking of elephants may have certain negative effects on factors such as elephants' social hierarchies, breeding, mate selection and their access to essential minerals and food.Elephant detusking seems to be effective in drastically reducing fence-breaking incidents, nonetheless its negative effects on behaviour, access to food and its aesthetical consequences still need to be further studied and investigated.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Stable isotope ecology of black rhinos (Diceros bicornis) in Kenya

Cerling, Thure E / Anthony N. Macharia / Cedric Khayale / Christopher R. Anderson / Diego P. Fernandez / Francis Gakuya / Isaac Lekolool / Jackson W. Kingoo / John M. Kariuki / Lihai Hu / Linus Kariuki / Samuel A. Andanje / Shawn J. Thomas

Oecologia. 2018 Aug., v. 187, no. 4

2018

Abstract: Stable isotope and elemental ratios in hair are influenced by the environment, including both climate and geology. Stable carbon isotopes can be used to give estimates of the C4/CAM fraction of diets of herbivorous mammals; stable nitrogen isotopes are ... ...

Abstract	Stable isotope and elemental ratios in hair are influenced by the environment, including both climate and geology. Stable carbon isotopes can be used to give estimates of the C4/CAM fraction of diets of herbivorous mammals; stable nitrogen isotopes are related to the local water deficit; strontium isotopes are determined by the local geology. We studied hair from rhinos in Kenya to determine spatial patterns in δ13C, δ15N, and 87Sr/86Sr ratios. The samples of rhino hair were collected during Kenya Wildlife Service translocation or veterinary activities. δ13C values showed diets dominated by C3 foods, but in some regions the diet, at least seasonally, contained significant quantities (i.e., > ca. 20%) of C4/CAM foods. δ15N values were related to water deficit, with higher δ15N values in regions with high water deficit. 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios were found to be related to the local geological substrate suggesting that 87Sr/86Sr isotope ratios are provisionally useful for determining the origins of illegal wildlife materials in Kenya and elsewhere in Africa.
Keywords	carbon ; climate ; Diceros bicornis ; foods ; geology ; herbivores ; mammals ; nitrogen ; stable isotopes ; strontium ; wildlife ; Kenya
Language	English
Dates of publication	2018-08
Size	p. 1095-1105.
Publishing place	Springer Berlin Heidelberg
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	123369-5
ISSN	1432-1939 ; 0029-8549
ISSN (online)	1432-1939
ISSN	0029-8549
DOI	10.1007/s00442-018-4185-4
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Spatio-temporal distribution of injured elephants in Masai Mara and the putative negative and positive roles of the local community.

Domnic Mijele / Vincent Obanda / Patrick Omondi / Ramón C Soriguer / Francis Gakuya / Moses Otiende / Peter Hongo / Samer Alasaad

PLoS ONE, Vol 8, Iss 7, p e

2013 Volume 71179

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Very few studies have ever focused on the elephants that are wounded or killed as local communities attempt to scare these animals away from their settlements and farms, or on the cases in which local people take revenge after elephants have ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Very few studies have ever focused on the elephants that are wounded or killed as local communities attempt to scare these animals away from their settlements and farms, or on the cases in which local people take revenge after elephants have killed or injured humans. On the other hand, local communities live in close proximity to elephants and hence can play a positive role in elephant conservation by informing the authorities of the presence of injured elephants. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: Between 2007 and 2011, 129 elephants were monitored in Masai Mara (Kenya), of which 54 had various types of active (intentionally caused) or passive (non-intentionally caused) injuries. Also studied were 75 random control samples of apparently unaffected animals. The observed active injuries were as expected biased by age, with adults suffering more harm; on the other hand, no such bias was observed in the case of passive injuries. Bias was also observed in elephant sex since more males than females were passively and actively injured. Cases of passive and active injuries in elephants were negatively related to the proximity to roads and farms; the distribution of injured elephants was not affected by the presence of either human settlements or water sources. Overall more elephants were actively injured during the dry season than the wet season as expected. Local communities play a positive role by informing KWS authorities of the presence of injured elephants and reported 43% of all cases of injured elephants. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that the negative effect of local communities on elephants could be predicted by elephant proximity to farms and roads. In addition, local communities may be able to play a more positive role in elephant conservation given that they are key informants in the early detection of injured elephants.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2013-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Knowledge of mange among Masai pastoralists in Kenya.

Francis Gakuya / Jackson Ombui / Jorg Heukelbach / Ndichu Maingi / Gerald Muchemi / William Ogara / Domnic Mijele / Samer Alasaad

PLoS ONE, Vol 7, Iss 8, p e

2012 Volume 43342

Abstract: BACKGROUND: Pastoralists in low-income countries usually live in close proximity to their animals and thus represent an important repository of information about livestock disease. Since wild and domestic animals often mix freely whilst grazing, ... ...

Abstract	BACKGROUND: Pastoralists in low-income countries usually live in close proximity to their animals and thus represent an important repository of information about livestock disease. Since wild and domestic animals often mix freely whilst grazing, pastoralists are also able to observe first-hand the diseases that are present in wildlife and as such are key informants in disease outbreaks in sylvatic animals. We report here the findings of the first study of the knowledge and role of Masai pastoralists in mange in wildlife and livestock in Masai Mara, Kenya. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS: In this paper we describe the knowledge of mange accrued by 56 Masai pastoralists in Kenya and how they respond to it in both wildlife and livestock. In total, 52 (93%) pastoralists had a clear idea of the clinical appearance of mange, 13 (23%) understood its aetiology and 37 (66%) knew that mites were the causal agent. Thirty-nine (69%) believed that mange cross-infection between domestic and wild animals occurs, while 48 (85%) had observed mange in domestic animals including sheep (77%), goats (57%), dogs (24%) and cattle (14%). The pastoralists had also observed wild animals infected with mange, above all lions (19%), gazelles (14%), cheetahs (12%) and wildebeests (2%). In 68% of cases Masai pastoralists treat mange infection or apply control measures, most commonly via the topical use of acaricides (29%) and/or the reporting of the outbreak to the veterinary authorities (21%). In the period 2007-2011, Kenya Wildlife Service received 24 warnings of 59 wild animals with mange-like lesions from the Masai Mara pastoralist community. The reported species were cheetah, lion, wild dog, Thomson's gazelle and wildebeest. CONCLUSION: Masai pastoralists have good knowledge of mange epidemiology and treatment. Their observations and the treatments they apply are valuable in the control of this disease in both wild and domestic animals.
Keywords	Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
Subject code	630
Language	English
Publishing date	2012-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Public Library of Science (PLoS)
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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