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  1. AU="Frederique Pitel"
  2. AU="Pierce, Aimee"
  3. AU="Luque-Ballesteros, Laura"
  4. AU="Dondi, Francesco"
  5. AU="McLachlan, Alex"
  6. AU="Krizova, Ludmila"
  7. AU="Balog, Attila"
  8. AU="Faerber, Karin"
  9. AU="Prettner, Klaus"
  10. AU="Ambrožová, I."
  11. AU="William, Doreen"
  12. AU="Gutiérrez-Sánchez, A M"
  13. AU="Bohan, Dana"
  14. AU="Spracklen, D."
  15. AU="Lobo, Brian C"
  16. AU=Zhuang Jianjian AU=Zhuang Jianjian
  17. AU=Pathanki Adithya M
  18. AU="Armando Vilchis-Ordoñez"
  19. AU="Zhongfu Lu"
  20. AU="Lo, Hong-Yip"
  21. AU="Ziman Xiong"
  22. AU="Oakes, Allison H"
  23. AU="Ma, Shaotong"
  24. AU="Zang, Lili"
  25. AU="Adams Brian D"
  26. AU="Maria Papaioannou"
  27. AU="Kollia, Georgia"
  28. AU="Auxiette, Catherine"
  29. AU="Guzmán, Luis"
  30. AU="Alipour, Elnaz"
  31. AU="Queiroz, Dayanna Joyce Marques"
  32. AU="Ramamurthy, Santosh"
  33. AU="Xueying Huang"
  34. AU="Cromwell, Howard C"
  35. AU="Spence, John C H"
  36. AU="Chapinal, Libertad"
  37. AU=Rohaim Mohammed A AU=Rohaim Mohammed A
  38. AU=Hempel Cornelius

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  1. Artikel ; Online: Early Phenotype Programming in Birds by Temperature and Nutrition

    Charlotte Andrieux / Angélique Petit / Anne Collin / Marianne Houssier / Sonia Métayer-Coustard / Stéphane Panserat / Frédérique Pitel / Vincent Coustham

    Frontiers in Animal Science, Vol

    A Mini-Review

    2022  Band 2

    Abstract: Early development is a critical period during which environmental influences can have a significant impact on the health, welfare, robustness and performance of livestock. In oviparous vertebrates, such as birds, embryonic development takes place ... ...

    Abstract Early development is a critical period during which environmental influences can have a significant impact on the health, welfare, robustness and performance of livestock. In oviparous vertebrates, such as birds, embryonic development takes place entirely in the egg. This allows the effects of environmental cues to be studied directly on the developing embryo. Interestingly, beneficial effects have been identified in several studies, leading to innovative procedures to improve the phenotype of the animals in the long term. In this review, we discuss the effects of early temperature and dietary programming strategies that both show promising results, as well as their potential transgenerational effects. The timing, duration and intensity of these procedures are critical to ensure that they produce beneficial effects without affecting animal survival or final product quality. For example, cyclic increases in egg incubation temperature have been shown to improve temperature tolerance and promote muscular growth in chickens or fatty liver production in mule ducks. In ovo feeding has also been successfully used to enhance digestive tract maturation, optimize chick development and growth, and thus obtain higher quality chicks. In addition, changes in the nutritional availability of methyl donors, for example, was shown to influence offspring phenotype. The molecular mechanisms behind early phenotype programming are still under investigation and are probably epigenetic in nature as shown by recent work in chickens.
    Schlagwörter programming ; bird ; temperature ; nutrition ; in ovo ; embryo ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
    Thema/Rubrik (Code) 590
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Verlag Frontiers Media S.A.
    Dokumenttyp Artikel ; Online
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  2. Artikel ; Online: Thermal conditioning of quail embryos has transgenerational and reversible long-term effects

    Anaïs Vitorino Carvalho / Christelle Hennequet-Antier / Romuald Rouger / Joël Delaveau / Thierry Bordeau / Sabine Crochet / Nathalie Couroussé / Frederique Pitel / Anne Collin / Vincent Coustham

    Journal of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Vol 14, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2023  Band 11

    Abstract: Abstract Background In the current context of global warming, thermal manipulation of avian embryos has received increasing attention as a strategy to promote heat tolerance in avian species by simply increasing the egg incubation temperature. However, ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Background In the current context of global warming, thermal manipulation of avian embryos has received increasing attention as a strategy to promote heat tolerance in avian species by simply increasing the egg incubation temperature. However, because of their likely epigenetic origin, thermal manipulation effects may last more than one generation with consequences for the poultry industry. In this work, a multigenerational and transgenerational analysis of thermal manipulation during embryogenesis was performed to uncover the long-term effects of such procedure. Results Thermal manipulation repeated during 4 generations had an effect on hatchability, body weight, and weight of eggs laid in Japanese quails, with some effects increasing in importance over generations. Moreover, the effects on body weight and egg weight could be transmitted transgenerationally, suggesting non-genetic inheritance mechanisms. This hypothesis is reinforced by the observed reversion of the effect on growth after five unexposed generations. Interestingly, a beneficial effect of thermal manipulation on heat tolerance was observed a few days after hatching, but this effect was not transgenerational. Conclusions Our multigenerational study showed that thermal conditioning of quail embryos has a beneficial effect on post-hatch heat tolerance hampered by transgenerational but reversible defects on growth. Assuming that no genetic variability underlies these changes, this study provides the first demonstration of epigenetic inheritance of traits induced by environmental temperature modification associated with long-term impacts in an avian species.
    Schlagwörter Avian ; Embryo ; Programming ; Temperature ; Transgenerational inheritance ; Animal culture ; SF1-1100 ; Veterinary medicine ; SF600-1100
    Thema/Rubrik (Code) 616
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2023-10-01T00:00:00Z
    Verlag BMC
    Dokumenttyp Artikel ; Online
    Datenquelle BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (Lebenswissenschaftliche Auswahl)

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  3. Artikel ; Online: Genome-Wide Epigenetic Studies in Chicken

    Sarah-Anne David / Marjorie Mersch / Sylvain Foissac / Anne Collin / Frédérique Pitel / Vincent Coustham

    Epigenomes, Vol 1, Iss 3, p

    A Review

    2017  Band 20

    Abstract: Over the years, farmed birds have been selected on various performance traits mainly through genetic selection. However, many studies have shown that genetics may not be the sole contributor to phenotypic plasticity. Gene expression programs can be ... ...

    Abstract Over the years, farmed birds have been selected on various performance traits mainly through genetic selection. However, many studies have shown that genetics may not be the sole contributor to phenotypic plasticity. Gene expression programs can be influenced by environmentally induced epigenetic changes that may alter the phenotypes of the developing animals. Recently, high-throughput sequencing techniques became sufficiently affordable thanks to technological advances to study whole epigenetic landscapes in model plants and animals. In birds, a growing number of studies recently took advantage of these techniques to gain insights into the epigenetic mechanisms of gene regulation in processes such as immunity or environmental adaptation. Here, we review the current gain of knowledge on the chicken epigenome made possible by recent advances in high-throughput sequencing techniques by focusing on the two most studied epigenetic modifications, DNA methylation and histone post-translational modifications. We discuss and provide insights about designing and performing analyses to further explore avian epigenomes. A better understanding of the molecular mechanisms underlying the epigenetic regulation of gene expression in relation to bird phenotypes may provide new knowledge and markers that should undoubtedly contribute to a sustainable poultry production.
    Schlagwörter high-throughput sequencing ; epigenomics ; poultry ; bird ; chicken ; DNA methylation ; histone post-translational modifications ; Medicine ; R ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
    Thema/Rubrik (Code) 612
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2017-11-01T00:00:00Z
    Verlag MDPI AG
    Dokumenttyp Artikel ; Online
    Datenquelle BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (Lebenswissenschaftliche Auswahl)

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  4. Artikel ; Online: Author Correction

    Frédéric Jehl / Kévin Muret / Maria Bernard / Morgane Boutin / Laetitia Lagoutte / Colette Désert / Patrice Dehais / Diane Esquerré / Hervé Acloque / Elisabetta Giuffra / Sarah Djebali / Sylvain Foissac / Thomas Derrien / Frédérique Pitel / Tatiana Zerjal / Christophe Klopp / Sandrine Lagarrigue

    Scientific Reports, Vol 11, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    An integrative atlas of chicken long non-coding genes and their annotations across 25 tissues

    2021  Band 1

    Abstract: An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper. ...

    Abstract An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.
    Schlagwörter Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2021-04-01T00:00:00Z
    Verlag Nature Portfolio
    Dokumenttyp Artikel ; Online
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  5. Artikel ; Online: Avian Expression Patterns and Genomic Mapping Implicate Leptin in Digestion and TNF in Immunity, Suggesting That Their Interacting Adipokine Role Has Been Acquired Only in Mammals

    Eyal Seroussi / Martin Knytl / Frédérique Pitel / Daniel Elleder / Vladimir Krylov / Sophie Leroux / Mireille Morisson / Sara Yosefi / Shoval Miyara / Saibaba Ganesan / Mark Ruzal / Leif Andersson / Miriam Friedman-Einat

    International Journal of Molecular Sciences, Vol 20, Iss 18, p

    2019  Band 4489

    Abstract: In mammals, leptin and tumor-necrosis factor (TNF) are prominent interacting adipokines mediating appetite control and insulin sensitivity. While TNF pleiotropically functions in immune defense and cell survival, leptin is largely confined to signaling ... ...

    Abstract In mammals, leptin and tumor-necrosis factor (TNF) are prominent interacting adipokines mediating appetite control and insulin sensitivity. While TNF pleiotropically functions in immune defense and cell survival, leptin is largely confined to signaling energy stores in adipocytes. Knowledge about the function of avian leptin and TNF is limited and they are absent or lowly expressed in adipose, respectively. Employing radiation-hybrid mapping and FISH-TSA, we mapped TNF and its syntenic genes to chicken chromosome 16 within the major histocompatibility complex (MHC) region. This mapping position suggests that avian TNF has a role in regulating immune response. To test its possible interaction with leptin within the immune system and beyond, we compared the transcription patterns of TNF , leptin and their cognate receptors obtained by meta-analysis of GenBank RNA-seq data. While expression of leptin and its receptor ( LEPR ) were detected in the brain and digestive tract, TNF and its receptor mRNAs were primarily found in viral-infected and LPS-treated leukocytes. We confirmed leptin expression in the duodenum by immunohistochemistry staining. Altogether, we suggest that whereas leptin and TNF interact as adipokines in mammals, in birds, they have distinct roles. Thus, the interaction between leptin and TNF may be unique to mammals.
    Schlagwörter radiation-hybrid mapping ; FISH-TSA ; chicken ; TNF ; immune system ; leptin ; digestive tract ; duodenum ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Chemistry ; QD1-999
    Thema/Rubrik (Code) 630
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2019-09-01T00:00:00Z
    Verlag MDPI AG
    Dokumenttyp Artikel ; Online
    Datenquelle BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (Lebenswissenschaftliche Auswahl)

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  6. Artikel ; Online: An integrative atlas of chicken long non-coding genes and their annotations across 25 tissues

    Frédéric Jehl / Kévin Muret / Maria Bernard / Morgane Boutin / Laetitia Lagoutte / Colette Désert / Patrice Dehais / Diane Esquerré / Hervé Acloque / Elisabetta Giuffra / Sarah Djebali / Sylvain Foissac / Thomas Derrien / Frédérique Pitel / Tatiana Zerjal / Christophe Klopp / Sandrine Lagarrigue

    Scientific Reports, Vol 10, Iss 1, Pp 1-

    2020  Band 17

    Abstract: Abstract Long non-coding RNAs (LNC) regulate numerous biological processes. In contrast to human, the identification of LNC in farm species, like chicken, is still lacunar. We propose a catalogue of 52,075 chicken genes enriched in LNC ( http://www ... ...

    Abstract Abstract Long non-coding RNAs (LNC) regulate numerous biological processes. In contrast to human, the identification of LNC in farm species, like chicken, is still lacunar. We propose a catalogue of 52,075 chicken genes enriched in LNC ( http://www.fragencode.org/ ), built from the Ensembl reference extended using novel LNC modelled here from 364 RNA-seq and LNC from four public databases. The Ensembl reference grew from 4,643 to 30,084 LNC, of which 59% and 41% with expression ≥ 0.5 and ≥ 1 TPM respectively. Characterization of these LNC relatively to the closest protein coding genes (PCG) revealed that 79% of LNC are in intergenic regions, as in other species. Expression analysis across 25 tissues revealed an enrichment of co-expressed LNC:PCG pairs, suggesting co-regulation and/or co-function. As expected LNC were more tissue-specific than PCG (25% vs. 10%). Similarly to human, 16% of chicken LNC hosted one or more miRNA. We highlighted a new chicken LNC, hosting miR155, conserved in human, highly expressed in immune tissues like miR155, and correlated with immunity-related PCG in both species. Among LNC:PCG pairs tissue-specific in the same tissue, we revealed an enrichment of divergent pairs with the PCG coding transcription factors, as for example LHX5, HXD3 and TBX4, in both human and chicken.
    Schlagwörter Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Thema/Rubrik (Code) 572
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2020-11-01T00:00:00Z
    Verlag Nature Portfolio
    Dokumenttyp Artikel ; Online
    Datenquelle BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (Lebenswissenschaftliche Auswahl)

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  7. Artikel: Mapping of leptin and its syntenic genes to chicken chromosome 1p

    Seroussi, Eyal / Frédérique Pitel / Sophie Leroux / Mireille Morisson / Susanne Bornelöv / Shoval Miyara / Sara Yosefi / Larry A. Cogburn / David W. Burt / Leif Anderson / Miriam Friedman-Einat

    BMC genetics. 2017 Dec., v. 18, no. 1

    2017  

    Abstract: BACKGROUND: Misidentification of the chicken leptin gene has hampered research of leptin signaling in this species for almost two decades. Recently, the genuine leptin gene with a GC-rich (~70%) repetitive-sequence content was identified in the chicken ... ...

    Abstract BACKGROUND: Misidentification of the chicken leptin gene has hampered research of leptin signaling in this species for almost two decades. Recently, the genuine leptin gene with a GC-rich (~70%) repetitive-sequence content was identified in the chicken genome but without indicating its genomic position. This suggests that such GC-rich sequences are difficult to sequence and therefore substantial regions are missing from the current chicken genome assembly. RESULTS: A radiation hybrid panel of chicken-hamster Wg3hCl2 cells was used to map the genome location of the chicken leptin gene. Contrary to our expectations, based on comparative genome mapping and sequence characteristics, the chicken leptin was not located on a microchromosome, which are known to contain GC-rich and repetitive regions, but at the distal tip of the largest chromosome (1p). Following conserved synteny with other vertebrates, we also mapped five additional genes to this genomic region (ARF5, SND1, LRRC4, RBM28, and FLNC), bridging the genomic gap in the current Galgal5 build for this chromosome region. All of the short scaffolds containing these genes were found to consist of GC-rich (54 to 65%) sequences comparing to the average GC-content of 40% on chromosome 1. In this syntenic group, the RNA-binding protein 28 (RBM28) was in closest proximity to leptin. We deduced the full-length of the RBM28 cDNA sequence and profiled its expression patterns detecting a negative correlation (R = − 0.7) between the expression of leptin and of RBM28 across tissues that expressed at least one of the genes above the average level. This observation suggested a local regulatory interaction between these genes. In adipose tissues, we observed a significant increase in RBM28 mRNA expression in breeds with lean phenotypes. CONCLUSION: Mapping chicken leptin together with a cluster of five syntenic genes provided the final proof for its identification as the true chicken ortholog. The high GC-content observed for the chicken leptin syntenic group suggests that other similar clusters of genes in GC-rich genomic regions are missing from the current genome assembly (Galgal5), which should be resolved in future assemblies of the chicken genome.
    Schlagwörter RNA-binding proteins ; adipose tissue ; chickens ; chromosome mapping ; chromosomes ; complementary DNA ; gene expression ; genes ; genome assembly ; leptin ; messenger RNA ; nucleotide sequences ; phenotype
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf 2017-12
    Umfang p. 77.
    Erscheinungsort BioMed Central
    Dokumenttyp Artikel
    ISSN 1471-2156
    DOI 10.1186/s12863-017-0543-1
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  8. Artikel: Embryonic environment and transgenerational effects in quail

    Leroux, Sophie / David Gourichon / Christine Leterrier / Yann Labrune / Vincent Coustham / Sandrine Rivière / Tatiana Zerjal / Jean-Luc Coville / Mireille Morisson / Francis Minvielle / Frédérique Pitel

    Genetics, selection, evolution. 2017 Dec., v. 49, no. 1

    2017  

    Abstract: BACKGROUND: Environmental exposures, for instance to chemicals, are known to impact plant and animal phenotypes on the long term, sometimes across several generations. Such transgenerational phenotypes were shown to be promoted by epigenetic alterations ... ...

    Abstract BACKGROUND: Environmental exposures, for instance to chemicals, are known to impact plant and animal phenotypes on the long term, sometimes across several generations. Such transgenerational phenotypes were shown to be promoted by epigenetic alterations such as DNA methylation, an epigenetic mark involved in the regulation of gene expression. However, it is yet unknown whether transgenerational epigenetic inheritance of altered phenotypes exists in birds. The purpose of this study was to develop an avian model to investigate whether changes to the embryonic environment had a transgenerational effect that could alter the phenotypes of third-generation offspring. Given its impact on the mammalian epigenome and the reproductive system in birds, genistein was used as an environment stressor. RESULTS: We compared several third-generation phenotypes of two quail “epilines”, which were obtained from genistein-injected eggs (Epi+) or from untreated eggs (Epi−) from the same founders. A “mirrored” crossing strategy was used to minimize between-line genetic variability by maintaining similar ancestor contributions across generations in each line. Three generations after genistein treatment, a significant difference in the sexual maturity of the females, which, after three generations, could not be attributed to direct maternal effects, was observed between the lines, with Epi+ females starting to lay eggs later. Adult body weight was significantly affected by genistein treatment applied in a previous generation, and a significant interaction between line and sex was observed for body weight at 3 weeks. Behavioral traits, such as evaluating the birds’ reaction to social isolation, were also significantly affected by genistein treatment. Yet, global methylation analyses revealed no significant difference between the epilines. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that embryonic environment affects the phenotype of offspring three generations later in quail. While one cannot rule out the existence of some initial genetic variability between the lines, the mirrored animal design should have minimized its effects, and thus, the observed differences in animals of the third generation may be attributed, at least partly, to transgenerational epigenetic phenomena.
    Schlagwörter DNA methylation ; adults ; body weight ; eggs ; environmental exposure ; epigenetics ; females ; gene expression regulation ; genetic variation ; genistein ; mammals ; maternal effect ; models ; phenotype ; progeny ; quails ; reproductive system ; sexual maturity
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsverlauf 2017-12
    Umfang p. 14.
    Erscheinungsort BioMed Central
    Dokumenttyp Artikel
    ZDB-ID 1005838-2
    ISSN 1297-9686 ; 0754-0264 ; 0999-193X
    ISSN (online) 1297-9686
    ISSN 0754-0264 ; 0999-193X
    DOI 10.1186/s12711-017-0292-7
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  9. Artikel ; Online: The Extent of mRNA Editing Is Limited in Chicken Liver and Adipose, but Impacted by Tissular Context, Genotype, Age, and Feeding as Exemplified with a Conserved Edited Site in COG3

    Pierre-François Roux / Laure Frésard / Morgane Boutin / Sophie Leroux / Christophe Klopp / Anis Djari / Diane Esquerré / Pascal GP Martin / Tatiana Zerjal / David Gourichon / Frédérique Pitel / Sandrine Lagarrigue

    G3 : Genes, Genomes, Genetics, Vol 6, Iss 2, Pp 321-

    2016  Band 335

    Abstract: RNA editing is a posttranscriptional process leading to differences between genomic DNA and transcript sequences, potentially enhancing transcriptome diversity. With recent advances in high-throughput sequencing, many efforts have been made to describe ... ...

    Abstract RNA editing is a posttranscriptional process leading to differences between genomic DNA and transcript sequences, potentially enhancing transcriptome diversity. With recent advances in high-throughput sequencing, many efforts have been made to describe mRNA editing at the transcriptome scale, especially in mammals, yielding contradictory conclusions regarding the extent of this phenomenon. We show, by detailed description of the 25 studies focusing so far on mRNA editing at the whole-transcriptome scale, that systematic sequencing artifacts are considered in most studies whereas biological replication is often neglected and multi-alignment not properly evaluated, which ultimately impairs the legitimacy of results. We recently developed a rigorous strategy to identify mRNA editing using mRNA and genomic DNA sequencing, taking into account sequencing and mapping artifacts, and biological replicates. We applied this method to screen for mRNA editing in liver and white adipose tissue from eight chickens and confirm the small extent of mRNA recoding in this species. Among the 25 unique edited sites identified, three events were previously described in mammals, attesting that this phenomenon is conserved throughout evolution. Deeper investigations on five sites revealed the impact of tissular context, genotype, age, feeding conditions, and sex on mRNA editing levels. More specifically, this analysis highlighted that the editing level at the site located on COG3 was strongly regulated by four of these factors. By comprehensively characterizing the mRNA editing landscape in chickens, our results highlight how this phenomenon is limited and suggest regulation of editing levels by various genetic and environmental factors.
    Schlagwörter mRNA editing ; chicken ; RNA-seq ; DNA-seq ; liver and adipose tissue ; Genetics ; QH426-470 ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5 ; Science ; Q
    Thema/Rubrik (Code) 610
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2016-02-01T00:00:00Z
    Verlag Genetics Society of America
    Dokumenttyp Artikel ; Online
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  10. Artikel ; Online: Genome-Wide Characterization of RNA Editing in Chicken Embryos Reveals Common Features among Vertebrates.

    Laure Frésard / Sophie Leroux / Pierre-François Roux / Christophe Klopp / Stéphane Fabre / Diane Esquerré / Patrice Dehais / Anis Djari / David Gourichon / Sandrine Lagarrigue / Frédérique Pitel

    PLoS ONE, Vol 10, Iss 5, p e

    2015  Band 0126776

    Abstract: RNA editing results in a post-transcriptional nucleotide change in the RNA sequence that creates an alternative nucleotide not present in the DNA sequence. This leads to a diversification of transcription products with potential functional consequences. ... ...

    Abstract RNA editing results in a post-transcriptional nucleotide change in the RNA sequence that creates an alternative nucleotide not present in the DNA sequence. This leads to a diversification of transcription products with potential functional consequences. Two nucleotide substitutions are mainly described in animals, from adenosine to inosine (A-to-I) and from cytidine to uridine (C-to-U). This phenomenon is described in more details in mammals, notably since the availability of next generation sequencing technologies allowing whole genome screening of RNA-DNA differences. The number of studies recording RNA editing in other vertebrates like chicken is still limited. We chose to use high throughput sequencing technologies to search for RNA editing in chicken, and to extend the knowledge of its conservation among vertebrates. We performed sequencing of RNA and DNA from 8 embryos. Being aware of common pitfalls inherent to sequence analyses that lead to false positive discovery, we stringently filtered our datasets and found fewer than 40 reliable candidates. Conservation of particular sites of RNA editing was attested by the presence of 3 edited sites previously detected in mammals. We then characterized editing levels for selected candidates in several tissues and at different time points, from 4.5 days of embryonic development to adults, and observed a clear tissue-specificity and a gradual increase of editing level with time. By characterizing the RNA editing landscape in chicken, our results highlight the extent of evolutionary conservation of this phenomenon within vertebrates, attest to its tissue and stage specificity and provide support of the absence of non A-to-I events from the chicken transcriptome.
    Schlagwörter Medicine ; R ; Science ; Q
    Thema/Rubrik (Code) 612
    Sprache Englisch
    Erscheinungsdatum 2015-01-01T00:00:00Z
    Verlag Public Library of Science (PLoS)
    Dokumenttyp Artikel ; Online
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