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Article ; Online: Citizen Science Mosquito Surveillance by Ad Hoc Observation Using the iNaturalist Platform.

Braz Sousa, Larissa / Fricker, Stephen / Webb, Cameron E / Baldock, Katherine L / Williams, Craig R

International journal of environmental research and public health

2022 Volume 19, Issue 10

Abstract: Citizen science mosquito surveillance has been growing in recent years due to both increasing concern about mosquito-borne disease and the increasing popularity of citizen science projects globally. Health authorities are recognising the potential ... ...

Abstract	Citizen science mosquito surveillance has been growing in recent years due to both increasing concern about mosquito-borne disease and the increasing popularity of citizen science projects globally. Health authorities are recognising the potential importance of citizen science to expanding or enhancing traditional surveillance programs. Different programs have shown success in engaging communities to monitor species of medical importance through low-cost methods. The Mozzie Monitors project was established on iNaturalist-an open citizen science platform that allows participants to upload photos (i.e., observers) and assist identification (i.e., identifiers). This article describes the likelihood of citizen scientists submitting photos of mosquitoes, assesses user submission behaviour, and evaluates public health utility from these citizen science-derived data. From October 2018 to July 2021, the Mozzie Monitors project on iNaturalist received 2118 observations of 57 different species of mosquitoes across Australia. The number of observers in the system increased over time with more than 500 observers and 180 identifiers being active in the project since its establishment. Data showed species bias with large-bodied and colourful mosquitoes being over-represented. Analyses also indicate regional differentiation of mosquito fauna per state, seasonality of activity, and ecological information about mosquitoes. The iNaturalist citizen science platform also allows connectedness, facilitated communication and collaboration between overall users and expert entomologists, of value to medical entomology and mosquito management.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Australia ; Citizen Science ; Culicidae ; Entomology ; Humans
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-23
Publishing country	Switzerland
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	2175195-X
ISSN	1660-4601 ; 1661-7827
ISSN (online)	1660-4601
ISSN	1661-7827
DOI	10.3390/ijerph19106337
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Article ; Online: Using ecological variables to predict Ross River virus disease incidence in South Australia.

Liu, Jingwen / Hansen, Alana / Cameron, Scott / Williams, Craig / Fricker, Stephen / Bi, Peng

Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene

2021 Volume 115, Issue 9, Page(s) 1045–1053

Abstract: Background: Ross River virus (RRV) disease is Australia's most widespread vector-borne disease causing significant public health concern. The aim of this study was to identify the ecological covariates of RRV risk and to develop epidemic forecasting ... ...

Abstract	Background: Ross River virus (RRV) disease is Australia's most widespread vector-borne disease causing significant public health concern. The aim of this study was to identify the ecological covariates of RRV risk and to develop epidemic forecasting models in a disease hotspot region of South Australia. Methods: Seasonal autoregressive integrated moving average models were used to predict the incidence of RRV disease in the Riverland region of South Australia, an area known to have a high incidence of the disease. The model was developed using data from January 2000 to December 2012 then validated using disease notification data on reported cases for the following year. Results: Monthly numbers of the mosquito Culex annulirostris (β=0.033, p<0.001) and total rainfall (β=0.263, p=0.002) were significant predictors of RRV transmission in the study region. The forecasted RRV incidence in the predictive model was generally consistent with the actual number of cases in the study area. Conclusions: A predictive model has been shown to be useful in forecasting the occurrence of RRV disease, with increased vector populations and rainfall being important factors associated with transmission. This approach may be useful in a public health context by providing early warning of vector-borne diseases in other settings.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Culicidae ; Disease Notification ; Humans ; Incidence ; Mosquito Vectors ; Ross River virus ; South Australia/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-01-25
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	441375-1
ISSN	1878-3503 ; 0035-9203
ISSN (online)	1878-3503
ISSN	0035-9203
DOI	10.1093/trstmh/traa201
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Article ; Online: Testing the intrinsic mechanisms driving the dynamics of Ross River Virus across Australia.

Koolhof, Iain S / Beeton, Nicholas / Bettiol, Silvana / Charleston, Michael / Firestone, Simon M / Gibney, Katherine / Neville, Peter / Jardine, Andrew / Markey, Peter / Kurucz, Nina / Warchot, Allan / Krause, Vicki / Onn, Michael / Rowe, Stacey / Franklin, Lucinda / Fricker, Stephen / Williams, Craig / Carver, Scott

PLoS pathogens

2024 Volume 20, Issue 2, Page(s) e1011944

Abstract: The mechanisms driving dynamics of many epidemiologically important mosquito-borne pathogens are complex, involving combinations of vector and host factors (e.g., species composition and life-history traits), and factors associated with transmission and ... ...

Abstract	The mechanisms driving dynamics of many epidemiologically important mosquito-borne pathogens are complex, involving combinations of vector and host factors (e.g., species composition and life-history traits), and factors associated with transmission and reporting. Understanding which intrinsic mechanisms contribute most to observed disease dynamics is important, yet often poorly understood. Ross River virus (RRV) is Australia's most important mosquito-borne disease, with variable transmission dynamics across geographic regions. We used deterministic ordinary differential equation models to test mechanisms driving RRV dynamics across major epidemic centers in Brisbane, Darwin, Mandurah, Mildura, Gippsland, Renmark, Murray Bridge, and Coorong. We considered models with up to two vector species (Aedes vigilax, Culex annulirostris, Aedes camptorhynchus, Culex globocoxitus), two reservoir hosts (macropods, possums), seasonal transmission effects, and transmission parameters. We fit models against long-term RRV surveillance data (1991-2017) and used Akaike Information Criterion to select important mechanisms. The combination of two vector species, two reservoir hosts, and seasonal transmission effects explained RRV dynamics best across sites. Estimated vector-human transmission rate (average β = 8.04x10-4per vector per day) was similar despite different dynamics. Models estimate 43% underreporting of RRV infections. Findings enhance understanding of RRV transmission mechanisms, provide disease parameter estimates which can be used to guide future research into public health improvements and offer a basis to evaluate mitigation practices.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Humans ; Ross River virus ; Alphavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Mosquito Vectors ; Australia/epidemiology ; Aedes ; Culex
Language	English
Publishing date	2024-02-15
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2205412-1
ISSN	1553-7374 ; 1553-7374
ISSN (online)	1553-7374
ISSN	1553-7374
DOI	10.1371/journal.ppat.1011944
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Article: Citizen science and smartphone e-entomology enables low-cost upscaling of mosquito surveillance

Braz Sousa, Larissa / Baldock, Katherine L / Doherty, Seamus S / Fricker, Stephen R / Webb, Cameron E / Williams, Craig R

Science of the total environment. 2020 Feb. 20, v. 704

2020

Abstract: Mosquito surveillance remains a cornerstone of pest and disease control operations globally but is strongly limited in scale by resources. The use of citizen science to upscale scientific data collection is commonplace, and mosquito surveillance programs ...

Abstract	Mosquito surveillance remains a cornerstone of pest and disease control operations globally but is strongly limited in scale by resources. The use of citizen science to upscale scientific data collection is commonplace, and mosquito surveillance programs have begun to make use of citizen scientists in several countries, particularly for exotic species detection. Here we report on a proof of concept trial in southern Australia for a citizen science mosquito surveillance program characterised by fixed point trapping with BG GAT devices and remote mosquito identification through emailed images, which we term ‘e-entomology’. In a study with 126 participants, we detected mosquito seasonality with peak abundance in mid-summer (1.78 mosquitoes per trap per day), weather correlations (positive correlation with maximum temperature, r = 0.41) and a diversity of species (15 of 22 known species in the region) in a metropolitan setting. Whilst we demonstrated that the costs of a citizen science program is only about 20% of a comparable professional surveillance program, the mosquito community sampled by citizen scientists was biased towards container-inhabiting species, particularly Aedes notoscriptus. This is the first time fixed-point mosquito trapping has been combined with citizen science e-entomology to deliver comprehensive surveillance of urban mosquitoes.
Keywords	Aedes notoscriptus ; citizen scientists ; data collection ; disease control ; insect traps ; introduced species ; mobile telephones ; monitoring ; pests ; species diversity ; summer ; temperature ; weather ; Australia
Language	English
Dates of publication	2020-0220
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135349
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Article ; Online: Citizen science and smartphone e-entomology enables low-cost upscaling of mosquito surveillance.

Braz Sousa, Larissa / Fricker, Stephen R / Doherty, Seamus S / Webb, Cameron E / Baldock, Katherine L / Williams, Craig R

The Science of the total environment

2019 Volume 704, Page(s) 135349

Abstract	Mosquito surveillance remains a cornerstone of pest and disease control operations globally but is strongly limited in scale by resources. The use of citizen science to upscale scientific data collection is commonplace, and mosquito surveillance programs have begun to make use of citizen scientists in several countries, particularly for exotic species detection. Here we report on a proof of concept trial in southern Australia for a citizen science mosquito surveillance program characterised by fixed point trapping with BG GAT devices and remote mosquito identification through emailed images, which we term 'e-entomology'. In a study with 126 participants, we detected mosquito seasonality with peak abundance in mid-summer (1.78 mosquitoes per trap per day), weather correlations (positive correlation with maximum temperature, r = 0.41) and a diversity of species (15 of 22 known species in the region) in a metropolitan setting. Whilst we demonstrated that the costs of a citizen science program is only about 20% of a comparable professional surveillance program, the mosquito community sampled by citizen scientists was biased towards container-inhabiting species, particularly Aedes notoscriptus. This is the first time fixed-point mosquito trapping has been combined with citizen science e-entomology to deliver comprehensive surveillance of urban mosquitoes.
MeSH term(s)	Aedes ; Animals ; Citizen Science ; Data Collection ; Entomology ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Humans ; Mosquito Control ; Smartphone ; South Australia
Language	English
Publishing date	2019-12-05
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.135349
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Article ; Online: Regional Comparison of Mosquito Bloodmeals in South Australia: Implications for Ross River Virus Ecology.

Flies, Emily J / Flies, Andrew S / Fricker, Stephen R / Weinstein, Philip / Williams, Craig R

Journal of medical entomology

2016 Volume 53, Issue 4, Page(s) 902–910

Abstract: Ross River virus (RRV) is responsible for the most notifications of human arboviral infection in Australia. Seroprevalence and experimental infection studies have implicated macropods (e.g., kangaroos) as the major reservoir hosts. However, transmission ... ...

Abstract	Ross River virus (RRV) is responsible for the most notifications of human arboviral infection in Australia. Seroprevalence and experimental infection studies have implicated macropods (e.g., kangaroos) as the major reservoir hosts. However, transmission ecology varies spatially, and infections in urban areas have prompted the question of what animals serve as reservoirs in regions where macropods are scarce. In South Australia (SA), human infection rates for RRV vary greatly by region as do vector and reservoir abundance. We hypothesized that mosquito abundance and feeding patterns would vary among ecoregions of SA and could help explain divergent human case rates. To test our hypothesis, we amplified and sequenced a 457 base pair region of the cytochrome B segment of mitochondrial DNA from blood fed mosquitoes collected in three main ecoregions of SA and identified sequences using a BLAST search in NCBI. Domestic livestock made up the vast majority of bloodmeals from the region with the highest human infection rate. Livestock are generally not considered to be important reservoir hosts for RRV, but our results suggest they may have a role in transmission ecology in some places. Surprisingly, none of the 199 bloodmeal samples were identified as macropod in origin. In the context of these findings, we consider the possible RRV vectors and reservoir hosts in these regions and propose that diverse spatial and temporal transmission ecologies occur in SA, depending on vector and reservoir availability.
MeSH term(s)	Alphavirus Infections/transmission ; Alphavirus Infections/virology ; Animals ; Birds/physiology ; Birds/virology ; Culicidae/physiology ; Disease Reservoirs ; Feeding Behavior ; Humans ; Insect Vectors/physiology ; Mammals/physiology ; Mammals/virology ; Population Density ; Ross River virus/isolation & purification ; South Australia
Language	English
Publishing date	2016
Publishing country	England
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	410635-0
ISSN	1938-2928 ; 0022-2585
ISSN (online)	1938-2928
ISSN	0022-2585
DOI	10.1093/jme/tjw035
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Article ; Online: Mosquito communities with trap height and urban-rural gradient in Adelaide, South Australia: implications for disease vector surveillance.

Johnston, Emily / Weinstein, Phillip / Slaney, David / Flies, Andrew S / Fricker, Stephen / Williams, Craig

Journal of vector ecology : journal of the Society for Vector Ecology

2014 Volume 39, Issue 1, Page(s) 48–55

Abstract: Understanding the factors influencing mosquito distribution is important for effective surveillance and control of nuisance and disease vector mosquitoes. The goal of this study was to determine how trap height and distance to the city center influenced ... ...

Abstract	Understanding the factors influencing mosquito distribution is important for effective surveillance and control of nuisance and disease vector mosquitoes. The goal of this study was to determine how trap height and distance to the city center influenced the abundance and species of mosquitoes collected in Adelaide, South Australia. Mosquito communities were sampled at two heights (<2 m and ~10 m) along an urban-rural gradient. A total of 5,133 mosquitoes was identified over 176 trap nights. Aedes notoscriptus, Ae. vigilax, and Culex molestus were all more abundant in lower traps while Cx. quinquefasciatus (an ornithophilic species) was found to be more abundant in high traps. Distance to city center correlated strongly with the abundance of Ae. vigilax, Ae. camptorhynchus, Cx. globocoxitus, and Cx. molestus, all of which were most common at the sites farthest from the city and closest to the saltmarsh. Overall, the important disease vectors in South Australia (Ae. vigilax, Ae. camptorhynchus, Ae. notoscriptus, and Cx. annulirostris) were more abundant in low traps farthest from the city and closest to the saltmarsh. The current mosquito surveillance practice of setting traps within two meters of the ground is effective for sampling populations of the important disease vector species in South Australia.
MeSH term(s)	Animals ; Culicidae/physiology ; Disease Vectors ; Ecology ; Mosquito Control/methods ; South Australia
Language	English
Publishing date	2014-06
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	2212806-2
ISSN	1948-7134 ; 1081-1710
ISSN (online)	1948-7134
ISSN	1081-1710
DOI	10.1111/j.1948-7134.2014.12069.x
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Article: Environmental and entomological factors determining Ross River virus activity in the River Murray Valley of South Australia.

Williams, Craig R / Fricker, Stephen R / Kokkinn, Michael J

Australian and New Zealand journal of public health

2009 Volume 33, Issue 3, Page(s) 284–288

Abstract: Objectives: 1) To determine whether environmental and mosquito abundance variables could be used to explain fluctuations in the activity of Ross River (RR) virus, in the River Murray Valley of South Australia (SA). 2) To develop models at the local ... ...

Abstract	Objectives: 1) To determine whether environmental and mosquito abundance variables could be used to explain fluctuations in the activity of Ross River (RR) virus, in the River Murray Valley of South Australia (SA). 2) To develop models at the local government spatial scale to understand local variability in RR activity factors. Method: Notification data of RR virus positive serology, mosquito surveillance, meteorological and river height data were analysed for the period 1999 to 2006. Stepwise multiple regression was used to determine significant environmental factors and to create descriptive models. Results: The three models developed for different regions of the Valley explained significant amounts of variation in notification rates (R(2) 0.77 - 0.98). Regional variation in the models was observed, with differences in significant mosquito species evident. Rainfall was a significant predictor of RR virus activity in two of the models, while the height of the River Murray was significant in the third. An overall model for the entire SA section of the Valley contained only time-lagged mosquito abundance variables (R(2) 0.52). Conclusion: Although rainfall, river height and mosquito abundance are significant factors in determining RR virus activity, there are regional differences in this relationship. Implications: The regional variability of RR virus activity drivers has been defined, and has implications for the forecasting of future activity in this part of SA. The models provided here can provide the foundation for an effective RR virus early warning system, but only if criteria for action, lines of responsibility and the resources required have been determined.
MeSH term(s)	Alphavirus Infections/epidemiology ; Animals ; Culicidae/growth & development ; Disease Notification ; Entomology ; Environmental Monitoring ; Epidemiological Monitoring ; Humans ; Regression Analysis ; Ross River virus/isolation & purification ; South Australia/epidemiology
Language	English
Publishing date	2009-06
Publishing country	Australia
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ZDB-ID	1323548-5
ISSN	1326-0200
ISSN	1326-0200
DOI	10.1111/j.1753-6405.2009.00390.x
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Article: Diversity and seasonal succession of coastal mosquitoes (Diptera: Culicidae) in the northern Adelaide region of South Australia

Williams, Craig R / Williams, Samantha R / Nicholson, Jay / Little, Susan M / Riordan, Julie / Fricker, Stephen R / Kokkinn, Michael J

Australian journal of entomology. 2009 May, v. 48, no. 2

2009

Abstract: Northern coastal suburbs in metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia are often subject to extreme levels of mosquito nuisance biting. The diversity and seasonality of the mosquito community in the coastal area of northern Adelaide was investigated over 7 ... ...

Abstract	Northern coastal suburbs in metropolitan Adelaide, South Australia are often subject to extreme levels of mosquito nuisance biting. The diversity and seasonality of the mosquito community in the coastal area of northern Adelaide was investigated over 7 years (2000-2007) in the suburb of Globe Derby Park, which is adjacent to both mangrove and samphire swamps. Eight species were identified from adult mosquito collections, with the salt marsh mosquitoes Aedes camptorhynchus (Thomson) (55.7%) and Ae. vigilax (Skuse) (29.5%) most abundant. These two species display seasonal succession, with the former most abundant in spring and early summer, giving way to the latter in mid-late summer and autumn. Logistic regression showed that Ae. camptorhynchus abundance spikes were associated with lower temperatures, higher rainfall and increasing day length (r² = 0.38). Aedes vigilax abundance spikes were associated with higher temperatures and decreasing day length (r² = 0.52). The description of such temporal succession in salt marsh mosquitoes in southern Australia is novel. The analysis presented might therefore lead to the development of mosquito nuisance predictive tools and novel mosquito management strategies.
Keywords	Aedes vigilax ; Culicidae ; logit analysis
Language	English
Dates of publication	2009-05
Size	p. 107-112.
Publisher	Blackwell Publishing Asia
Publishing place	Melbourne, Australia
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	2019913-2
ISSN	1440-6055 ; 1326-6756
ISSN (online)	1440-6055
ISSN	1326-6756
DOI	10.1111/j.1440-6055.2009.00693.x
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Book: Electrical responses of the visual system,

Fricker, Stephen J

edited by Stephen J. Fricker

(International ophthalmology clinics, ; v. 9, no. 4)

1969

Series title	International ophthalmology clinics, ; v. 9, no. 4
MeSH term(s)	Electrodiagnosis ; Vision Tests
Language	English
Size	xii, 851-1105 p., illus.
Publisher	Little, Brown
Publishing place	Boston
Document type	Book
Database	Catalogue of the US National Library of Medicine (NLM)

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