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Article ; Online: Substantial Near-Field Air Quality Improvements at a General Aviation Airport Following a Runway Shortening.

Hudda, Neelakshi / Fruin, Scott / Durant, John L

Environmental science & technology

2022 Volume 56, Issue 11, Page(s) 6988–6995

Abstract: Santa Monica Airport (SMO), a general aviation airport in Southern California, recently shortened its only runway by 225 m at both ends to limit jet aircraft operations. We evaluated the resulting changes in aviation activity and air quality by measuring ...

Abstract	Santa Monica Airport (SMO), a general aviation airport in Southern California, recently shortened its only runway by 225 m at both ends to limit jet aircraft operations. We evaluated the resulting changes in aviation activity and air quality by measuring particle number (PN), black carbon (BC), and lead (Pb) concentrations, before and after the runway was shortened at two near-airfield locations including a residential site. Postshortening, there was a 50% decrease in total operations, driven mostly by the greater than 80% decrease in jet operations; however, there was no significant change in piston engine aircraft operations (which use leaded fuel). We measured greater than 75%, 30%, and 75% reductions in the concentrations of PN, BC, and Pb, respectively, after the runway was shortened, largely due to enhanced dispersion resulting from the increased distance to the newly shortened runway. Overall, the runway shortening improved air quality in nearby areas such that airport impacts were comparable to or lower than impacts from other sources such as vehicular traffic. Until aviation fuel becomes completely unleaded, runway shortening or relocating operations away from the edge abutting residential areas may be the most effective environmental impact mitigation strategy for general aviation airports situated adjacent to residential areas.
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants/analysis ; Aircraft ; Airports ; Aviation ; Lead ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Quality Improvement ; Soot
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Particulate Matter ; Soot ; Lead (2P299V784P)
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-24
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, Non-U.S. Gov't
ISSN	1520-5851
ISSN (online)	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.1c06765
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Article: Substantial Near-Field Air Quality Improvements at a General Aviation Airport Following a Runway Shortening

Hudda, Neelakshi / Fruin, Scott / Durant, John L.

Environmental science & technology. 2022 Jan. 24, v. 56, no. 11

2022

Abstract	Santa Monica Airport (SMO), a general aviation airport in Southern California, recently shortened its only runway by 225 m at both ends to limit jet aircraft operations. We evaluated the resulting changes in aviation activity and air quality by measuring particle number (PN), black carbon (BC), and lead (Pb) concentrations, before and after the runway was shortened at two near-airfield locations including a residential site. Postshortening, there was a 50% decrease in total operations, driven mostly by the greater than 80% decrease in jet operations; however, there was no significant change in piston engine aircraft operations (which use leaded fuel). We measured greater than 75%, 30%, and 75% reductions in the concentrations of PN, BC, and Pb, respectively, after the runway was shortened, largely due to enhanced dispersion resulting from the increased distance to the newly shortened runway. Overall, the runway shortening improved air quality in nearby areas such that airport impacts were comparable to or lower than impacts from other sources such as vehicular traffic. Until aviation fuel becomes completely unleaded, runway shortening or relocating operations away from the edge abutting residential areas may be the most effective environmental impact mitigation strategy for general aviation airports situated adjacent to residential areas.
Keywords	air quality ; aircraft ; airports ; aviation ; carbon ; environmental impact ; lead ; traffic ; California
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0124
Size	p. 6988-6995.
Publishing place	American Chemical Society
Document type	Article
ISSN	1520-5851
DOI	10.1021/acs.est.1c06765
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Article: Exposure models for particulate matter elemental concentrations in Southern California

Yin, Xiaozhe / Franklin, Meredith / Fallah-Shorshani, Masoud / Shafer, Martin / McConnell, Rob / Fruin, Scott

Environment international. 2022 Apr. 12,

2022

Abstract: Due to a scarcity of routine monitoring of speciated particulate matter (PM), there has been limited capability to develop exposure models that robustly estimate component-specific concentrations that are able to capture small-scale spatial variability ... ...

Abstract	Due to a scarcity of routine monitoring of speciated particulate matter (PM), there has been limited capability to develop exposure models that robustly estimate component-specific concentrations that are able to capture small-scale spatial variability near sources. This paper presents the largest such study conducted in a single urban area. Using samples that were collected at 220 locations over two seasons, quasi-ultrafine (PM₀.₂), accumulation mode fine (PM₀.₂₋₂.₅), and coarse (PM₂.₅₋₁₀) particulate matter concentrations were used to develop spatiotemporal regression, random forest, extreme gradient boosting and neural network models that enabled predictions of 24 elemental components in eight Southern California communities. We used supervised variable selection of over 150 variables, largely from publicly available sources, including meteorological, roadway and traffic characteristics, land use, and dispersion model estimates of traffic emissions. PM components that have high oxidative potential (and potentially large health effects) or are otherwise important markers for major PM sources were the primary focus. We present results for copper, iron, and zinc (as non-tailpipe vehicle emissions); elemental carbon (diesel emissions); vanadium (ship emissions); calcium (soil dust); and sodium (sea salt). Spatiotemporal linear regression models with 17 to 36 predictor variables including meteorology; distance to different classifications of roads; intersections and off ramps within a given buffer distance; truck and vehicle traffic volumes; and near-roadway dispersion model estimates produced superior predictions over the machine learning approaches (cross validation R-squares ranged from 0.76 to 0.92). Our models are easily interpretable and appear to have more effectively captured spatial gradients in the metallic portion of PM than other comparably large studies, particularly near roadways for the non-tailpipe emissions. Furthermore, we demonstrated the importance of including spatiotemporally resolved meteorology in our models as it helped to provide key insights into spatial patterns and allowed us to make temporal predictions.
Keywords	calcium ; carbon ; copper ; dust ; environment ; iron ; land use ; meteorology ; particulates ; regression analysis ; roads ; sodium ; soil ; traffic ; urban areas ; vanadium ; zinc ; California
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0412
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
Note	Pre-press version
ZDB-ID	554791-x
ISSN	1873-6750 ; 0160-4120
ISSN (online)	1873-6750
ISSN	0160-4120
DOI	10.1016/j.envint.2022.107247
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Article ; Online: Estimating traffic noise over a large urban area: An evaluation of methods.

Fallah-Shorshani, Masoud / Yin, Xiaozhe / McConnell, Rob / Fruin, Scott / Franklin, Meredith

Environment international

2022 Volume 170, Page(s) 107583

Abstract: Unlike air pollution, traffic-related noise remains unregulated and has been under-studied despite evidence of its deleterious health impacts. To characterize population exposure to traffic noise, both acoustic-based numerical models and data-driven ... ...

Abstract	Unlike air pollution, traffic-related noise remains unregulated and has been under-studied despite evidence of its deleterious health impacts. To characterize population exposure to traffic noise, both acoustic-based numerical models and data-driven statistical approaches can generate estimates over large urban areas. The aim of this work is to formally compare the performances of the most common traffic noise models by evaluating their estimates for different categories of roads and validating them against a unique dataset of measured noise in Long Beach, California. Specifically, a statistical land use regression model, an extreme gradient boosting machine learning model (XGB), and three numerical/acoustic traffic noise models: the US Noise Model (FHWA-TNM2.5), a commercial noise model (CadnaA), and an open-source European model (Harmonoise) were optimized and compared. The results demonstrate that XGB and CadnaA were the most effective models for estimating traffic noise, and they are particularly adept at differentiating noise levels on different categories of road.
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-10-13
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article
ZDB-ID	554791-x
ISSN	1873-6750 ; 0160-4120
ISSN (online)	1873-6750
ISSN	0160-4120
DOI	10.1016/j.envint.2022.107583
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Article ; Online: Exposure models for particulate matter elemental concentrations in Southern California.

Yin, Xiaozhe / Franklin, Meredith / Fallah-Shorshani, Masoud / Shafer, Martin / McConnell, Rob / Fruin, Scott

Environment international

2022 Volume 165, Page(s) 107247

Abstract: Due to a scarcity of routine monitoring of speciated particulate matter (PM), there has been limited capability to develop exposure models that robustly estimate component-specific concentrations. This paper presents the largest such study conducted in a ...

Abstract	Due to a scarcity of routine monitoring of speciated particulate matter (PM), there has been limited capability to develop exposure models that robustly estimate component-specific concentrations. This paper presents the largest such study conducted in a single urban area. Using samples that were collected at 220 locations over two seasons, quasi-ultrafine (PM
MeSH term(s)	Air Pollutants/analysis ; Air Pollution/analysis ; Environmental Monitoring/methods ; Particulate Matter/analysis ; Vehicle Emissions/analysis
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Particulate Matter ; Vehicle Emissions
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-04-18
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S. ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	554791-x
ISSN	1873-6750 ; 0160-4120
ISSN (online)	1873-6750
ISSN	0160-4120
DOI	10.1016/j.envint.2022.107247
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Article ; Online: Disparities in greenspace associated with sleep duration among adolescent children in Southern California.

Zhong, Charlie / Yin, Xiaozhe / Fallah-Shorshani, Masoud / Islam, Talat / McConnell, Rob / Fruin, Scott / Franklin, Meredith

Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.)

2023 Volume 7, Issue 4, Page(s) e264

Abstract: More than half of adolescent children do not get the recommended 8 hours of sleep necessary for optimal growth and development. In adults, several studies have evaluated effects of urban stressors including lack of greenspace, air pollution, noise, ... ...

Abstract	More than half of adolescent children do not get the recommended 8 hours of sleep necessary for optimal growth and development. In adults, several studies have evaluated effects of urban stressors including lack of greenspace, air pollution, noise, nighttime light, and psychosocial stress on sleep duration. Little is known about these effects in adolescents, however, it is known that these exposures vary by socioeconomic status (SES). We evaluated the association between several environmental exposures and sleep in adolescent children in Southern California. Methods: In 2010, a total of 1476 Southern California Children's Health Study (CHS) participants in grades 9 and 10 (mean age, 13.4 years; SD, 0.6) completed a questionnaire including topics on sleep and psychosocial stress. Exposures to greenspace, artificial light at night (ALAN), nighttime noise, and air pollution were estimated at each child's residential address, and SES was characterized by maternal education. Odds ratios and 95% confidence intervals (95% CIs) for sleep outcomes were estimated by environmental exposure, adjusting for age, sex, race/ethnicity, home secondhand smoke, and SES. Results: An interquartile range (IQR) increase in greenspace decreased the odds of not sleeping at least 8 hours (odds ratio [OR], 0.86 [95% CI, 0.71, 1.05]). This association was significantly protective in low SES participants (OR, 0.77 [95% CI, 0.60, 0.98]) but not for those with high SES (OR, 1.16 [95%CI, 0.80, 1.70]), interaction Conclusions: Residing in urban neighborhoods of greater greenness was associated with improved sleep duration among children of low SES but not higher SES. These findings support the importance of widely reported disparities in exposure and access to greenspace in socioeconomically disadvantaged populations.
Language	English
Publishing date	2023-08-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Journal Article
ISSN	2474-7882
ISSN (online)	2474-7882
DOI	10.1097/EE9.0000000000000264
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Article ; Online: The role of traffic noise on the association between air pollution and children's lung function.

Franklin, Meredith / Fruin, Scott

Environmental research

2017 Volume 157, Page(s) 153–159

Abstract: Although it has been shown that traffic-related air pollution adversely affects children's lung function, few studies have examined the influence of traffic noise on this association, despite both sharing a common source. Estimates of noise exposure ( ... ...

Abstract	Although it has been shown that traffic-related air pollution adversely affects children's lung function, few studies have examined the influence of traffic noise on this association, despite both sharing a common source. Estimates of noise exposure (L
MeSH term(s)	Adolescent ; Air Pollutants/toxicity ; Asthma/chemically induced ; Asthma/epidemiology ; California/epidemiology ; Child ; Child, Preschool ; Environmental Exposure ; Female ; Forced Expiratory Volume ; Humans ; Los Angeles/epidemiology ; Male ; Nitrogen Oxides/toxicity ; Noise, Transportation/adverse effects ; Vehicle Emissions/toxicity ; Vital Capacity
Chemical Substances	Air Pollutants ; Nitrogen Oxides ; Vehicle Emissions
Language	English
Publishing date	2017
Publishing country	Netherlands
Document type	Journal Article ; Research Support, N.I.H., Extramural
ZDB-ID	205699-9
ISSN	1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
ISSN (online)	1096-0953
ISSN	0013-9351
DOI	10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.024
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Article: Aircraft noise and vehicle traffic-related air pollution interact to affect preterm birth risk in Los Angeles, California

Wing, Sam E. / Larson, Timothy V. / Hudda, Neelakshi / Boonyarattaphan, Sarunporn / Del Rosario, Irish / Fruin, Scott / Ritz, Beate

Science of the total environment. 2022 July 10, v. 829

2022

Abstract: Air pollution has been linked to preterm birth (PTB) while findings for noise exposure have been mixed. Few studies – none considering airports – have investigated combined exposures. We explore the relationship between joint exposure to airport-related ... ...

Abstract	Air pollution has been linked to preterm birth (PTB) while findings for noise exposure have been mixed. Few studies – none considering airports – have investigated combined exposures. We explore the relationship between joint exposure to airport-related noise, airport ultrafine particles (UFP), and vehicle traffic-related air pollution (TRAP) on risk of PTB near Los Angeles International Airport (LAX). We used comprehensive birth data for mothers living ≤15 km from LAX from 2008 to 2016 (n = 174,186) Noise data were generated by monitor-validated models. NO₂ was used as a TRAP proxy, estimated with a seasonally-adjusted, validated land-use regression model. We estimated the effects of exposure to airport-related noise and TRAP on PTB employing logistic regression models that adjusted for known maternal risk factors for PTB as well as aircraft-origin UFP and neighborhood characteristics. The adjusted odds ratio (aOR) for PTB from high noise exposure (i.e. > 65 dB) was 1.10 (95% CI: 1.01–1.19). Relative to the first quartile, the aORs for PTB in the second, third, and fourth TRAP quartiles were 1.10 (95% CI: 1.05–1.16), 1.11 (95% CI: 1.05–1.16), and 1.15 (95% CI: 1.10–1.22), respectively. When stratifying by increasing TRAP quartiles, the aORs for PTB with high airport-related noise were 1.04 (95% CI: 0.91–1.18), 1.02 (95% CI: 0.88–1.19), 1.24 (95% CI: 1.03–1.48), and 1.44 (95% CI: 1.08–1.91) (p-interaction = 0.06). Our results suggest a potential synergism between airport-related noise and TRAP exposures on increasing the risk of PTB in this metropolitan area.
Keywords	air pollution ; aircraft ; airports ; environment ; land use ; metropolitan areas ; noise pollution ; odds ratio ; premature birth ; regression analysis ; synergism ; California
Language	English
Dates of publication	2022-0710
Publishing place	Elsevier B.V.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	121506-1
ISSN	1879-1026 ; 0048-9697
ISSN (online)	1879-1026
ISSN	0048-9697
DOI	10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154678
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Article: The role of traffic noise on the association between air pollution and children's lung function

Franklin, Meredith / Fruin, Scott

Environmental research. 2017 Aug., v. 157

2017

Abstract	Although it has been shown that traffic-related air pollution adversely affects children's lung function, few studies have examined the influence of traffic noise on this association, despite both sharing a common source.Estimates of noise exposure (Ldn, dB), and freeway and non-freeway emission concentrations of oxides of nitrogen (NOx, ppb) were spatially assigned to children in Southern California who were tested for forced vital capacity (FVC, n=1345), forced expiratory volume in 1s, (FEV1, n=1332), and asthma. The associations between traffic-related NOx and these outcomes, with and without adjustment for noise, were examined using mixed effects models.Adjustment for noise strengthened the association between NOx and reduced lung function. A 14.5mL (95% CI −40.0, 11.0mL) decrease in FVC per interquartile range (13.6 ppb) in freeway NOx was strengthened to a 34.6mL decrease after including a non-linear function of noise (95% CI −66.3, −2.78mL). Similarly, a 6.54mL decrease in FEV1 (95% CI −28.3, 15.3mL) was strengthened to a 21.1mL decrease (95% CI −47.6, 5.51) per interquartile range in freeway NOx.Our results indicate that where possible, noise should be included in epidemiological studies of the association between traffic-related air pollution on lung function. Without taking noise into account, the detrimental effects of traffic-related pollution may be underestimated.
Keywords	air pollution ; asthma ; children ; epidemiological studies ; lung function ; nitrogen oxides ; noise pollution ; roads ; traffic ; California
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-08
Size	p. 153-159.
Publishing place	Elsevier Inc.
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	205699-9
ISSN	1096-0953 ; 0013-9351
ISSN (online)	1096-0953
ISSN	0013-9351
DOI	10.1016/j.envres.2017.05.024
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Article ; Online: Association of the Built Environment With Childhood Psychosocial Stress.

Franklin, Meredith / Yin, Xiaozhe / McConnell, Rob / Fruin, Scott

JAMA network open

2020 Volume 3, Issue 10, Page(s) e2017634

Abstract: Importance: Emerging research suggests that factors associated with the built environment, including artificial light, air pollution, and noise, may adversely affect children's mental health, while living near green space may reduce stress. Little is ... ...

Abstract	Importance: Emerging research suggests that factors associated with the built environment, including artificial light, air pollution, and noise, may adversely affect children's mental health, while living near green space may reduce stress. Little is known about the combined roles of these factors on children's stress. Objective: To investigate associations between components of the built environment with personal and home characteristics in a large cohort of children who were assessed for perceived stress. Design, setting, and participants: In this cohort study, a total of 2290 Southern California Children's Health Study participants residing in 8 densely populated urban communities responded to detailed questionnaires. Exposures of artificial light at night (ALAN) derived from satellite observations, near-roadway air pollution (NRP) determined from a dispersion model, noise estimated from the US Traffic Noise Model, and green space from satellite observations of the enhanced vegetation index were linked to each participant's geocoded residence. Main outcomes and measures: Children's stress was assessed at ages 13 to 14 years and 15 to 16 years using the 4-item Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-4), scaled from 0 to 16, with higher scores indicating greater perceived stress. Measurements were conducted in 2010 and 2012, and data were analyzed from February 6 to August 24, 2019. Multivariate mixed-effects models were used to examine multiple exposures; modification and mediation analyses were also conducted. Results: Among the 2290 children in this study, 1149 were girls (50%); mean (SD) age was 13.5 (0.6) years. Girls had significantly higher perceived stress measured by PSS-4 (mean [SD] score, 5.7 [3.4]) than boys (4.9 [3.2]). With increasing age (from 13.5 [0.6] to 15.3 [0.6] years), the mean PSS-4 score rose from 5.6 (3.3) to 6.0 (3.4) in girls but decreased for boys from 5.0 (3.2) to 4.7 (3.1). Multivariate mixed-effects models examining multiple exposures indicated that exposure to secondhand smoke in the home was associated with a 0.85 (95% CI, 0.46-1.24) increase in the PSS-4 score. Of the factors related to the physical environment, an interquartile range (IQR) increase in ALAN was associated with a 0.57 (95% CI, 0.05-1.09) unit increase in the PSS-4 score together with a 0.16 score increase per IQR increase of near-roadway air pollution (95% CI, 0.02-0.30) and a -0.24 score decrease per IQR increase of the enhanced vegetation index (95% CI, -0.45 to -0.04). Income modified the ALAN effect size estimate; participants in households earning less than $48 000 per year had significantly greater stress per IQR increase in ALAN. Sleep duration partially mediated the associations between stress and both enhanced vegetation index (17%) and ALAN (18%). Conclusions and relevance: In this cohort study, children's exposure to smoke at home in addition to residential exposure to ALAN and near-roadway air pollution were associated with increased perceived stress among young adolescent children. These associations appeared to be partially mitigated by more residential green space. The findings may support the promotion of increased residential green spaces to reduce pollution associated with the built environment, with possible mental health benefits for children.
MeSH term(s)	Adaptation, Psychological ; Adolescent ; Adolescent Behavior/psychology ; Age Factors ; Built Environment/psychology ; Built Environment/statistics & numerical data ; California ; Child Health/statistics & numerical data ; Cities/statistics & numerical data ; Cohort Studies ; Female ; Humans ; Male ; Residence Characteristics/statistics & numerical data ; Sex Factors ; Stress, Psychological
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-10-01
Publishing country	United States
Document type	Comparative Study ; Journal Article ; Research Support, U.S. Gov't, Non-P.H.S.
ISSN	2574-3805
ISSN (online)	2574-3805
DOI	10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.17634
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