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Article ; Online: Extreme Weather Events Enhance DOC Consumption in a Subtropical Freshwater Ecosystem

Chao-Chen Lai / Chia-Ying Ko / Eleanor Austria / Fuh-Kwo Shiah

Microorganisms, Vol 9, Iss 1199, p

A Multiple-Typhoon Analysis

2021 Volume 1199

Abstract: Empirical evidence suggests that the frequency/intensity of extreme weather events might increase in a warming climate. It remains unclear how these events quantitatively impact dissolved organic carbon (DOC), a pool approximately equal to CO 2 in the ... ...

Abstract	Empirical evidence suggests that the frequency/intensity of extreme weather events might increase in a warming climate. It remains unclear how these events quantitatively impact dissolved organic carbon (DOC), a pool approximately equal to CO 2 in the atmosphere. This study conducted a weekly-to-biweekly sampling in a deep subtropical reservoir in the typhoon-prevailing season (June to September) from 2004 to 2009, at which 33 typhoons with distinctive precipitation (<1~362 mm d −1 ) had passed the study site. Our analyses indicated that the phosphate (i.e., DIP; <10~181 nMP) varied positively with the intensity of the accumulated rainfall 2-weeks prior; bacteria growth rate (0.05~3.68 d −1 ) behaved as a positive function of DIP, and DOC concentrations (54~119 µMC) changed negatively with bacterial production (1.2~26.1 mgC m −3 d −1 ). These implied that the elevated DIP-loading in the hyperpycnal flow induced by typhoons could fuel bacteria growth and cause a significant decline of DOC concentrations. As the typhoon’s intensity increases, many mineral-limited lentic freshwater ecosystems might become more like a CO 2 source injecting more CO 2 back to the atmosphere, creating a positive feedback loop that might generate severer extreme weather events.
Keywords	climatic changes ; typhoons ; bacteria ; microbial ecology ; organic carbon cycling ; reservoir ; Biology (General) ; QH301-705.5
Subject code	333
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	MDPI AG
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Dissolved and Particulate Primary Production and Subsequent Bacterial C Consumption in the Southern East China Sea

Tzong-Yueh Chen / Chao-Chen Lai / Fuh-Kwo Shiah / Gwo-Ching Gong

Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol

2020 Volume 7

Abstract: Dissolved primary production (DPP), particulate primaryproduction (PPP), and the subsequent bacterial production (BP) and respiration (BR) were reported for the first time in the NW Pacific. The study area of the subtropical southern East China Sea ... ...

Abstract	Dissolved primary production (DPP), particulate primaryproduction (PPP), and the subsequent bacterial production (BP) and respiration (BR) were reported for the first time in the NW Pacific. The study area of the subtropical southern East China Sea covers different water types, including oligotrophic Kuroshio and Taiwan Strait waters, as well as nutrient-rich China coastal and upwelled Kuroshio subsurface waters. On an areal basis, DPP and PPP ranged from 67–1649 and 160–1182 mgC m–2 d–1, respectively, showing high values in the upwelling area. The contribution of DPP to total primary production (percent extracellular release; PER) averaged 40.8 ± 12.2% with >50% in the upwelling stations. The BP and BR ranged from 48–245 and 709–2822 mgC m–2 d–1, respectively, showing patterns similar to those of primary production. Bacterial growth efficiency (BGE) averaged 5.7 ± 1.4%, representing the lower end of global ocean values. Phytoplankton and bacteria were well coupled in the upwelling area, whereas primary production could not sustain the bacterial carbon demand (BCD) at other stations. The slope of the log–log relationship between DPP and PPP was >1, indicating that the microbial loop may receive relatively less organic carbon supply in the future warmer, less productive ocean.
Keywords	dissolved primary production ; particulate primary production ; percent extracellular release ; bacterial production ; bacterial respiration ; Science ; Q ; General. Including nature conservation ; geographical distribution ; QH1-199.5
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-09-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Diel to Seasonal Variation of Picoplankton in the Tropical South China Sea

Tzong-Yueh Chen / Chao-Chen Lai / Jen-Hua Tai / Chia-Ying Ko / Fuh-Kwo Shiah

Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol

2021 Volume 8

Abstract: Eight diel surveys on picoplankton (Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, picoeukaryotes, and heterotrophic bacteria) abundance at the South East Asian Time-Series Station (SEATS; 18°N; 116°E) were conducted during the period of 2010 to 2014. The results ... ...

Abstract	Eight diel surveys on picoplankton (Prochlorococcus, Synechococcus, picoeukaryotes, and heterotrophic bacteria) abundance at the South East Asian Time-Series Station (SEATS; 18°N; 116°E) were conducted during the period of 2010 to 2014. The results indicated that Prochlorococcus and picoeukaryotes showed a subsurface maximum in warm seasons (spring, summer, and fall) and were abundant at the surface in the cold season (winter). Synechococcus and heterotrophic bacteria exhibited higher cell numbers at the surface and decreased with depth throughout the year. Although not all, some clear diel patterns for picoplankton were observed. Picophytoplankton usually peaked in the nighttime; picoeukaryotes peaked at ~7 to 8 p.m., followed by Synechococcus (peaking at 1 a.m.) and Prochlorococcus (peaking at 2 a.m.). Unlike these picoautotrophs, heterotrophic bacteria could peak either at dusk (i.e., 7 p.m.) or at noon. Seasonally, Prochlorococcus was more abundant in the warm than the cold seasons, while Synechococcus and picoeukaryotes showed blooms in the winter of 2013 and 2011, respectively. Heterotrophic bacteria showed no significant seasonality. Regression analysis indicated that ~73% of the diel-to-seasonal variation of the euphotic zone depth-integrated picophytoplankton biomass (i.e., PicoBeu) could be explained by the changes of the mixed-layer depth (MLD), and this suggested that inorganic nutrient supply could be the major controlling factor in their growth. The strong linear relationship (coefficient of determination, R2 of 0.83, p < 0.01) between sea surface temperature (SST) and PicoBeu implied, for the first time, a potential of using satellite-based SST to trace the biomass of picophytoplankton in the pelagic areas of the northern South China Sea.
Keywords	picoplankton ; Prochlorococcus ; Synechococcus ; picoeukaryotes ; heterotrophic bacteria ; SEATS ; Science ; Q ; General. Including nature conservation ; geographical distribution ; QH1-199.5
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Reoxygenation of the Hypoxia in the East China Sea

Chung-Chi Chen / Dong S. Ko / Gwo-Ching Gong / Chun-Chi Lien / Wen-Chen Chou / Hung-Jen Lee / Fuh-Kwo Shiah / Yu-Sin Wita Huang

Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol

A Ventilation Opening for Marine Life

2022 Volume 8

Abstract: Hypoxia and upwelling co-occur in the summer, and well-mixed water typically reaches the subsurface in the East China Sea (ECS), especially off the Changjiang River estuary. The impact of upwelling on hypoxia and, therefore, on the ecosystem in the ECS ... ...

Abstract	Hypoxia and upwelling co-occur in the summer, and well-mixed water typically reaches the subsurface in the East China Sea (ECS), especially off the Changjiang River estuary. The impact of upwelling on hypoxia and, therefore, on the ecosystem in the ECS is not known. This study demonstrates both positive and negative effects of upwelling on hypoxia and its impact on the ecosystem. With upwelling, the spatial extent of hypoxic water increases with a lower pH but waters with high regenerated nutrients and fugacity of CO2 (fCO2), which are normally confined to the near-bottom, are found just up to 5–10 m below the surface. This upwelled high nutrient water can enhance phytoplankton growth in this region. On one occasion in August 2014, upwelling reached to the surface and lasted for 3 weeks, with the area of coverage ranging from 326.8 to 24,368.0 km2. During this event, the water was mixed thoroughly throughout the water column, with high concentrations of nutrients, chlorophyll a, and slightly undersaturated dissolved oxygen but saturated fCO2, alongside a normal pH. This event may have served as an important pathway from the ocean to the atmosphere for the regenerated CO2. It also provided a productive and suitable environment for marine life and ventilation to alleviate low-oxygen stress in this hypoxic but upwelling region in the ECS.
Keywords	acidification ; fugacity of CO2 ; hypoxia ; nutrient regeneration ; upwelling ; Yangtze River ; Science ; Q ; General. Including nature conservation ; geographical distribution ; QH1-199.5
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-01-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Effects of Mixed Layer Depth on Phytoplankton Biomass in a Tropical Marginal Ocean

Li‐Tzu Hou / Bo‐Shian Wang / Chao‐Chen Lai / Tzong‐Yueh Chen / Yung‐Yen Shih / Fuh‐Kwo Shiah / Chia‐Ying Ko

Earth's Future, Vol 10, Iss 5, Pp n/a-n/a (2022)

A Multiple Timescale Analysis

2022

Abstract: Abstract In open oceans, changes in mixed layer depth (MLD) may affect phytoplankton growth and biomass variations via the regulation of nutrient supply from deep waters. Estimates of relationships between variability in phytoplankton dynamics and the ... ...

Abstract	Abstract In open oceans, changes in mixed layer depth (MLD) may affect phytoplankton growth and biomass variations via the regulation of nutrient supply from deep waters. Estimates of relationships between variability in phytoplankton dynamics and the MLD remain limited, especially at different time scales. We compiled and analyzed averaged euphotic‐depth‐integrated chlorophyll‐a (IChl‐a) and surface chlorophyll‐a (SChl‐a) concentrations collected from 27 cruises during the period of 1999–2019 in the tropical northern South China Sea (SCS). Seasonal differences existed in both averaged IChl‐a and SChl‐a concentrations, with significantly high concentrations in the cold season. Inconsistent relationships between the averaged IChl‐a and SChl‐a concentrations between seasons implied that the use of SChl‐a concentration as a common indicator of phytoplankton biomass dynamics should be performed with caution. Over the past decades in the northern SCS, the averaged IChl‐a, SChl‐a, and MLD decreased to a greater extent in the cold season than in the warm season, while sea surface temperature (SST) rose rapidly and dramatically in both seasons. The MLD was observed to have better correlations with the averaged IChl‐a and SChl‐a concentrations than the SST in the time‐series data. Our results highlight the importance of IChl‐a concentration, which is an overall measure of phytoplankton responses to euphotic zone conditions, and the MLD could be used as a good index for changes in phytoplankton biomass under climate change.
Keywords	chlorophyll‐a ; phytoplankton ; mixed layer depth ; sea surface temperature ; South East Asia Time‐series Study (SEATS) station ; South China Sea ; Environmental sciences ; GE1-350 ; Ecology ; QH540-549.5
Subject code	551 ; 333
Language	English
Publishing date	2022-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Wiley
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Community Assembly Processes as a Mechanistic Explanation of the Predator-Prey Diversity Relationship in Marine Microbes

Feng-Hsun Chang / Jinny Wu Yang / Ariana Chih-Hsien Liu / Hsiao-Pei Lu / Gwo-Ching Gong / Fuh-Kwo Shiah / Chih-hao Hsieh

Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol

2021 Volume 8

Abstract: Predator and prey α-diversities are often positively associated; yet, understandings of the underlying mechanisms require manipulative experiments and thus remain unclear. We attempt to address this issue by deciphering how α-diversity of predator and ... ...

Abstract	Predator and prey α-diversities are often positively associated; yet, understandings of the underlying mechanisms require manipulative experiments and thus remain unclear. We attempt to address this issue by deciphering how α-diversity of predator and prey influences each other’s community assembly processes, which subsequently determine their α-diversity. The occurrence of assembly processes was indicated by the mean pairwise taxonomic index within a community (αMPTI), assuming assembly processes left traceable imprints on species’ phylogeny. Specifically, αMPTI quantifies deviations of observed phylogenetic distances from that of random, so that it can be used to hint at the occurrence of non-random/deterministic assembly processes. Larger αMPTI of a community implies the occurrence of weaker homogenizing deterministic assembly processes, which suggests that this community might be comprised of less similar species and thus has higher α-diversity. We hypothesize that higher predator and prey α-diversity would be positively associated with each other’s αMPTI, which would then be positively associated with their α-diversity. To test the hypothesis, we calculated Shannon diversity and αMPTI for heterotrophic nanoflagellates (HNF; predator) and bacteria (prey) communities in the East China Sea (ECS). The HNF Shannon diversity was found to be positively associated with αMPTI of bacteria, which was then positively associated with bacterial Shannon diversity. In contrast, bacterial Shannon diversity did not correlate with HNF’s αMPTI. We argue that top-down control is one of the explanations to the positive α-diversity association among trophic levels in microbes of the ECS.
Keywords	biodiversity ; community assembly processes ; homogeneous versus heterogeneous selection ; predator-prey diversity relationship ; phylogeny ; Science ; Q ; General. Including nature conservation ; geographical distribution ; QH1-199.5
Subject code	333 ; 590
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-05-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Comparison of Primary Production Using in situ and Satellite-Derived Values at the SEATS Station in the South China Sea

Yung-Yen Shih / Fuh-Kwo Shiah / Chao-Chen Lai / Wen-Chen Chou / Jen-Hua Tai / Yu-Shun Wu / Cheng-Yang Lai / Chia-Ying Ko / Chin-Chang Hung

Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol

2021 Volume 8

Abstract: Satellite-based observations of primary production (PP) are broadly used to assess carbon fixation rate of phytoplankton in the global ocean with small spatiotemporal limitations. However, the remote sensing can only reach the ocean surface, the ... ...

Abstract	Satellite-based observations of primary production (PP) are broadly used to assess carbon fixation rate of phytoplankton in the global ocean with small spatiotemporal limitations. However, the remote sensing can only reach the ocean surface, the assumption of a PP vertically exponential decrease with increasing depth from the surface to the bottom of euphotic zone may cause a substantial and potential discrepancy between in situ measurements and satellite-based observations of PP. This study compared euphotic zone integrated PP derived from measurements based on ship-based in situ incubation (i.e., PPin situ) and those derived from the satellite-based vertically generalized production model (VGPM; PPVGPM) for the period 2003∼2016 at the South East Asian Time-series Study (SEATS) station. PP values obtained during the NE-monsoon (NEM: Nov∼Mar; PPin situ = 323 ± 134; PPVGPM = 443 ± 142 mg-C m–2 d–1) were ∼2-fold higher than those recorded during the SW-monsoon (SWM: Apr∼Oct; PPin situ = 159 ± 58; PPVGPM = 250 ± 36 mg-C m–2 d–1), regardless of the method used for derivation. The main reason for the higher PP values during the NEM appears to have been a greater abundance of inorganic nutrients were made available by vertical advection. Note that on average, PPin situ estimates were ∼50% lower than PPVGPM estimates, regardless of the monsoon. These discrepancies can be mainly attributed to differences from the euphotic zone depth between satellite-based and in situ measurements. The significantly negative relationship between PP measurements obtained in situ and sea surface temperatures observed throughout this study demonstrates that both methods are effective indicators in estimating PP. Overall, our PPin situ analysis indicates that a warming climate is unfavorable for primary production in low-latitude open ocean ecosystems.
Keywords	carbon fixation rate ; remote sensing ; time-series study ; global warming ; low-latitude ocean ; VGPM ; Science ; Q ; General. Including nature conservation ; geographical distribution ; QH1-199.5
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-10-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article ; Online: Phytoplankton and Bacterial Responses to Monsoon-Driven Water Masses Mixing in the Kuroshio Off the East Coast of Taiwan

Chao-Chen Lai / Chau-Ron Wu / Chia-Ying Chuang / Jen-Hua Tai / Kuo-Yuan Lee / Hsiang-Yi Kuo / Fuh-Kwo Shiah

Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol

2021 Volume 8

Abstract: Biogeochemical responses to mixing were examined in two cruise surveys along a transect across the Kuroshio Current (KC) in May and July 2020. Two stations located at the South China Sea (SCS)–KC mixing and the KC waters were chosen for the diel study. ... ...

Abstract	Biogeochemical responses to mixing were examined in two cruise surveys along a transect across the Kuroshio Current (KC) in May and July 2020. Two stations located at the South China Sea (SCS)–KC mixing and the KC waters were chosen for the diel study. In the euphotic zone (~100 m depth), the average values of nitrate (0.97–1.62 μM), chlorophyll-a (Chl-a, 0.36–0.40 mg/m3), and primary production (PP; 3.46 ± 1.37 mgC/m3/day) of the mixing water station (MWS) of the two cruises were several folds higher than those of the KC station (KCS; nitrate, 0.03–0.10 μM; Chl-a, 0.14–0.24 mg/m3; and PP, 0.91 ± 0.47 mgC/m3/day). In the July cruise, the maximal bacterial production (BP) at the MWS (3.31 mgC/m3/day) was 82% higher in comparison with that of the KCS (1.82 mgC/m3/day); and the readings of Chl-a showed no trend with BP in the oligotrophic KCS, but a positive relationship was found among these measurements at the mesotrophic MWS. This implies that the trophic status of the system might affect phytoplankton–bacteria interactions. The backward-trajectory analyses conducted by an observation-validated three-dimensional model identified that the prevailing southwest monsoon drove a northeastward “intrusion” of the SCS waters in July 2020, resulted in mixing between SCS and Kuroshio (KC) waters off the east coast of southern Taiwan. For the first time, this study demonstrates that the high biological biomass and activities that occur in the KC are induced by the northward intrusion of the SCS waters.
Keywords	NW-Pacific ; Kuroshio ; southwest monsoon ; phytoplankton ; primary production ; bacterial production ; Science ; Q ; General. Including nature conservation ; geographical distribution ; QH1-199.5
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing date	2021-08-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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Article: Decadal phytoplankton dynamics in response to episodic climatic disturbances in a subtropical deep freshwater ecosystem

Ko, Chia-Ying / Chao-Chen Lai / Fuh-Kwo Shiah / Huang-Hsiung Hsu

Water research. 2017 Feb. 01, v. 109

2017

Abstract: Information of the decadal timescale effects of episodic climatic disturbances (i.e., typhoons) on phytoplankton in freshwater ecosystems have received less attention and fewer seasonal evaluations partly due to the lack of long-term time-series ... ...

Abstract	Information of the decadal timescale effects of episodic climatic disturbances (i.e., typhoons) on phytoplankton in freshwater ecosystems have received less attention and fewer seasonal evaluations partly due to the lack of long-term time-series monitoring data in typhoon prevailing areas. Through field observations of a total 36 typhoon cases in a subtropical deep freshwater ecosystem in the period of 2005â2014, we quantified phytoplankton biomass, production and growth rate in response to meteorological and hydrological changes in the weeks before, during and after typhoons between summer and autumn, and also investigated the effects of typhoon characteristics on the aforementioned phytoplankton responses. The results showed that phytoplankton exposed to typhoon disturbances generally exhibited an increasing trend over the weeks before, during and after typhoons in summer but varied in autumn. The correlations and multivariate regressions showed different contributions of meteorological and hydrological variables to individual phytoplankton responses before, during and after typhoons between seasons. The post-typhoon weeks (i.e., within two weeks after a typhoon had passed) were especially important for the timeline of phytoplankton increases and with a detectable seasonal variation that the chlorophyll a concentration significantly increased in autumn whereas both primary production and growth rate were associated with significant changes in summer. Additionally, phytoplankton responses during the post-typhoon weeks were significantly different between discrete or continuous types of typhoon events. Our work illustrated the fact that typhoons did influence phytoplankton responses in the subtropical deep freshwater ecosystem and typhoon passages in summer and autumn affected the phytoplankton dynamics differently. Nevertheless, sustained and systematic monitoring in order to advance our understanding of the role of typhoons between seasons in the modulation of phytoplankton productivity and functioning is required because such episodic climatic disturbances are projected to have intense magnitude and inconsistent frequency under 21st century climate change.
Keywords	autumn ; biomass ; chlorophyll ; climate change ; freshwater ecosystems ; hydrology ; monitoring ; phytoplankton ; primary productivity ; seasonal variation ; summer ; time series analysis ; typhoons
Language	English
Dates of publication	2017-0201
Size	p. 102-113.
Publishing place	Elsevier Ltd
Document type	Article
ZDB-ID	202613-2
ISSN	1879-2448 ; 0043-1354
ISSN (online)	1879-2448
ISSN	0043-1354
DOI	10.1016/j.watres.2016.11.011
Database	NAL-Catalogue (AGRICOLA)

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Article ; Online: Short-Term Variability of Biological Production and CO2 System Around Dongsha Atoll of the Northern South China Sea

Jen-Hua Tai / Wen-Chen Chou / Chin-Chang Hung / Kuan-Chieh Wu / Ying-Hsuan Chen / Tzong-Yueh Chen / Gwo-Ching Gong / Fuh-Kwo Shiah / Chun Hoe Chow

Frontiers in Marine Science, Vol

Impact of Topography-Flow Interaction

2020 Volume 7

Abstract: The short-term variabilities in temperature, salinity, nitrate, chlorophyll a (Chl a), and carbonate chemistry data (i.e., pH, partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), total alkalinity, and dissolved inorganic carbon) were concurrently investigated in the shallow ...

Abstract	The short-term variabilities in temperature, salinity, nitrate, chlorophyll a (Chl a), and carbonate chemistry data (i.e., pH, partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2), total alkalinity, and dissolved inorganic carbon) were concurrently investigated in the shallow (∼50 m) and deep (∼300 m) water areas around Dongsha Atoll of the northern South China Sea (NSCS). The results show that surface temperature and pCO2 were lower but that upward nitrate flux and Chl a were higher in the upper euphotic zone at the shallow-water area than those at the deep-water area. We suggest that the observed contrasting biogeochemical properties between the two areas could be attributed to the impact of topography-flow interaction. As tidal currents (or any other horizontal currents) interacted with the shallow topography, they may induce vertical isotherm displacements (e.g., internal tides/internal waves) that may enhance turbulent mixing, and thus can transport more nutrient-replete subsurface water into the euphotic zone and stimulate phytoplankton production. The stimulated biological production and the cooling effect induced by topography-flow interaction may collectively drive surface pCO2 down in the shallow water area. Though the present short-term hydrological and CO2 data, which to our knowledge were concurrently investigated for the first time in the NSCS, reveal that the topography-flow interaction could be a favorable mechanism for atmospheric CO2 uptake around Dongsha Atoll, more long-term observations are still needed to confirm that the similar processes can repetitively take place in topography-flow interaction prevalent areas.
Keywords	topography-flow interaction ; internal tides ; internal waves ; carbon dioxide ; chlorophyll-a ; nutrients ; Science ; Q ; General. Including nature conservation ; geographical distribution ; QH1-199.5
Subject code	551
Language	English
Publishing date	2020-06-01T00:00:00Z
Publisher	Frontiers Media S.A.
Document type	Article ; Online
Database	BASE - Bielefeld Academic Search Engine (life sciences selection)

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